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15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état

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August 15 Bangladesh coup
Part of the Cold War and 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

Grave of the victims at Banani Graveyard, Dhaka
DateAugust 15, 1975
Location
Dhanmondi, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Result Successful coup
Belligerents
Bangladesh Government of Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Army
Commanders and leaders
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman †
Jamil Uddin Ahmed †
K. M. Shafiullah
A. N. M. Nuruzzaman		 Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
Sayed Farooq Rahman
Khandaker Abdur Rashid
Shariful Haque Dalim
Casualties and losses
Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib
Sheikh Jamal
Sheikh Kamal
Sultana Kamal
Sheikh Russell
Sheikh Abu Naser
Sheikh Mani
Abdur Rab Serniabat
Total: 47+ killed and 24 put on trial[3][4][5]

The military coup in Bangladesh on August 15 of 1975 was launched by mid-ranking army officers in order to assassinate founding president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman,[6][7] whose administration post-independence grew corrupt and reportedly authoritarian until he established a one-party state-based government led by the socialist party Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League.[1][2] Mujib, along with his resident family members, were killed during the coup but was survived by his two then-expat daughters, one of them being future prime minister Sheikh Hasina.[8][9] The officers were led by Capt. Abdul Majed, Maj. Sayed Farooq Rahman, Maj. Khandaker Abdur Rashid and Maj. Shariful Haque Dalim.[8]

Immediately following the coup, one of Mujib's close associates and cabinet ministers Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad, with support of the officers, took control of the government and declared himself President of Bangladesh.[10] Under martial law, he made a proclamation on 20 August to amend the constitution to omit the provision for the legal basis for one-party system.[11] He reportedly praised the assassin officers, calling them "Children of the Sun", and proclaimed the Indemnity Ordinance, which granted them immunity from prosecution.[12][13]

Background

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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won the 1970 Pakistani general election but was denied by the Pakistani military dictatorship the position of the prime minister of Pakistan; this was a result of long time political oppression of Bengali citizens of Pakistan who were vocally opposed to the authoritarian tyranny of the establishment. As the democratic demands and protests continued, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman delivered a speech on 7 March that brought the Bengalis together to become prepared for things to come. On 25 March 1971, as part of Operation Searchlight, the Pakistan Army launched an armed operation killing intellectuals in Dhaka University and the following day Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan,[14] triggering the 9-month 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War that ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces in Bangladesh to an allied force of Bangladesh Mukti Bahini and Indian Armed forces.[15] In 1973, Sheikh Mujibur's Bangladesh Awami League won the first parliamentary election in independent Bangladesh by a landslide.[16]

Besides military officers, career politicians and bureaucrats like Khondoker Mostaq Ahmed and some other ministers who worked in the Pakistani government and Rahman's government were involved in the conspiracy as well because they still wanted to be part of Pakistan and blamed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman for the 1971 liberation war.[17] According to these plans, they got involved in scuffles that made it seem they were unrelated to a deep-seated conspiracy and intentionally engineered political crises.

In 1973, Shariful Haque Dalim and his wife were involved in a scuffle with the sons of Gazi Golam Mostafa, a leader of the Awami League, at a function at the Dhaka Ladies club. In retaliation, some officers and soldiers of the Lancer unit and 2 Field Artillery Regiment of the Bangladesh Army attacked Golam Mostofa's residence. As a result, Major Dalim, Major S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury, and other officers were charged with breach of discipline. Major Dalim had sought help from President Sheikh Mujib but was refused. Major Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan resigned from the army over the incident. Major Dalim and Major Noor were among the officers who lost their commissions over the charges of indiscipline.[18]

In 1974, Sayed Farooq had become dissatisfied with the Awami League government. He would often discuss his dissatisfaction with Major General Ziaur Rahman who was the deputy chief of army staff. Ziaur Rahman had suggested that Faruque "do something" about the situation in one such meeting.[19]

Abdur Rashid was able to communicate with Commerce Minister Khandaker Moshtaque Ahmed about the situation in the country. Rashid, Dalim, and Moshtaque decided that they must dissolve BAKSHAL and remove Sheikh Mujib. Rashid informed Faruque, who agreed with the plan, and he was also told that Major General Zia would support them.[19]

Execution of the coup

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Location of the coup at Bangabandhu Bhaban

The mutineers decided to divide into teams, and each team was to be given specific instructions and targets.[18]

