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{{short description|Synthetic rubber polymer}}
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| Name = Styrene-butadiene
| Name = Styrene-butadiene
| ImageFile = SBRwithexplicitC.png
| ImageFile = SBR.svg|right|243px|thumb|Chemical structure of styrene-butadiene
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'''Styrene-Butadiene''' or '''Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber''' (SBR) is a [[synthetic rubber]] [[copolymer]] consisting of [[styrene]] and [[butadiene]]. It has good [[Wear#Abrasive wear|abrasion]] resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives, and is widely used in car [[tires]], where it may be blended with [[natural rubber]]. It was originally developed prior to [[World War II]] in Germany,<ref>http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-styrene-butadiene-rubber.htm</ref> but during the War was used extensively by the USA to replace natural rubber supplies from the far-east, that had been captured by the Japanese.


'''Styrene-butadiene''' or '''styrene-butadiene rubber''' ('''SBR''') describe families of [[synthetic rubber]]s derived from [[styrene]] and [[butadiene]] (the version developed by [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear]] is called '''Neolite'''<ref name="Pilla2004">{{citation|author=Steven Di Pilla|title=Slip and Fall Prevention: A Practical Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7SPAGW1nRcC&pg=PA82|date=2 June 2004|publisher=CRC|isbn=978-0-203-49672-5|page=82}}</ref>). These materials have good [[Wear#Abrasive wear|abrasion]] resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives. In 2012, more than 5.4 million tonnes of SBR were processed worldwide.<ref>Market Study Synthetic Rubber {{cite web |url=http://www.ceresana.com/de/marktstudien/kunststoffe/synthetischer-gummi/ |title=Marktstudie Synthetische Elastomere von Ceresana |access-date=2013-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318064805/http://www.ceresana.com/de/marktstudien/kunststoffe/synthetischer-gummi/ |archive-date=2015-03-18 }}, published by Ceresana, June 2013</ref> About 50% of car [[tires]] are made from various types of SBR. The styrene/butadiene ratio influences the properties of the polymer: with high styrene content, the rubbers are harder and less rubbery.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|author=Werner Obrecht |author2=Jean-Pierre Lambert |author3=Michael Happ |author4=Christiane Oppenheimer-Stix |author5=John Dunn |author6=Ralf Krüger |title=Rubber, 4. Emulsion Rubber|year=2012|doi=10.1002/14356007.o23_o01}}</ref> SBR is not to be confused with the [[thermoplastic elastomer]], styrene-butadiene [[block copolymer]], although being derived from the same monomers.
SBR can be produced by two basically different processes ; (a) from solution or (b) as emulsion. In the first instance the reaction is ionic polymerisation , in the emulsion polymerization case the reaction is via free radical polymerization.In that process; Low pressure reaction vessels are required and usually charged with styrene and butadiene, the two monomers, a free radical generator and a chain transfer agent such as an alkyl mercaptan and water. Mercaptans controls molecular weight and high viscosity product from forming. The anionic polymerization process is initiated by alkyl lithium and water not involved. High styrene content rubbers are harder but less rubbery.


== Types ==
It is not to be confused with a [[thermoplastic elastomer]] made from the same monomers, styrene-butadiene [[block copolymer]].
SBR is derived from two [[monomer]]s, [[styrene]] and [[butadiene]]. The mixture of these two monomers is polymerized by two processes: from solution (S-SBR) or as an emulsion (E-SBR).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060311034046/http://www.iisrp.com/WebPolymers/12SolutionSBR.pdf International Institute of Synthetic rubber Producers, Inc. (IISRP)] article on S-SBR (retrieved 2011-12-02)</ref> E-SBR is more widely used.


=== Emulsion polymerization ===
==Buna S==
E-SBR produced by emulsion polymerization is initiated by [[free radical]]s. Reaction vessels are typically charged with the two monomers, a free radical generator, and a chain transfer agent such as an alkyl [[mercaptan]]. Radical initiators include [[potassium persulfate]] and [[hydroperoxide]]s in combination with ferrous salts. Emulsifying agents include various [[soap]]s. By "capping" the growing organic radicals, mercaptans (e.g. [[dodecylthiol]]), control the molecular weight of the product. Typically, polymerizations are allowed to proceed only to ca. 70%, a method called "short stopping". In this way, various additives can be removed from the polymer.<ref name=Ullmann/>
The material was initially marketed with the brand name '''Buna S'''. It derives this name from: '''Bu''' for [[butadiene]], '''Na''' for sodium (natrium in Latin, Natrium in German), and '''S''' for [[styrene]].<ref>http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/exp/rubber/synth/buna.htm</ref><ref>http://www.degussa-history.com/geschichte/en/inventions/buna</ref>

