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{{Short description|Chemical compound}} |
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{{ambox | text = This page contains a copy of the infobox ({{tl|chembox}}) taken from revid [{{fullurl:Potassium_carbonate|oldid=475637272}} 475637272] of page [[Potassium_carbonate]] with values updated to verified values.}} |
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{{Chembox |
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| Verifiedfields = changed |
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| verifiedrevid = 464211205 |
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| Watchedfields = changed |
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| ImageFile = Potassium_Carbonate_2D_structure.png |
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| verifiedrevid = 476994545 |
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| ImageFile1 = Potassium-carbonate-xtal-3D-SF.png |
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| Name = |
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| ImageFile2 = Potassium carbonate.jpg |
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| ImageFile = Potassium carbonate.svg |
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| ImageSize = |
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| ImageFile1 = Potassium-carbonate-xtal-3D-SF.png |
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| ImageFile2 = Potassium carbonate.jpg |
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| OtherNames = Potash, pearl ash |
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| ImageSize = |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| IUPACName = Potassium carbonate |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| OtherNames = Carbonate of potash, dipotassium carbonate, sub-carbonate of potash, pot carb (laboratory slang), pearl ash, potash, salt of tartar, salt of wormwood. |
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| SystematicName = |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} |
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| ChemSpiderID = 10949 |
| ChemSpiderID = 10949 |
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| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} |
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| ChEBI = 131526 |
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| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII = BQN1B9B9HA |
| UNII = BQN1B9B9HA |
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| UNII1_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} |
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| UNII1 = L9300DKS8U |
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| UNII1_Comment = (sesquihydrate) |
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| InChI = 1/CH2O3.2K/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
| InChI = 1/CH2O3.2K/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 |
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| InChIKey = BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-NUQVWONBAS |
| InChIKey = BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-NUQVWONBAS |
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| StdInChIKey = BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
| StdInChIKey = BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
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| CASNo = 584-08-7 |
| CASNo = 584-08-7 |
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| |
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| CASNo1_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} |
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| PubChem = 516886 |
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| CASNo1 = 6381-79-9 |
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| CASNo1_Comment = sesquihydrate |
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}} |
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| PubChem = 11430 |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| RTECS = TS7750000 |
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| Formula = K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> |
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}} |
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| MolarMass = 138.205 g/mol |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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| Appearance = white, [[hygroscopic]] solid |
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| Formula = {{Chem|K|2|CO|3}} |
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| Density = 2.29 g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| MolarMass = 138.205 g/mol |
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| MeltingPtC = 891 |
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| Appearance = White, [[hygroscopic]] solid |
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| BoilingPt = decomposes |
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| Density = 2.43{{nbsp}}g/cm<sup>3</sup> |
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| Solubility = 112 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br> 156 g/100 mL (100 °C) |
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| MeltingPtC = 891 |
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| SolubleOther = insoluble in [[alcohol]], [[acetone]] |
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| BoilingPt = Decomposes |
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}} |
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| Solubility = 110.3{{nbsp}}g/100{{nnbsp}}mL (20{{nbsp}}°C) <br/> 149.2{{nbsp}}g/100{{nnbsp}}mL (100{{nbsp}}°C) |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| SolubleOther = {{ubl |
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| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1588.htm ICSC 1588] |
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| 3.11{{nbsp}}g/100{{nnbsp}}mL (25{{nbsp}}°C) [[methanol]] |
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| EUIndex = Not listed |
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| Insoluble in [[ethanol|alcohol]], [[acetone]] |
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| LD50 = 1870 mg/kg<sup>-1</sup> |
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}} |
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| MainHazards = Irritant |
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| pKa = 10.25 |
