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Albert Kluyver

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Albert Kluyver
Dr. A.J. Kluyver, 1921
Born
Albert Jan Kluyer

(1888-06-03)3 June 1888
Breda
Died4 May 1956(1956-05-04) (aged 67)
NationalityDutch
Awards
Scientific career
Fields

Albert Jan Kluyver ForMemRS[1] (3 June 1888 – 14 May 1956) was a Dutch microbiologist and biochemist.[2][3][4]

Career

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In 1926, Kluyver and Hendrick Jean Louis Donker published the now classic paper, "Die Einheit in der Biochemie" ("Unity in Biochemistry").[5] The paper helped establish Kluyver's vision that, at a biochemical level, all organisms are unified. Kluyver famously expressed the idea with the aphorism: "From elephant to butyric acid bacterium – it is all the same".[6] The paper, and other work from Kluyver's lab, helped support both the concept of biochemical unity as well as the idea of "comparative biochemistry", which Kluyver envisioned as biochemically equivalent to comparative anatomy. The concept established a theoretical basis for studying chemical processes in bacteria and extrapolating those processes to higher organisms.[7]

The concepts of "biochemical unity" and "comparative biochemistry" were both very influential and probably Kluyver's most significant work. Kluyver's best known student, C. B. van Niel, commented on his mentor's scientific influence and noted that by the middle of the 20th century, his work on biochemical unity was no longer cited. His aphorism was sufficiently widespread that in 1961 François Jacob and Jacques Monod paraphrased it, without mentioning Kluyver, as "that old axiom 'what is true for bacteria is also true for elephants'" to justify the genetic code's universality.[8] His career was profoundly influenced[clarification needed] by World War II and the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.

Awards and honours

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Kluyver is associated with the Delft school of microbiology where he was the successor to Martinus Beijerinck.[4] In 1926 he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[9] He is considered the father of comparative microbiology. In 1953, he won the Copley medal.

In 1956, botanist Johannes P. Van der Walt published Kluyveromyces, which is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae and named in Kluyver's honour.[10] In 1981, the genus Kluyvera comprising bacteria from the former enteric group 8 was named after him. [11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Woods, D. D. (1957). "Albert Jan Kluyver 1888-1956". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 109–126. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0008. S2CID 72424038.
  2. ^ Spath, Susan B. (1999). C.B. Van Niel and the Culture of Microbiology, 1920–1965 (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. 308t 1999 385.
  3. ^ Singleton, J. (2000). "From bacteriology to biochemistry: Albert Jan Kluyver and Chester Werkman at Iowa State". Journal of the History of Biology. 33 (1): 141–180. doi:10.1023/A:1004775817881. PMID 11624416. S2CID 25720004.
  4. ^ a b Theunissen, B. (1996). "The beginnings of the "Delft tradition" revisited: Martinus W. Beijerinck and the genetics of microorganisms". Journal of the History of Biology. 29 (2): 197–228. doi:10.1007/BF00571082. PMID 11613330. S2CID 45109075.
  5. ^ Kluyver, Albert J.; Donker, H.J.L. (1926). "Die Einheit in der Biochemie". Chem. Zelle Gewebe. 13: 134–190.
  6. ^ Kamp, A.F.; La Rivière, J.W.M.; Verhoeven, W. (1959). Albert Jan Kluyver: his life and work. Interscience Publishers. p. 20.
  7. ^ Kluyver, Albert Jan (1931). The chemical activities of micro-organizms. University of London Press. p. 5.
  8. ^ Monod, Jacques; Jacob, François (1961). "General Conclusions: Teleonomic Mechanisms in Cellular Metabolism, Growth, and Differentiation". Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 26: 389–401. doi:10.1101/SQB.1961.026.01.048. PMID 14475415.
  9. ^ "Albert Jan Kluyver (1888 - 1956)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  10. ^ "Kluyveromyces Walt, 1956". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Genus Kluyvera". LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
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