=== Solution polymerization ===
Solution-SBR is produced by an anionic polymerization process. Polymerization is initiated by [[alkyl lithium compound]]s. Water and oxygen are strictly excluded. The process is homogeneous (all components are dissolved), which provides greater control over the process, allowing tailoring of the polymer. The organolithium compound adds to one of the monomers <!--which?-->, generating a [[carbanion]] that then adds to another monomer, and so on. For tire manufacture, S-SBR is increasingly favored because it offers improved wet grip and reduced rolling resistance, which translate to greater safety and better fuel economy, respectively.<ref name=Ullmann2>H.-D.Brandt et al. "Rubber, 5. Solution Rubbers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.o23_o02}}</ref>

== Buna S ==
The material was initially marketed with the brand name '''Buna S'''. Its name derives Bu for [[butadiene]] and Na for [[sodium]] ([[wikt:natrium|natrium]] in several languages including Latin, German, and Dutch), and '''S''' for [[styrene]].<ref>Mark Michalovic (2000) [http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/exp/rubber/synth/buna.htm "The Story of Rubber. Germany: The Birth of Buna"] from The Polymer Learning Center and [[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]</ref><ref>[[Evonik Industries]] [http://history.evonik.com/sites/geschichte/en/inventions/buna/pages/default.aspx Invention and Production of Buna]</ref><ref name=Ullmann2/> Buna S is an addition copolymer.


==Properties==
==Properties==
{| class="wikitable" align=left"
*[[Glass transition temperature]] approximately {{convert|-55|°C|°F}}, but varies with styrene content<ref>Gent, A. N.; Campion, R. P.; American Chemical Society. Division of Rubber, ''Engineering With Rubber: How to Design Rubber Components''; Munich: Hanser Publishers: 1992.</ref>
|-
*Possible temperature range of use: approximately {{convert|-40|to|100|C|F}}
! Property
*Chemical Type: styrene-butadiene ([[copolymer]])
! S-SBR
*Trade names (common): GRS, Buna S, SBR
! E-SBR
*Elongation (%): 450-500
|-
*[[Shore durometer|Shore A hardness]]: 50-90<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.satoriseal.com/styrene_butadiene.htm |title=Styrene Butadiene |publisher=Satori Seal Corporation |accessdate=2009-02-14}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
| [[Tensile strength]] (MPa)
*Major application characteristics: good physical properties; excellent abrasion resistance; but sensitive to oil, wastewater and [[ozone]]; electrical properties good, but not outstanding
| 36
| 20
|-
| Elongation at tear (%)
| 565
| 635
|-
| [[Mooney viscosity]], 100&nbsp;°C
| 48.0
| 51.6
|-
| [[Glass transition temperature]] (°C)
| −65
| −50
|-
| [[Polydispersity]]
| 2.1
| 4.5
|}


==Applications==
==Applications==

The [[elastomer]] is used widely in pneumatic [[tire]]s, shoe heels and soles, [[gasket]]s and even [[chewing gum]]. It is a commodity material which competes with [[natural rubber]]. Latex (emulsion) SBR is extensively used in [[coated paper]]s, being one of the most cost-effective resins to bind pigmented coatings. It is also used in building applications, as a sealing and binding agent behind renders as an alternative to PVA, but is more expensive. In the latter application, it offers better durability, reduced shrinkage and increased flexibility, as well as being resistant to emulsification in damp conditions. SBR can be used to 'tank' damp rooms or surfaces, a process in which the rubber is painted onto the entire surface (sometimes both the walls, floor and ceiling) forming a continuous, seamless damp proof liner; a typical example would be a basement.
[[File:Styrene-butadiene chain2.png|thumb|An SBR chain]]

{{more citations needed section|date=September 2015}}
Styrene-butadiene is a commodity material which competes with [[natural rubber]]. The [[elastomer]] is used widely in pneumatic [[tire]]s. This application mainly calls for E-SBR, although S-SBR is growing in popularity. Other uses include shoe heels and soles, [[gasket]]s, and even [[chewing gum]].<ref name=Ullmann/>

Latex (emulsion) SBR is extensively used in [[coated paper]]s, being one of the cheapest resins to bind pigmented coatings. In 2010, more than half (54%) of all used dry binders consisted of SB-based latexes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holik |first=Herbert |editor-first1=Herbert |editor-last1=Holik |author-link= |date=2013 |title=Handbook of Paper and Board |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527652495 |location= |publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. |page=250 |isbn=9783527331840 |doi=10.1002/9783527652495 }}</ref> This amounted for roughly 1.2 million tonnes.

