Titanium diboride: Difference between revisions

| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 261549740

| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers

| CASNo = 12045-63-5

| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite}}

| PubChem =

| SMILES =

| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties

| Formula = TiB₂

| MolarMass = 69.489 g/mol

| Appearance = non lustrous metallic grey

| Density = 4.52 g/cm³

| MeltingPtC = 3230

| BoilingPt =

| Solubility =

| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure

| CrystalStruct = Hexagonal, Space group P6/mmm. Lattice parameters at room temperature: ''a''=302.36 [[picometer|pm]], ''C''=322.04 pm

| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards

| MainHazards =

| FlashPt =

| Autoignition =

'''Titanium diboride''' (chemical formula TiB₂) is an extremely hard [[ceramic]] compound composed of [[titanium]] and [[boron]] which has excellent [[wear resistance | resistance to mechanical erosion]]. TiB₂ is also a reasonable electrical conductor,<ref name="tib1">J. Schmidt et al. "Preparation of titanium diboride TiB2 by spark plasma sintering at slow heating rate" Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8 (2007) 376 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.stam.2007.06.009 free download]</ref> an unusual property for a ceramic, so it can be used as a cathode material in [[aluminium smelting]] and can be shaped by [[electrical discharge machining]].

TiB₂ is very similar to [[titanium carbide]], an important base material for [[cermet]]s, and many of its properties (e.g. [[hardness]], [[thermal conductivity]], [[electrical conductivity]] and [[oxidation]] resistance) are superior to those of TiC:<ref name="basu">B. Basu et al. "Processing and properties of monolithic TiB2 based materials" [http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328006X102529 International Materials Reviews 51 (2006) 352]</ref>

*Exceptional hardness (~25–35 GPa at room temperature, more than three times harder than fully hardened [[structural steel]]), which is retained up to high temperature.

*High [[melting point]] (3225&nbsp;°C),

TiB₂ is resistant to oxidation in air at temperatures up to 1100&nbsp;°C,<ref name="basu"/> and to [[hydrochloric acid|hydrochloric]] and [[hydrofluoric acid|hydrofluoric]] acids, but reacts with [[alkali]]s, [[nitric acid]] and [[sulfuric acid]].

TiB₂ does not occur naturally in the earth. Titanium diboride powder can be prepared by a variety of high-temperature methods, such as the direct reactions of [[titanium]] or its oxides/hydrides, with elemental [[boron]] over 1000&nbsp;°C, [[carbothermal reduction]] by [[thermite reaction]] of [[titanium oxide]] and [[boron oxide]], or hydrogen reduction of boron halides in the presence of the metal or its halides. Among various synthesis routes, electrochemical

synthesis and solid state reactions have been developed to prepare finer titanium diboride in large quantity. An example of solid state reaction is the borothermic reduction, which can be illustrated by the following reaction

:2 TiO₂ + B₄C → 2 TiB₂ + 4 CO

These synthesis routes, however, cannot produce nanosized powders. Nanocrystalline (5–100 nm) TiB₂ was synthesized using the following techniques:

* Solution phase reaction of NaBH₄ and TiCl₄, followed by annealing the amorphous precursor obtained at 900–1100&nbsp;°C.<ref>S. E. Bates et al. "Synthesis of titanium boride (TiB)2 nanocrystallites by solution-phase processing" [http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1995.2599 J. Mater. Res. 10 (1995) 2599]</ref>

*Mechanical alloying of a mixture of elemental Ti and B powders.<ref>A. Y. Hwang and J. K. Lee "Preparation of TiB2 powders by mechanical alloying " [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00526-2 Mater. Lett. 54 (2002) 1]</ref>

*Self-propagating high temperature synthesis process involving addition of varying amounts of NaCl.<ref>A. K. Khanra et al. "Effect of NaCl on the synthesis of TiB2 powder by a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis technique" [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2003.06.003 Mater. Lett. 58 (2004) 733]</ref>

*Solvothermal reaction in benzene of metallic sodium with amorphous boron powder and TiCl₄ at 400&nbsp;°C:<ref>Y. Gu et al. "A mild solvothermal route to nanocrystalline titanium diboride" [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(02)01173-8 J. Alloy. Compd. 352 (2003) 325]</ref>

Many TiB₂ applications are inhibited by economic factors, particularly the costs of densifying a high melting point material - the melting point is about 2970&nbsp;°C, and, thanks to a layer of titanium dioxide that forms on the surface of the particles of a powder, it is very resistant to [[sintering]]. Admixture of about 10% [[silicon nitride]] facilitates the sintering,<ref>[http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/6420294.html Titanium diboride sintered body with silicon nitride as a sintering aid and a method for manufacture thereof]</ref> though sintering without silicon nitride has been demonstrated as well.<ref name="tib1"/>

Current use of TiB₂ appears to be limited to specialized applications in such areas as impact resistant [[armor]], [[cutting tool]]s, [[crucible]]s and wear resistant coatings.

TiB₂ is extensively used as evaporation boats for vapour coating of [[aluminium]]. It is an attractive material for the aluminium industry as an [[inoculant]] to refine the [[crystallite|grain size]] when [[Casting (metalworking)|casting]] [[aluminium alloy]]s, because of its wettability by and low solubility in molten aluminium and good electrical conductivity.

[[Thin film]]s of TiB₂ can be used for wear and [[corrosion]] resistance that TiB₂ can provide to a cheap and/or tough substrate.

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[[Category:Titanium compounds]]

[[Category:Ceramic materials]]