Jump to content

Canadians

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Racepacket (talk | contribs) at 01:07, 19 January 2011 (good article). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article covers the cultural and demographic identity of the People of Canada, for other uses see: Canadian (disambiguation)
Canadians
Canadiens (French)
File:Canadians of differnt ethnic backgrounds.JPG
Regions with significant populations
United States1,003,850[1]
Hong Kong200,000[1]
United Kingdom72,518[1]
Taiwan52,500[1]
People's Republic of China40,000[1]
Lebanon45,000[1]
Australia27,289[1]
Italy23,487[1]
France18,913[1]
Greece12,477[1]
Egypt10,000[1]
South Korea8,763[1]
Belgium4,145[1]
New Zealand7,770[1]
Switzerland7,519[1]
Philippines7,500[1]
Portugal7,326[1]
Japan7,067[1]
Netherlands8,427[1]
Mexico5,768[1]
Norway2,290[1]
Ireland4,081[1]
Spain3,810[1]
Denmark2,752[1]
Sweden2,742[2]
Languages
Official languages are English (Canadian English) and French (Canadian French). Numerous indigenous American languages are also recognized.
Religion
Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism

Canadians (singular Canadian) are people who are identified with the place and country of Canada. This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians.

Aside from the Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population,[3] the majority of the population is made up of old world immigrants and their descendents. After the initial period of British and French colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries and is currently ongoing.[4] Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.

The Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 took effect on 1 January 1947. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. As Canadian independence was obtained incrementally over the course of many years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867, World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Various legislation's since the mid 20th century represents Canadians' commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development.

Immigration overview

Main article: immigration to Canada
Further information: History of Canada

What is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by distinctive groups of Aboriginal peoples.[5] Beginning in the late 15th century, French and British expeditions explored, and later settled the eastern parts of Canada. During the 18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the area know as Rupert's Land) was carried out mainly by French settlers (Coureur des bois) working for the North West Company, and by Scottish and English settlers representing the Hudson's Bay Company.[6] In the wake of the American Revolution, approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America.[7] The Great Migration of Canada was a period of high immigration from 1815 to 1850 involving over 800,000 immigrants (majority of whom were English speaking British).[8] Irish immigration to Canada peaked when the Irish Potato Famine occurred from 1846 to 1849 resulting in hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants arriving on Canada's eastern shores.[9]

The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.[10] From the mid to late 19th century Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including city people and an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home Children" from Britain.[11] Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and other were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.[12] Canada received a large amount of non-British, non-French, immigrants for the first time before and after the World Wars, mainly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, and Ukrainians.[13]

Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.[14] While the 1950s had seen high levels of immigration from Europe, by the 1970s immigrants increasingly came from India, China, Vietnam, Jamaica and Haiti.[15] During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.[16] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large Chinese population that tended to settle in British Columbia.[17]

In 2006, Canada received 236,756 immigrants - the top ten sending countries, by state of origin, were People's Republic of China (28,896), India (28,520), Philippines (19,718), Pakistan (9,808), United States (8,750), United Kingdom (7,324), Iran (7,195), South Korea (5,909), Colombia (5,382), and Sri Lanka (4,068).[18] The top ten source countries were followed closely by France (4,026), and Morocco (4,025), with Romania, Russia, and Algeria. each contributing over 3,500 immigrants.[18] The majority of illegal immigrants come from the southern provinces of the People's Republic of China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe, Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East all contributing to the illegal population.[19] Estimates of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.[20]

Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban centres, particularly Toronto, Montreal, Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton and Vancouver.[21][22] Approximately 41% of people currently living in Canada are first or second generation immigrants.[23] Meaning one out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was not born in the country.[24] Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of the individuals above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent.[25]

Ethnic origins

Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada

Canada has thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts.[Note 2] According to the 2006 census, the largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (32%),[Note 3] followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), North American Indian (4.0%),[Note 4] Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (Netherlands) (3.3%).[26] In the 2006 census, over five million Canadians identified themselves as a member of a visible minority. Together, they make up 16.2% of the total population: most numerous among these are South Asian (4.0%), Black (2.5%), and Filipino (1.1%).[26] Aboriginal peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act,[27] and is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses.

Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per census division of 2006.[Note 2]
Ethnic origin[Note 2] % Population Area of largest proportion
Canadian[Note 3] 32.22% 10,066,290 Quebec (66.2%)
English Canadian 21.03% 6,570,015 Newfoundland and Labrador (43.2%)
French Canadian
(excluding Acadians) 		15.82% 4,941,210 Quebec (28.9%)
Scottish Canadian 15.11% 4,719,850 Prince Edward Island (40.5%)
Irish Canadian 13.94% 4,354,155 Prince Edward Island (29.2%)
German Canadian 10.18% 3,179,425 Saskatchewan (30.0%)
Italian Canadian 4.63% 1,445,335 Ontario (7.2%)
Chinese Canadian 4.31% 1,346,510 British Columbia (10.6%)
North American Indian[Note 4] 4.01% 1,253,615 Northwest Territories (36.5%)
Ukrainian Canadian 3.87% 1,209,085 Manitoba (14.8%)
Dutch Canadian
(Netherlands) 		3.32% 1,035,965 Alberta (5.3%)
Polish Canadian 3.15% 984,565 Manitoba (7.3%)
East Indian Canadian 3.08% 962,665 British Columbia (5.7%)
Russian Canadian 1.60% 500,600 Manitoba (4.3%)
Welsh Canadian 1.41% 440,965 Yukon (3.1%)
Filipino Canadian 1.40% 436,190 Manitoba (3.5%)
Norwegian Canadian 1.38% 432,515 Saskatchewan (7.2%)
Portuguese Canadian 1.32% 410,850 Ontario (2.4%)
Métis 1.31% 409,065 Northwest Territories (6.9%)
British Canadian
(British Isles not included elsewhere) 		1.29% 403,915 Yukon (2.3%)
Swedish Canadian 1.07% 334,765 Saskatchewan (3.5%)
Spanish Canadian 1.04% 325,730 British Columbia (1.3%)
American Canadian 1.01% 316,350 Yukon (2.0%)
Hungarian Canadian
(Magyar)
 1.01% 315,510 Saskatchewan (2.9%)
Jewish Canadian
(From all continents)
 1.01% 315,120 Ontario (1.5%)
For a complete list see: Canadian ethnic groups

Citizenship

Main article: Canadian nationality law
Members of the first official Canadian Citizenship ceremony held at the Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa,
3 January, 1947

Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada, birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen and was born in Canada, or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen.[28] It can also be granted to a permanent resident who lives in Canada for three out of four years and meets specific requirements.[28] Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act, which took effect on 1 January 1947.[29] The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.[30]

According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada there are three main classifications for immigrants: Family class (closely related persons of Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee law).[31] In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.[23] Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees.[32]

The majority of Canadian citizens live in Canada; however, there are approximately 2,800,000 Canadians abroad as of November 1, 2009.[33] This represents about 7.5% of the total Canadian population. Of those abroad the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, and Lebanon have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in United States are the greatest single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians abroad.[34] Under current Canadian law, Canada does not restrict dual citizenship but Passport Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport, so they can access Canadian consular services.[35]

Culture and demographics

Main articles: Culture of Canada and Demographics of Canada
A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada. - Title: "The next favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.'"

Canada's culture, like that of most any country in the world, is a product of its history, geography and political systems. Being a settler nation, Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature, humour, music and traditions that have marked the socio-cultural development of the nation.[36] Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than a single national myth.[37] In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture,[38] however as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic - collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.[39][40] It is often asserted that Canadian Government policies such as publicly-funded health care, higher taxation to distribute wealth, outlawing capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, imposing strict gun control, leniency in regard to drug use and most recently legalizing same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differ from that of the United States.[41]

American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.[42] The Government of Canada has also influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created "crown corporations" to promote Canadian culture through media and has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content.[43]

The "maple leaf" one of the earliest and most widely recognized national symbol of Canada[44]