Bangabandhu Bhaban

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The operation at the personal residence of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was led by Major A.K.M. Mohiuddin Ahmed. Major Bazlul Huda was placed in the team as he was the adjutant to the 2nd Field Regiment of Artillery, which was guarding the home of the President. The team also included Major S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury.[19] Captain Abul Bashar, who was in charge of the guards, had served under Major Dalim.[20]

Some of the guards were killed defending the residence after the mutineers tried to force their way in.[21] Sheikh Kamal was injured defending the residence, and was executed by Captain Huda after the attackers had crossed into the compound. Sheikh Mujib asked "what do you want?" to the mutineers. Major Noor and Captain Huda shot Sheikh Mujib as he was coming down the stairs. Sheikh Mujib's son, Lieutenant Sheikh Jamal, Jamal's wife Rosy, Sheikh Kamal's wife Sultana Kamal, and Sheikh Mujib's wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa were taken to the bathroom on the first floor. They were shot and killed there by Major Abdul Aziz Pasha and Risaldar Moslemuddin. Major Faruque promoted Captain Huda to major and Subedar Major Abdul Wahab Joardar to lieutenant on the spot. Faruque had arrived and left on a tank.[20][22][23] Colonel Jamil Uddin Ahmad, military secretary to the president, was killed on the way to Bangabondhu Residence after he was called by Sheikh Mujib.[24]

The guards surrendered after a brief firefight and were lined up outside the house. Major Noor shot Sheikh Nasser, the brother of Sheikh Mujib, in the reception area bathroom. Major Pasha ordered a Havilder to kill Sheikh Russel, who was crying for his mother. A witness reported soldiers looting the house. A dead policeman was seen at the entrance. Major Huda went to Sher Shah road at Mohammadpur to order 10 coffins from carpenters. Major Huda also removed the bodies the next day through an army escort.[20]

Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani residence

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Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani was the nephew of Rahman and viewed as a likely successor. He was killed in his home along with his wife, Begum Arzu Moni, who was believed to be pregnant at the time. His sons Sheikh Fazle Noor Taposh and Sheikh Fazle Shams Parash survived.[25] His home on Road 13/1 in Dhanmondi was surrounded by 20-25 army personnel on 15 August 1975.[26][27]

Abdur Rab Serniabat residence

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Abdur Rab Serniabat, a former minister of water resources and brother-in-law of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was killed in his home in Mintoo road, Dhaka at 5:00 am. His home was attacked by a team that was led by Major Aziz Pasha, Captain Majed, Major Shahriar Rashid, and Captain Nurul Huda. Serniabat's nephew Shahid Serniabat, daughter Baby Serniabat, grandson Sukanto Abdullah Babu, and son Arif Serniabat were also killed in the attack. Three domestic servants were also killed in the attack. His son, Abul Hasnat Abdullah, survived the attack and nine other people were injured in the household.[26][27]

Artillery support

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Artillery under command of Fauque fired mortar shells towards Dhanmondi and Mohammadpur. In Mohammadpur, 14 people died from the mortar fire near Sher Shah Suri road.[26]

Rakkhi Bahini camp

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Major Faruque attacked the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini camp with 26 tanks under his command. The Rakkhi Bahini surrendered without incident, Faruque moved towards the residence of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the neutralization of the Rakkhi Bahini was completed.[28]

Bangladesh Betar

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The main office of Bangladesh Betar (radio) in Dhaka was attacked by the mutineers early in the morning. They quickly disarmed the police stationed there and took control of the radio. Major Dalim and Major Shahriar were in charge of the operation at the radio station. They controlled the flow of information from there.[29]

Aftermath: Counter coup, trial and executions

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Main articles: Indemnity Ordinance, 1975 and 3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état

Curfew was imposed after Mujib's death was announced on Bangladesh Radio nationwide.[30] Khandaker Mostaq Ahmad addressed the nation from the radio station. His speech, written by Taheruddin Thakur, announced the formation of a new government led by him. Following him, the Chief of the army, his deputy, the chief of naval staff, the chief of the air force, the police chief and Bangladesh Rifles pledged their allegiance to the new government. Khandaker Moshtaque appointed General M. A. G. Osmani as his defence adviser. General Ziaur Rahman was made the chief of army staff on 24 August 1975 and Khalilur Rahman was made the first Chief of Defence Staff of Bangladesh Army.[18]

On 26 September 1975, Khandaker Moshtaque proclaimed the Indemnity Ordinance which protected those involved in the coup legal protection. On 5 October 1975, the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (Absorption in the Army) Ordinance was passed with strong support from Ziaur Rahman; which absorbed the Rakkhi Bahini into the Bangladesh Army.[31]

