1221
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1221 by topic |
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| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1221 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1221 MCCXXI |
| Ab urbe condita | 1974 |
| Armenian calendar | 670 ԹՎ ՈՀ |
| Assyrian calendar | 5971 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1142–1143 |
| Bengali calendar | 628 |
| Berber calendar | 2171 |
| English Regnal year | 5 Hen. 3 – 6 Hen. 3 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1765 |
| Burmese calendar | 583 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6729–6730 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 3918 or 3711 — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 3919 or 3712 |
| Coptic calendar | 937–938 |
| Discordian calendar | 2387 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1213–1214 |
| Hebrew calendar | 4981–4982 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1277–1278 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1142–1143 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4321–4322 |
| Holocene calendar | 11221 |
| Igbo calendar | 221–222 |
| Iranian calendar | 599–600 |
| Islamic calendar | 617–618 |
| Japanese calendar | Jōkyū 3 (承久３年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1129–1130 |
| Julian calendar | 1221 MCCXXI |
| Korean calendar | 3554 |
| Minguo calendar | 691 before ROC 民前691年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −247 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1763–1764 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1347 or 966 or 194 — to — 阴金蛇年 (female Iron-Snake) 1348 or 967 or 195 |
Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
- January – The Mongol army under Jochi captures the city of Gurganj (modern-day Konye-Urgench in Turkmenistan) and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million.
- February – The oasis city of Merv on the Silk Road is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui at the orders of Genghis Khan. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide.
- May 13 – Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Emperor Chūkyō on the throne of Japan. Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War against the Kamakura shogunate.
- July 29 – 10-year-old Emperor Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan.[1]
- Mid-December – John III Doukas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine Emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea).[2]
- A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia, defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city.
- Genghis Khan enters the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan.[3][4]
- Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the grand vizier of Greater Khorasan, is killed in a genocide by the Mongol invaders.
- The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.[5][6]
- Sultan al-Kamil, son of al-Adil ("Saphadin") who was a brother of Saladin, offers Jerusalem to the Crusaders for ten years in return for Damietta, which the Crusaders eventually give up in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta.
- The city of Nizhny Novgorod in Russia is founded.
Births
- October 9 – Salimbene di Adam, Italian chronicler[7]
- November 23 – King Alfonso X of Castile (d. 1284)[8]
- Bonaventure, Italian theologian and saint (d. 1274)[9]
- Boleslaus the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland (d. 1279)[citation needed]
Deaths
- August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (b. 1170)[10]
- October 4 – William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (b. 1179)
- October 21 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)
- Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk
- Mutukan, 1st Son of Chagatai Khan
References
- ^ Perkins, George W. "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0804763887.
- ^ George Akropolites. The History. Trans. Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 160.
- ^ Jeune, Sir Francis Henry (1867). The Mahometan Power in India: The Arnold Prize Essay for 1867. p. 20.
- ^ Lindsay Brown; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks (2008). "North-west Frontier Province". Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet. p. 189. ISBN 1741045428.
- ^ Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 1846036917.
- ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
- ^ Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 0786468319.
- ^ Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN 0940940434.
- ^ M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216.
- ^ Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19.