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| RPhrases = {{R22}} {{R36}} {{R37}} {{R38}} |
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| MagSus = −59.0·10<sup>−6</sup>{{nbsp}}cm<sup>3</sup>/mol |
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| SPhrases = |
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}} |
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| NFPA-H = 1 |
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| |
| Section3 = |
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| Thermochemistry_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. |date=2016 |others=William M. Haynes, David R. Lide, Thomas J. Bruno |isbn=978-1-4987-5428-6 |edition=2016-2017, 97th |location=Boca Raton, Florida |oclc=930681942}}</ref> |
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| NFPA-O = |
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| HeatCapacity = 114.4 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> |
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| FlashPt = non-flammable |
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| Entropy = 155.5 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup> |
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| LD50 = 1870 mg/kg |
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| DeltaHform = −1151.0 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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}} |
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| DeltaGfree = −1063.5 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| DeltaHcombust = |
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| OtherAnions = [[Potassium bicarbonate]] |
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| DeltaHfus = 27.6 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> |
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| OtherCations = [[Lithium carbonate]]<br/>[[Sodium carbonate]]<br/>[[Rubidium carbonate]]<br/>[[Caesium carbonate]] |
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| DeltaHvap = |
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| OtherCpds = [[Ammonium carbonate]] |
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| DeltaHsublim = |
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}} |
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| HHV = |
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| LHV = |
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}} |
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| Section5 = |
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| Section6 = |
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards |
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| ExternalSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1588.htm ICSC 1588] |
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| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}} |
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| GHSSignalWord = Warning |
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| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|302|315|319|335}} |
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| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|305+351+338}} |
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| NFPA-H = 2 |
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| NFPA-F = 0 |
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| NFPA-R = 0 |
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| NFPA-S = |
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable |
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| LD50 = 1870{{nbsp}}mg/kg (oral, rat)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/584-08-7|title=ChemIDplus - 584-08-7 - BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Potassium carbonate [USP] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information.|first=Michael|last=Chambers|website=chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812215721/https://chem.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/584-08-7 |archive-date=2014-08-12}}</ref> |
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}} |
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| Section8 = {{Chembox Related |
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| OtherAnions = [[Potassium bicarbonate]] |
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| OtherCations = [[Lithium carbonate]]<br/>[[Sodium carbonate]]<br/>[[Rubidium carbonate]]<br/>[[Caesium carbonate]] |
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| OtherCompounds = [[Ammonium carbonate]] |
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}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Potassium carbonate''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the formula [[potassium|K<sub>2</sub>]][[carbonate|CO<sub>3</sub>]]. It is a white [[salt (chemistry)|salt]], which is [[soluble]] in [[water]] and forms a strongly alkaline solution. It is [[Deliquescence|deliquescent]], often appearing as a damp or wet [[solid]]. Potassium carbonate is mainly used in the [[Soapmaking|production of soap]] and [[Glass production|glass]].<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author=H. Schultz |author2=G. Bauer |author3=E. Schachl |author4=F. Hagedorn |author5=P. Schmittinger |title=Potassium Compounds|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_039|isbn=3-527-30673-0 }}</ref> Commonly, it can be found as the result of [[Battery leakage|leakage]] of [[Alkaline battery|alkaline batteries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=List |first=Jenny |date=October 19, 2022 |title=Crusty Leaking Cells Kill Your Tech. Just What's Going On? |url=https://hackaday.com/2022/10/19/crusty-leaking-cells-kill-your-tech-just-whats-going-on/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530235234/https://hackaday.com/2022/10/19/crusty-leaking-cells-kill-your-tech-just-whats-going-on/ |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |website=Hackaday}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{About|2=a longer section on a related group of chemicals with much common history|3=Potash#History}} |