Canadian culture has historically been influenced by Aboriginal, French and British cultures and traditions. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of the Canadian identity.[45] First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent, the North American fur trade and inter-European power struggles to the creation of the Métis people. Through their art and culture, First Nations, Inuit and Métis continue to exert influence on Canadian identity.[46] The British conquest of New France in the mid 1700s brought a large Francophone population under British Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation,[47] while the migration of United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies brought in strong American influences.[48]

The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism,[49][50][51] however in 1917 and 1944 conscription crisis's caused a considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.[52] As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.[53] With the gradual loosening of political and cultural ties to the United Kingdom, in the 20th century immigrants from Africa, Caribbean and Asia nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.[54]

The Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden with downtown Vancouver in the background.

The multiculturalism pattern continues today with the continuing arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non British or French backgrounds.[55] Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the premiership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.[56] The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.[57] Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Canadian Heritage and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act[58] and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[59] In parts of Canada, especially the major urban areas, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is a force that unites the community.[60][61]

In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail, Karīm al-Hussainī the 49th Aga Khan of the Ismaili Muslims described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world."[62] He explained that the experience of Canadian governance - its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its peoples - is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to all societies in other parts of the world.[62]

Religions

Main article: Religion in Canada
Top self-identified religious affiliations in Canada in 2001.[63]

Religion in Canada encompasses a wide range of groups and beliefs. The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith". However Canada has no official religion and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political culture.[64][65][66] The 2001 Canadian census reported that 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6%).[66][67] The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5%), followed by the Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%).[67] About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and other groups. The remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).[66][67]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Canada

A multitude of languages are used in Canada. According to the 2006 census, English and French are the preferred language ("home language", or language spoken most often in the home) of 67.1% and 21.5% of Canadians, respectively.[68] Over six million people in Canada list a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common non-official first languages include :Chinese (3.1%), Italian (1.4%), German (1.2%), Spanish (1.2%), Punjabi (1.1%), Tagalog (0.9%), Tamil (0.8%), Gujarati (0.6%).[69] Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) know how to speak an aboriginal language. About half this number (129,865) reported using an aboriginal language on a daily basis.[70]

English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as official languages.[71] This means that all laws of the federal government are enacted in both English and French and that federal government services must be available in both languages.[71] Two of Canada's territories give official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.[72] In the Northwest Territories, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ.[73] Canadian media offers specialty television channels, newspapers and other publications in many minority languages, that are widely accessible across the county.[74]