It is also used in building applications, as a sealing and binding agent behind renders as an alternative to [[Polyvinyl acetate|PVA]], but is more expensive. In the latter application, it offers better durability, reduced shrinkage and increased flexibility, as well as being resistant to emulsification in damp conditions.

SBR is often used as part of cement based substructural (basement)waterproofing systems where as a liquid it is mixed with water to form the Gauging solution for mixing the powdered Tanking material to a slurry. SBR aids the bond strength, reduces the potential for shrinkage and adds an element of flexibility.

It is also used by speaker driver manufacturers as the material for low damping rubber surrounds.


Additionally, it is used in some rubber [[cutting boards]].
Additionally, it is used in some rubber [[cutting boards]].

SBR is also used as a binder in [[lithium-ion battery]] electrodes, in combination with [[carboxymethyl cellulose]] as a water-based alternative for, e.g. [[polyvinylidene fluoride]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsrmicro.be/emerging-technologies/battery-binder/water-based-anode-binder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325230216/http://www.jsrmicro.be/emerging-technologies/battery-binder/water-based-anode-binder |archive-date=2016-03-25 |title=Water based anode binder {{!}} JSR Micro NV}}</ref>

Styrene-butane rubber is also used in gasketed-plate heat exchangers. It is used at moderate temperature up to 85 deg C, (358 K) for aqueous systems.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chemical engineering design. |last=K. |first=Sinnott, R. |date=2009 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemamn |others=Towler, Gavin. |isbn=978-0-7506-8551-1 |edition=5th ed., SI |location=Oxford |oclc=774295558}}</ref>

SBS Filaments<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.safilament.co.za/sbs-plus.html |title = SBS PLUS - SA FILAMENT}}</ref> also exist for [[Fused deposition modeling|FDM]] [[3D printing]]

==History==
SBR is a replacement for [[natural rubber]]. It was originally developed prior to [[World War II]] in Germany by chemist [[Walter Bock]] in 1929.<ref>Malcolm Tatum [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-styrene-butadiene-rubber.htm What is syrene-butadiene rubber] from Wisegeek</ref> Industrial manufacture began during World War II, and was used extensively by the [[U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program]] to produce {{anchor|Government Rubber-Styrene}}Government Rubber-Styrene (GR-S); to replace the [[Southeast Asia]]n supply of natural rubber which, under Japanese occupation, was unavailable to [[Allies of World War II|Allied nations]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wendt |first1=Paul |year=1947 |title=The Control of Rubber in World War II |journal= Southern Economic Journal |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=203–227 |publisher=[[Southern Economic Association]] |doi = 10.2307/1053336|jstor=1053336 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem & Collaboration|url=http://www.chemheritage.org/research/policy-center/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/02-wartime-crisis.aspx?page=2|publisher=[[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205004544/http://www.chemheritage.org/research/policy-center/oral-history-program/projects/rubber-matters/02-wartime-crisis.aspx?page=2 |archive-date = December 5, 2014}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[elastomer]]
* [[Nitrile rubber]]
*[[ozone cracking]]
* [[Ozone cracking]]
*[[Tire|tyre]]
* [[Tire]]
*[[synthetic rubber]]
*[[neolite]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{rubber}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Styrene-Butadiene}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Styrene-Butadiene}}
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[[Category:Elastomers]]
[[Category:Elastomers]]
[[Category:Polymers]]
[[Category:Polymers]]
[[Category:U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program]]

[[Category:German inventions]]
[[de:Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuk]]
[[Category:1929 in science]]
[[es:Caucho estireno-butadieno]]
[[fr:Styrène-butadiène]]
[[it:Gomma SBR]]
[[pt:Borracha de butadieno estireno]]
[[ja:スチレン・ブタジエンゴム]]
[[fi:Buna]]
[[vi:Cao su styren-butađien]]
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