Jump to content

Potassium bicarbonate: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
Page 1
Page 2
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
added PubChem, CSID, (std)InChI and (Std)InChIKey
 
(119 intermediate revisions by 77 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{distinguish|Sodium bicarbonate}}
{{chembox
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 447405929
| Watchedfields = changed
| Name = Potassium bicarbonate
| verifiedrevid = 472266252
| ImageFile = Potassium bicarbonate.png
| Name = Potassium bicarbonate
| ImageSize = 200px
| ImageName = Potassium bicarbonate
| ImageFile = Potassium bicarbonate.svg
| ImageName = Potassium bicarbonate
| ImageFile1 = Hydrogenuhličitan draselný.JPG
| IUPACName = potassium hydrogen carbonate
| IUPACName = potassium hydrogencarbonate
| OtherNames = potassium acid carbonate
| OtherNames = potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium acid carbonate
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 298-14-6
| CASNo = 298-14-6
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| Beilstein = 4535309
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 81862
| ChEMBL = 2106975
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 55053
| DrugBank = DB11098
| EINECS = 206-059-0
| EINECS = 206-059-0
| KEGG = C18606
| PubChem = 516893
| PubChem = 516893
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| ChemSpiderID = 55053
| UNII = HM5Z15LEBN
| SMILES = [K+].[O-]C(=O)O
| InChI = 1/CH2O3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| InChI = 1/CH2O3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| InChIKey = TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-REWHXWOFAA
| InChIKey = TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-REWHXWOFAA
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChI = 1S/CH2O3.K/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1
| StdInChIKey = TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| ATCCode_prefix = A12
| StdInChIKey = TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
| ATCCode_suffix = BA04
| SMILES = [K+].[O-]C(=O)O
}}
}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = KHCO<sub>3</sub>
| Formula = KHCO<sub>3</sub>
| Appearance = white crystals
| Appearance = white crystals
| Odor = odorless
| Odor = odorless
| MolarMass = 100.115 g/mol
| MolarMass = 100.115 g/mol
| Density = 2.17 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| Density = 2.17 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| Solubility = 33.7 g/100 mL (20 °C) <br> 60 g/100 mL (60 °C)
| Solubility = 22.4 g/100 mL (20 °C)<ref name=Ullmann/>
| SolubleOther = practically insoluble in [[alcohol]]
| SolubleOther = practically insoluble in [[ethanol|alcohol]]
| MeltingPtC = 292
| MeltingPt = Decomposes
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)
| pKa = 10.329<ref name="crc84">{{cite book|last1=Goldberg|first1=Robert N.|last2=Kishore|first2=Nand|last3=Lennen|first3=Rebecca M.|editor=David R. Lide|title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q2qJId5TKOkC&pg=PP9|accessdate=6 March 2011|edition=84th|year=2003|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=9780849305955|pages=7–13|contribution=Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers in water}}</ref>
| pKa = 10.329<ref name="crc84">{{cite book|last1=Goldberg|first1=Robert N.|last2=Kishore|first2=Nand|last3=Lennen|first3=Rebecca M.|editor=David R. Lide|title=CRC handbook of chemistry and physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2qJId5TKOkC&pg=PP9|access-date=6 March 2011|edition=84th|year=2003|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, FL|isbn=978-0-8493-0595-5|pages=7–13|contribution=Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers in water}}</ref>
6.351 (carbonic acid)<ref name=crc84/>
6.351 (carbonic acid)<ref name=crc84/>
}}
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
|Section5={{Chembox Thermochemistry
| DeltaHf = -963.2 kJ/mol
| ExternalMSDS = [http://msds.ehs.cornell.edu/msds/msdsdod/a495/m247034.htm MSDS]
| EUIndex = Not listed
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F =
| NFPA-R =
| FlashPt = Non-Flammable
| RPhrases = {{R36}} {{R37}} {{R38}}
| SPhrases =
}}
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
|Section6={{Chembox Pharmacology
| ATCCode_prefix = A12
| OtherAnions = [[Potassium carbonate]]
| ATCCode_suffix = BA04
| OtherCations = [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br/>[[Ammonium bicarbonate]]
}}
| OtherCpds = [[Potassium bisulfate]]<br/>[[Potassium hydrogen phosphate]]
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS = [http://msds.ehs.cornell.edu/msds/msdsdod/a495/m247034.htm MSDS]
| MainHazards =
| NFPA-H = 1
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 0
| FlashPt = Non-Flammable
| Hazards_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Potassium bicarbonate |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/516893#section=Safety-and-Hazards |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}}
| GHSSignalWord = Warning
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|315|319|335}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|261|264|280|302+352|304+340|305+351+338|312|332+313|362|403+233|405}}
| LD50 = > 2000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
}}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions = [[Potassium carbonate]]
| OtherCations = [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br/>[[Ammonium bicarbonate]]
| OtherCompounds = [[Potassium bisulfate]]<br/>[[Monopotassium phosphate]]<br/>[[Dipotassium phosphate]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
'''Potassium bicarbonate''' ([[IUPAC name]]: '''potassium hydrogencarbonate''', also known as '''potassium acid carbonate''') is the [[inorganic compound]] with the chemical formula KHCO<sub>3</sub>. It is a white solid.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite encyclopedia|author=H. Schultz |author2=G. Bauer |author3=E. Schachl |author4=F. Hagedorn |author5=P. Schmittinger |title=Potassium Compounds|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a22_039|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref>
'''Potassium bicarbonate''' (also known as '''potassium hydrogen carbonate''' or '''potassium acid carbonate'''), is a colorless, odorless, slightly [[Base (chemistry)|basic]], salty substance. According to the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA), potassium bicarbonate is "[[generally recognized as safe]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListing&id=239 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5wxwh4Hfa |archivedate=March 5, 2011|title=Potassium bicarbonate |author=GRAS Notification Program |date=October 31, 2006 |work=GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Database |publisher=US FDA |accessdate=March 5, 2011}}</ref>