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Potassium carbonate is the primary component of [[potash]] and the more refined '''pearl ash''' or salts of tartar. Historically, pearl ash was created by baking potash in a [[kiln]] to remove impurities. The fine, white powder remaining was the pearl ash. The first [[patent]] issued by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|US Patent Office]] was awarded to [[Samuel Hopkins (inventor)|Samuel Hopkins]] in 1790 for an improved method of making potash and pearl ash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in U.S. patenting |url=https://www.uspto.gov/patents/milestones |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=www.uspto.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In late 18th-century [[North America]], before the development of [[baking powder]], pearl ash was used as a [[leavening agent]] for [[quick bread]]s.<ref>See references to "pearl ash" in "American Cookery" by Amelia Simmons, printed by Hudson & Goodwin, Hartford, 1796.</ref><ref name="Civitello">{{cite book |last1=Civitello |first1=Linda |title=Baking powder wars: the cutthroat food fight that revolutionized cooking |date=2017 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana, Illinois |isbn=978-0-252-04108-2 |pages=18–22}}</ref> |
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==Production== |
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The modern commercial production of potassium carbonate is by reaction of [[potassium hydroxide]] with [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name="Ullmann" /> |
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: 2 KOH + CO<sub>2</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O |
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From the solution crystallizes the [[sesquihydrate]] K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>·{{frac|3|2}}H<sub>2</sub>O ("potash hydrate"). Heating this solid above {{Convert|200|°C|°F|abbr=on}} gives the [[anhydrous]] salt. In an alternative method, potassium chloride is treated with carbon dioxide in the presence of an [[Organic amines|organic amine]] to give [[potassium bicarbonate]], which is then [[calcined]]: |
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: 2 KHCO<sub>3</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub> |
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==Applications== |
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* (historically) for [[soap]], [[glass]], and [[dishware]] production |
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* as a mild [[desiccant|drying agent]] where other drying agents, such as [[calcium chloride]] and [[magnesium sulfate]], may be incompatible. It is not suitable for [[Acid|acidic compounds]], but can be useful for drying an organic phase if one has a small amount of acidic impurity. It may also be used to dry some [[ketone]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]], and [[amine]]s prior to distillation.<ref>Leonard, J.; Lygo, B.; Procter, G. "Advanced Practical Organic Chemistry" 1998, Stanley Thomas Publishers Ltd</ref> |
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* in [[cuisine]], where it has many traditional uses. It is used in some types of [[Chinese noodles]] and [[mooncake]]s, as well as Asian [[grass jelly]] and Japanese [[ramen]]. German [[gingerbread]] recipes often use potassium carbonate as a baking agent, although in combination with [[Salt of hartshorn|hartshorn]]. |
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* in the [[Alkalinity|alkalization]] of [[Cocoa Powder|cocoa powder]] to produce [[Dutch process chocolate]] by balancing the [[pH]] (i.e., reduce the acidity) of natural [[cocoa bean]]s; it also enhances [[aroma]]. The process of adding potassium carbonate to cocoa powder is usually called "Dutching" (and the products referred to as Dutch-processed cocoa powder), as the process was first developed in 1828 by [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] [[Coenraad Johannes van Houten]]. |
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* as a [[buffering agent]] in the production of [[mead]] or [[wine]]. |
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* in antique documents, it is reported to have been used to [[Water softener|soften]] [[hard water]].<ref>Child, Lydia M. "The American Frugal Housewife" 1832</ref> |
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* as a fire suppressant in [[Extinguishing a fire|extinguishing]] [[Deep fat fryer|deep-fat fryers]] and various other [[Class B fire|B class-related fires]]. |
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* in [[condensed aerosol fire suppression]], although as the byproduct of [[potassium nitrate]]. |
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* as an ingredient in [[Flux (metallurgy)#Metal joining|welding fluxes]], and in the flux coating on [[Arc welding|arc-welding]] [[Welding#Processes|rods]]. |
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* as an [[animal feed]] ingredient to satisfy the [[Potassium in biology|potassium requirements]] of [[farmed animals]] such as [[Broiler|broiler breeder chickens]]. |
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* as an acidity regulator in [[Sweden|Swedish]] ''[[snus]]'' [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff tobacco]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* ''A Dictionary of Science'', [[Oxford University Press]], [[New York (City)|New York]], 2004 |
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*{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231535294|title=Solubility of Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Hydrocarbonate in Methanol|first1=Andrew|last1=Yu. Platonov|first2=Andrey|last2=Evdokimov|first3=Alexander|last3=Kurzin|first4=Helen|last4=D. Maiyorova|date=29 June 2002|journal=Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data|volume=47|issue=5|pages=1175–1176|doi=10.1021/je020012v}} |
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== External links == |
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*[http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics1588.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1588] |
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{{Potassium compounds}} |
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{{Carbonates}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Carbonates]] |
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[[Category:Leavening agents]] |
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[[Category:Potassium compounds]] |
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[[Category:Deliquescent materials]] |
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[[Category:Desiccants]] |
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[[Category:Photographic chemicals]] |
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[[Category:Food stabilizers]] |