Counter-coup

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On 3 November 1975, the situation had grown tense with some officers of the Bangladesh Army led by Brigadier General Khaled Mosharraf and Colonel Shafaat Jamil launching a coup to remove the mutineers and restore order to the Army. Justice Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem replaced Khandaker Moshtaque as president and Mosharraf was made the chief of army staff. The mutineers in the morning had killed former president Syed Nazrul Islam, former prime minister Tajuddin Ahmed and ministers M Mansur Ali and AHM Qamruzzaman in Dhaka Central Jail where they were locked up since the mutiny on 15 August. Zia was placed under house arrest. On 4 November the mutineers were provided safe passage to Bangkok.[32][33]

On 7 November 1975, Khaled Mosharraf was killed in another coup that restored Ziaur Rahman to the chief of army staff. The coup was led by the revolutionary soldier's organisation and Colonel Abu Taher.[34] Taher himself was executed for the killing of Khaled under the government formed by Major General Zia on 21 July 1976, in order to restore discipline in the Army and prevent any further coups.[35]

In 1976, the military regime of Bangladesh provided the coup plotters with diplomatic jobs. AKM Mohiuddin Ahmed was made the second secretary of the embassy in Algeria, AM Rashed Chowdhury was made the consulate general in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, S.H.M.B Noor Chowdhury was made the second secretary in the embassy in Tehran, Shariful Haque Dalim was made the first secretary to the embassy in Beijing, and Abdul Aziz Pasha was made the first secretary to the embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. They held the positions until 1996, when the Bangladesh Awami League formed the government and recalled them to Bangladesh. They refused to comply and as a result were fired from their positions.

Trial

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The Bangladesh Nationalist Party returned to power in 2001 and reinstated the officers who had been dismissed in 1996 to their diplomatic positions.[36]

Colonel Farooq, Colonel Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, and former state minister Taheruddin Thakur were arrested on 14 August 1996, the same year Bangladesh Awami League returned to power. Three months later, the indemnity act was removed and the trial began.[37]

AFM Mohitul Islam, personal assistant to President Sheikh Mujib, filed a charge against the mutineers with Dhanmondi Police Station on 2 October 1996. The Criminal Investigation Department started investigating the case the next day. The CID pressed charges against 20 people on 15 January 1997.[37]

On 12 March 1997, the trial started with six accused in jail and 14 being outside the country. Zobaida Rashid, wife of Khandaker Abdur Rashid, was relieved of charges after she filed a number of appeals, reducing the accused to 19. Other cases filed with the High Court challenged the legality of the trial court and its location, the cancellation of the indemnity act, which delayed the trial. Major Huda was bought from Thailand in 1998, through the signing of an extradition treaty between Thailand and Bangladesh. Dhaka district Justice Kazi Golam Rasul, sentenced 15 accused to death on 8 November 1998. Appeals were filled with Bangladesh High Court. On 14 November 1998 the High Court delivered a split verdict with Justice Md Ruhul Amin upholding the death penalty of 10 of the convicts, Justice ABM Khairul Haque upholding the death penalty of all 15. The case was referred to a third Justice, Mohammad Fazlul Karim, who broke the tie by sentencing 12 of the accused to death.[37]

Then Chief Justice Ruhul Amin constituted an appeal court with five justices: Justice Surendra Kumar Sinha, Justice Md Abdul Aziz, Justice Md Tafazzul Islam, Justice BK Das, and Justice Md Muzammel Hossain. The verdict of the Appellate Division confirmed the death sentences of the 12 convicts on 19 November 2009. Three sought presidential pardons but were refused. On 27 January 2010, Bangladesh Supreme Court refused the convicts application for review. On 28 January 2010, five of the convicts in custody were executed.[37] The hanged were Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan, AKM Mohiuddin Ahmed, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Syed Faruque Rahman, Bazlul Huda.