[[File:Potassium bicarbonate purple-K.jpg|thumb|right|A fire extinguisher containing potassium bicarbonate]]
Potassium bicarbonate is [[soluble]] in [[water]], and is often found added to bottled water to affect [[taste]]; however, it is not soluble in [[alcohol]]. Decomposition of the substance occurs between 100 °[[Celsius|C]] and 120 °C into [[Potassium|K]]<sub>2</sub>[[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub> ([[potassium carbonate]]), [[Hydrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]] ([[water]]), and [[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub> ([[carbon dioxide]]). In [[concentration]]s greater than 0.5%, KHCO<sub>3</sub> can have toxic effects on plants{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} (potassium bicarbonate has widespread use in crops, especially for [[Acid-base reaction theories|neutralizing]] [[acid]]ic soil, and is also under consideration as an organic fungicide<ref>http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html</ref>), although there is no evidence of human [[carcinogenicity]], no adverse effects of overexposure, and an undetermined {{LD50}}.


==Production and reactivity==
Physically, potassium bicarbonate occurs as a crystal or a soft white granular powder. It is manufactured by reacting [[potassium carbonate]] with [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]]:
It is manufactured by treating an aqueous solution of [[potassium carbonate]] with [[carbon dioxide]]:<ref name=Ullmann/>
:K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 KHCO<sub>3</sub>
Decomposition of the bicarbonate occurs between {{convert|100|and|120|C}}:
:2 KHCO<sub>3</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
This reaction is employed to prepare high purity potassium carbonate.


