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Brésil (spherical balloon)

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Brésil
First ascent
General information
TypeHydrogen spherical-balloon
National originFrance
ManufacturerLachambre & Machuron
Designer
Primary userAlberto Santos-Dumont
Number built1
Flights+200
History
First flight4 July 1898

Brésil was the first spherical balloon made for Alberto Santos Dumont, in which, at the age of 25, he introduced several innovations in aeronautics and made more than 200 flights.

History

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Schematics, by Alberto Santos Dumont.
The balloon still at the ground, before its first ascension.

Origin

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After seven years living in Paris and having already performed several ascents in other balloons, Santos Dumont decided to develop his own aircraft to gain experience, as it would be more economical than renting balloons from other builders. He commissioned the constructor Henri Lachambre, of the firm Lachambre & Machuron, to build what he aimed to be the smallest free balloon ever built, with a 113 m3 hydrogen chamber, 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter and a total weight of 27.5 kilograms (61 lb).[1][2][3]

Before flying in Brésil, Henri Lachambre's team let Santos Dumont make ascents in both France and Belgium as a way of gaining experience.[4] According to Godin da Fonseca [pt], Santos Dumont was influenced to build his first balloon when he followed the Paris-Amsterdam car race in 1897.[5]

Development

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One of Santos Dumont's main innovations in this aircraft was the use of Japanese silk for the envelope: Japanese silk, despite having 70% of the resistance per unit area of Chinese silk, still had 70% more resistance than necessary. However, the other balloonists feared that the delicacy of the material would cause tears in flight, and Santos Dumont only began to trust the material after several laboratory tests.[6] To maintain stability, Santos Dumont employed a longer length of rope, as shown in the schematic above, where the first figure represents a traditional balloon and the second represents Brésil.[7]

Everything involved was kept as small as possible, even though there was no experience with such a tiny balloon. However, Santos Dumont had to study everything that had been accomplished so far to have confidence in the project.[8] The chamber net was reduced to a mere 2 kg (4.4 lb), while the basket was reduced from 20 kilograms (44 lb) to 6 kg (13 lb).[9] Instead of an anchor, he used a small 3 kg (6.6 lb) harpoon.[10] His critics said the balloon would have no stability, nor any success.[2]

Use and legacy

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Its first flight took place on 4 July 1898,[3] in the Jardin d´Acclimatation.[11] Santos Dumont described that the balloon "...very maneuverable in the air and very smooth." and that it would not be wrong to say that he carried it in his briefcase.[12] The aeronaut also described that the balloon was "...beautiful in its transparency, like a big soap bubble."[13]

Its use in over 200 flights made Santos Dumont one of the best aeronauts in France and gave him the due flight experience that resulted in the development of other balloons and his airships,[14][3][15] as well as attracting attention from other inventors and the European press.[16] The performance of its first two models, "Brésil" and "Amérique", impressed experienced balloonists.[17] Its first airship, the "Nº1", had its first test run on September 18, 1898, three and a half months after the first flight of the "Brésil".[18]

Dias 2006 describes that because of his innovations in developing a balloon of reduced size and cost, Santos Dumont "...would have made a great contribution to aeronautics," even if he had only created the Brésil.[9]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Dias 2006, pp. 39 e 42.
  2. ^ a b Barros 2021, p. 2.
  3. ^ a b c Barros 2006, p. 37.
  4. ^ O Cruzeiro, 2 de outubro de 1974, p. 52.
  5. ^ DaCosta & Miragaya 2016, p. 99.
  6. ^ Dias 2006, p. 43.
  7. ^ Pereira 2022, pp. 12–13.
  8. ^ Dias 2006, p. 44.
  9. ^ a b Dias 2006, p. 45.
  10. ^ Jorge 2018, p. 74.
  11. ^ Hoffman 2003, p. 50.
  12. ^ Santos-Dumont 1904, p. 52.
  13. ^ Santos-Dumont 1918, p. 17.
  14. ^ Dias 2006, p. 40.
  15. ^ Hoffman 2003, p. 353.
  16. ^ Barros & Souza 2011, p. 240.
  17. ^ Brandão 2018, p. 4.
  18. ^ Hoffman 2003, p. 51.

Bibliography

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  • Barros, Henrique Lins (2006). "Alberto Santos-Dumont: pioneiro da aviação". Exacta (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 (1). São Paulo: 35–46. doi:10.5585/exacta.v4i1.643. ISSN 1678-5428. Archived from the original on 2021-09-03.
  • Barros, Henrique Lins de; Souza, Renato Vilela Oliveira de (2011). "Santos-Dumont e a solução do voo dirigido: releituras e interpretações da imagem pública de um inventor". Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência (in Brazilian Portuguese). 4 (2). Rio de Janeiro: 239–256. doi:10.53727/rbhc.v4i2.322. S2CID 244679091. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11.
  • Brandão, Mauricio Pazini (2018). "The Santos-Dumont legacy to aeronautics" (PDF). ICAS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-13.
  • Barros, Henrique Lins de (2021). "Santos Dumont: Um pioneiro da segurança de voo e dos ensaios em voo" (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-20.
  • DaCosta, L.P.; Miragaya, A. (2016). Santos-Dumont, Aviador Esportista: O Primeiro Herói Olímpico do Brasil [Santos-Dumont, Sport Aviator: The First Olympic Hero of Brazil] (PDF) (in Portuguese and English). Rio de Janeiro: Engenho Arte e Cultura. p. 108. ISBN 978-85-69153-00-9. OL 32239895M. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-27.
  • Dias, Adriano Batista (2006). Santos Dumont: O Inovador (in Brazilian Portuguese) (1 ed.). Vieira Lent. p. 160. ISBN 85-88782-35-9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-11.
  • Morel, Edmar (1974-10-02). "Vida e Morte do Pai da Aviação (II)". O Cruzeiro (in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 46, no. 40. pp. 52–57.
  • Hoffman, Paul (2003). Wings of Madness (1 ed.). Hyperion. p. 369. ISBN 0-7868-8571-8. OL 15444205M.
  • Jorge, Fernando (2018). As Lutas, A Glória e o Martírio de Santos Dumont (in Brazilian Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-85-9508-271-7.
  • Pereira, 1º Ten QOCon HIS Elaine Gonçalves da Costa (2022). Santos Dumont: Pai da Aviação (PDF) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: INCAER. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-13.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Santos-Dumont, A. (1904). Dans L'air (in French) (1 ed.). Paris: Charpentier et Fasquelle. p. 344. OL 6762636M.
  • Santos-Dumont (1918). O que eu vi, o que nós veremos (in Brazilian Portuguese). São Paulo. p. 100. OL 32235835M.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Additional reading

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