On the 7 April 2020, Captain Abdul Majed who was hiding in Kolkata, India, was arrested at Mirpur by the Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime unit of the Dhaka Metropolitan Police. He was sent to Dhaka Central Jail, Keraniganj, and was executed by hanging a few days later on the 12 April 2020.[38]

Legacy

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Lawrence Lifschultz characterized this incident as an outcome of the Cold War between the United States-influenced Pakistan and the Soviet Union-influenced India.[39] Since 1975, Bangladesh had been under different military governments, with democracy being partially restored a few times and permanently in 1990.[16]

Sheikh Hasina and Sheikh Rehana, the two daughters of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, survived the assassinations of their family as they were in West Germany in August 1975. Sheikh Hasina was subsequently elected five times Prime Minister of Bangladesh, in 1996, 2009, 2014, 2018, and January 2024.[40] Her regime ended in self-imposed exile following a series of violent protests in 2024.[41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH". The New York Times. 26 January 1975. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  2. ^ a b Maniruzzaman, Talukder (1975). "Bangladesh: An Unfinished Revolution?". The Journal of Asian Studies. 34 (4). Cambridge University Press: 891–911. doi:10.2307/2054506. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2054506. S2CID 154434833.
  3. ^ "No justice yet in 3 other Aug 15 cases". The Daily Star.
  4. ^ Dasgupta, Sukharanjan (1978). Midnight Massacre in Dacca. Vikas Publishing House. p. 64. ISBN 0-7069-0692-6. [The] fourth group, the most powerful of the lot, proceeded towards Savar, near Dacca, to repel the anticipated counter-attack by the Security Forces. It did run against some resistance at Savar. But once the shelling took toll of eleven people, the leaderless Security Force surrendered.
  5. ^ 6 killers still out of reach Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Mu jib Reported Overthrown and Killed in a Coup by the Bangladesh Military". The New York Times. 15 August 1975.
  7. ^ "Bangladesh Coup: A Day of Killings". The New York Times. 23 August 1975.
  8. ^ a b Mannan, Abdul (15 August 2022). "Bangabandhu's assassination: The enemy within". The Daily Star.
  9. ^ "Aug 15 in world media". The Daily Star. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  10. ^ "Muhammad Ali in Bangladesh: 35 Years Ago The Champ Visited A New Nation In Turmoil". International Business Times. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  11. ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Proclamation". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  12. ^ Tripathi, Salil. "Of course, we killed him ... he had to go". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  13. ^ Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (2012). "Ahmad, Khondakar Mostaq". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. OL 30677644M. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  14. ^ "Tragedy of 15 August 1975". The Independent. Dhaka. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Bangladesh". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
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  17. ^ Liton, Shakhawat (14 August 2015). "Mushtaque, a hero!". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  18. ^ a b c Sarkar, Ashutosh (19 November 2009). "Shahriar's confession". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  19. ^ a b c "Farooq's confession". The Daily Star. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  20. ^ a b c "Major Noor, Capt Bazlul Huda shot Bangabandhu dead". The Daily Star. 29 July 1997. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Assassinating Bangabandhu ... murdering history". The Daily Observer. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  22. ^ "Pasha shot dead Begum Mujib, Jamal, 2 in-laws". The Daily Star. 13 October 2009. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  23. ^ "'Huda, Mohiuddin, Pasha, Noor were directly involved'". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  24. ^ "Brig. Gen. Jamil". The Daily Star. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  25. ^ "Bangladeshi MP gets birthday justice for parents' killing". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  26. ^ a b c "No justice yet in 3 other Aug 15 cases". The Daily Star. 15 August 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  27. ^ a b "FACTBOX: Aug 15 victims". Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 25 August 2018.
  28. ^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh : a legacy of blood. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 72. ISBN 034039420X. OCLC 16583315.
  29. ^ "Bangladesh Betar used as propaganda machine". Dhaka Tribune. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  30. ^ "Dalim goes on air". The Daily Star. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  31. ^ "Myth, reality and Rakkhi Bahini". The Daily Star. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  32. ^ "Jail killing: An attempt to cripple Bangladesh". The Daily Star. 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  33. ^ "Remembering the four national leaders on Jail Killing Day". bdnews24.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  34. ^ "A matter of national interest". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  35. ^ "5th amendment verdict paves way for justice". The Daily Star. 25 August 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  36. ^ "Govt to recover money spent on 7 killers". The Daily Star. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  37. ^ a b c d "Long road to justice". The Daily Star. 29 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  38. ^ "5 Bangabandhu killers hanged". The Daily Star. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  39. ^ Lifschultz, Lawrence; Hussain, Munir (December 2014). অসমাপ্ত বিপ্লব - তাহেরের শেষকথা (in Bengali). Dhaka: Nawroz kitabistan. pp. 49–53. ISBN 978-984-400-061-2. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  40. ^ "Hasina, Sheikh". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  41. ^ "Euphoria in Bangladesh after PM Sheikh Hasina flees country". BBC News. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
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