==Uses==
:K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O &rarr; 2 [[Potassium|K]][[Hydrogen|H]][[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>
===Food and drink===
This compound is a source of [[carbon dioxide]] for [[leavening]] in baking. It can substitute for [[baking soda]] (sodium bicarbonate) for those with a [[low sodium diet|low-sodium diet]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Potassium Bicarbonate |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/academic-and-educational-journals/potassium-bicarbonate |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=Cengage |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref> and it is an ingredient in low-sodium [[baking powder]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Home cooking with less salt |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/home-cooking-with-less-salt |website=harvard.edu |date=March 2020 |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilkens |first1=Katy G. |title=You Have the (Baking) Power with Low-Sodium Baking Powders |url=https://www.agingkingcounty.org/2018/12/14/you-have-the-baking-power-with-low-sodium-baking-powders/ |website=agingkingcounty.org |date=15 December 2018 |publisher=Aging & Disability Services for Seattle & King County |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref>


As an inexpensive, nontoxic [[Base (chemistry)|base]], it is widely used in diverse application to [[acidity regulator|regulate pH]] or as a [[reagent]]. Examples include as [[buffering agent]] in medications, an additive in [[winemaking]].
Potassium bicarbonate is very rarely found in its natural form, the mineral called '''kalicinite'''.
[[Image:Potassium bicarbonate.jpg|thumb|right|A fire extinguisher containing potassium bicarbonate.]]


Potassium bicarbonate is often added to [[bottled water]] to improve taste,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://time.com/3029191/bottled-water-ingredients-nutrition-health/ | title = Why Your Bottled Water Contains Four Different Ingredients | publisher = Time Magazine | date = July 24, 2014}}</ref> and is also used in [[club soda]].
==Uses==
The compound is used as a source of [[carbon dioxide]] for [[leavening]] in baking, extinguishing fire in dry chemical [[fire extinguisher]]s, acting as a [[reagent]], and a strong [[buffering agent]] in medications.


===Medical uses and health===
It is used as an additive in [[winemaking]] and as a base in foods and to [[acidity regulator|regulate pH]]. It is a common ingredient in club soda, where it is used to soften the effect of effervescence.
Higher [[potassium]] intake may prevent development of [[kidney stone disease]].<ref name="pmid18724413">{{cite journal | vauthors=He FJ, MacGregor GA | title=Beneficial effects of potassium on human health | journal=[[Physiologia Plantarum]] | volume=133 | issue=4 | pages=725–735 | year=2008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.x | pmid=18724413}}</ref> Higher potassium intake is associated with a reduced risk of [[stroke]].<ref name="pmid25973282">{{cite journal | vauthors=Vinceti M, Filippini T, Orsini N | title=Meta-Analysis of Potassium Intake and the Risk of Stroke | journal=[[Journal of the American Heart Association]] | volume=5 | issue=10 | pages=e004210 | year=2016 | doi = 10.1161/JAHA.116.004210 | pmc=5121516 | pmid=27792643}}</ref>


===Fire extinguishers===
Potassium bicarbonate is used as a fire suppression agent ("BC dry chemical") in some dry chemical [[fire extinguisher]]s, as the principal component of the [[Purple-K]] dry chemical, and in some applications of [[condensed aerosol fire suppression]]. It is the only dry chemical fire suppression agent recognized by the [[National Fire Protection Association]] for firefighting at airport crash rescue sites. It is about twice as effective in fire suppression as [[sodium bicarbonate]]. [http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=PURPLEK]
Potassium bicarbonate is used as a [[fire suppression agent]] ("BC dry chemical") in some dry chemical [[fire extinguisher]]s, as the principal component of the [[Purple-K]] dry chemical, and in some applications of [[condensed aerosol fire suppression]]. It is the only dry chemical fire suppression agent recognized by the U.S. [[National Fire Protection Association]] for firefighting at airport crash rescue sites. It is about twice as effective in fire suppression as [[sodium bicarbonate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=PURPLEK |title=Purple-K-Powder |publisher=US Naval Research Laboratory |access-date=8 February 2012 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215131044/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=PURPLEK }}</ref>


===Agriculture===
Potassium bicarbonate is an effective [[fungicide]] against [[powdery mildew]], allowed for use in [[organic farming]].<ref>[http://www.sgaonline.org.au/info_powderymildew.html Powdery Mildew - Sustainable Gardening Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Potassium bicarbonate has widespread use in crops, especially for [[Acid-base reaction theories|neutralizing]] [[acidic soil]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/potbivs6.pdf | title = Potassium Bicarbonate Handbook | publisher = Armand Products Company | access-date = 2016-09-06 | archive-date = 2021-01-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152900/https://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/PotBiVs6.PDF }}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/item_id.163744/workspace_id.112004/Organic%20Fruit%20Production%20Fruit%20Production.doc/ Organic Fruit Production in Michigan]</ref>

Potassium bicarbonate is an effective [[fungicide]] against [[powdery mildew]] and [[apple scab]], allowed for use in [[organic farming]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html | title = Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide | access-date = 2010-02-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100507163427/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html | archive-date = 2010-05-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sgaonline.org.au/info_powderymildew.html |title=Powdery Mildew - Sustainable Gardening Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205955/http://www.sgaonline.org.au/info_powderymildew.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/item_id.163744/workspace_id.112004/Organic%20Fruit%20Production%20Fruit%20Production.doc | title = Organic Fruit Production in Michigan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://orgprints.org/8075/1/LT_HJS_Armicarb_7.4.06.pdf | title = Efficacy of Armicarb (potassium bicarbonate) against scab and sooty blotch on apples }}</ref>

Potassium bicarbonate is a contact killer for [[Spanish moss]] when mixed {{Fraction|1|4}} [[Cup (unit)|cup]] per [[gallon]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://skyfroglandscape.com/spanish-moss-removal/ | title = How to Toss Your Spanish Moss | date = 4 December 2020 | publisher = SkyFrog landscape company}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The word ''saleratus'', from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''sal æratus'' meaning "aerated [[salt]]", was widely used in the 19th century for both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The term has now fallen out of common usage.
The word ''saleratus'', from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''sal æratus'' meaning "aerated salt", first used in the nineteenth century, refers to both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.<ref>{{cite web |title=saleratus |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saleratus |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=May 29, 2020}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/PotBiVs6.PDF Potassium Bicarbonate Handbook]
* [http://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/PotBiVs6.PDF Potassium Bicarbonate Handbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122152900/https://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/PotBiVs6.PDF |date=2021-01-22 }}
* [http://www.omri.org/simple-opl-search/results/potassium%20bicarbonate. OMRI Potassium Bicarbonate]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100531174941/http://www.omri.org/simple-opl-search/results/potassium%20bicarbonate. OMRI Potassium Bicarbonate]
* [http://www.potassium-derivatives.com/product/chloralkali/en/potassium-specification/potassium-hydrogen-carbonate/pages/potassium-hydrogen-carbonate-default.aspx. Safety Data sheet - potassium bicarbonate]
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Saleratus|short=x}}


{{Potassium compounds}}
{{Potassium compounds}}
{{Carbonates}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Potassium Bicarbonate}}
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]
[[Category:Bicarbonates]]
[[Category:Acid salts]]
[[Category:Acid salts]]
[[Category:Fire suppression agents]]
[[Category:Fire suppression agents]]

[[cs:Hydrogenuhličitan draselný]]
[[de:Kaliumhydrogencarbonat]]
[[fr:Bicarbonate de potassium]]
[[it:Bicarbonato di potassio]]
[[hu:Kálium-hidrogénkarbonát]]
[[nl:Kaliumwaterstofcarbonaat]]
[[ja:炭酸水素カリウム]]
[[pl:Wodorowęglan potasu]]
[[pt:Bicarbonato de potássio]]
[[ru:Гидрокарбонат калия]]
[[fi:Kaliumvetykarbonaatti]]
[[sv:Kaliumvätekarbonat]]
[[zh:碳酸氢钾]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ComparePages"