See also

Template:Wikipedia-Books

Notes

  1. ^ The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  2. ^ a b c Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true (genetic) ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries, thus data reflects both single and multiple responses and may exceed the total population count. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16. Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  3. ^ a b Although all Citizen of Canada are classified as Canadians, since 1996 Statistics Canada added the ethnic group "Canadian" to the Long form census for possible ancestry. The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude and/or generational distance from ancestral lineage. Source: Kerr, Don (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 9781551303222. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  4. ^ a b The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another, non-Canadian aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis). Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2011-01-16.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Distribution of Canadians Abroad" (Requires selection of location for data). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  2. ^ "Tables on the population in Sweden 2008" (PDF). Statistics of Sweden. 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  3. ^ "2006 Census: Aboriginal peoples". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  4. ^ Cornelius, Wayne A (2004). Controlling immigration: a global perspective. Stanford University Press. pp. 100–105. ISBN 0804744890. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
  5. ^ "Period 1 (10,000 to 8,000 years ago)". Learners Portal Breton University. 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
  6. ^ Olson, James Stuart; Shadle (1991). Historical dictionary of European imperialism. Greenwood Press. p. 291. ISBN 0313262578. Retrieved 2010-10-12. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |firs2= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Murrin, John M (2009). Liberty, equality, power : a history of the American people. Thomson & Wadsworth. p. 172. ISBN 9780495566342. Retrieved 2011-01-17.
  8. ^ "The History of Canada and Canadians - Colonies Grow Up". Linksnorth.com. 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  9. ^ Elliott, Bruce S (2004). Irish migrants in the Canadas: a new approach. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 106. ISBN 077352321. Retrieved 2011-01-14. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)
  10. ^ "Canadians in Context — Population Size and Growth". Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  11. ^ Hobbs, Sandy; Lavalette, Michael; MacKechnie, Jim (1999). Child labor : a world history companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 33. ISBN 0874369568. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  12. ^ Martens, Klaus (2004). The Canadian alternative. Königshausen. pp. 28–29. ISBN 3826026365. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  13. ^ Day, Richard J. F (2000). Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0742500349. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  14. ^ Ksenych, Edward; Liu, David (2001). Conflict, order and action, readings in sociology. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 407. ISBN 155130192X. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  15. ^ "Immigration Policy in the 1970s". Canadian Heritage (Multicultural Canada). 2004. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  16. ^ Kusch, Frank (2001). All American boys: draft dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War. Praeger. p. 2. ISBN 0275972682. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  17. ^ Agnew, Vijay (2007). Interrogating race and racism. University of Toronto Press. p. 182. ISBN 9780802093561. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
  18. ^ a b "Canada's population". Statistics Canada. 2006. Retrieved 2010-04-019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  19. ^ Schneider, Stephen (2009). Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada. Wiley & Sons. p. 367. ISBN 9780470835005. Retrieved 2011-17-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  20. ^ "Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll". Ottawa Citizen. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. 20 October 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  21. ^ Wilkinson, Paul F (1980). In celebration of play: an integrated approach to play and child development. C. Helm. p. 200. ISBN 0709900244. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ Good, Kristin (2009). Municipalities and multiculturalism : the politics of immigration in Toronto and Vancouver. University of Toronto Press. p. xiii-Preface. ISBN 9781442640177. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  23. ^ a b "Canada – Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008". Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2009-08-25. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
  24. ^ Bybee, Rodger W; McCrae, Barry (2009). PISA science 2006: implications for science teachers and teaching. National Science Teachers Association. p. 92. ISBN 9781933531311. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
  25. ^ "Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population". Statistics Canada. March 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  26. ^ a b "2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work and mode of transportation". The Daily. Statistics Canada. 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  27. ^ "Classification of visible minority". Statistics Canada. Geovernment of Canada. 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  28. ^ a b "Citizenship Act (R.S., 1985, c. C-29)". Department of Justice Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  29. ^ "Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues -BP-445E". Government of Canada - Law and Government Division. 2002. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  30. ^ Sinha, Jay; Young, Margaret (31 January 2002). "Bill C-11 : Immigration and Refugee Protection Act". Law and Government Division, Government of Canada. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
  31. ^ "Canadian immigration". Canada Immigration Visa. 2009. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  32. ^ "Canada's Generous Program for Refugee Resettlement Is Undermined by Human Smugglers Who Abuse Canada's Immigration System". Public Safety Canada. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  33. ^ "CBC News - Canada - Estimated 2.8 million Canadians live abroad". Cbc.ca. 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
  34. ^ "United States Total Canadian Population: Fact Sheet" (PDF). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  35. ^ Harrold, Daphne Keevil (14 October 2009). "Passports and Consular Services Provided to Canadian Citizens Abroad" (PRB 09-19E). Library of Parliament Research Publications (Social Affairs Division). Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  36. ^ Kalman, Bobbie (2010). Canada: The Culture. Crabtree Pub. pp. 4–7. ISBN 9780778792840. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  37. ^ "Multiculturalism as a Sociological Fact of Canadian Life". Library of Parliament (Political and Social Affairs). 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-16.
  38. ^ Franklin, Daniel P; Baun, Michael J (1995). Political culture and constitutionalism: a comparative approach. Sharpe cop. p. 61. ISBN 1563244160. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  39. ^ Douglas, Allan (2004). Understanding military culture: a Canadian perspective. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 111–115. ISBN 0773526641. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  40. ^ Burgess, Ann Carroll; Burgess, Tom (2005). Guide to Western Canada (7th ed.). Globe Pequot Press. p. 31. ISBN 0762729872. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  41. ^ Bricker, Darrell; Wright, John (2005). What Canadians think-- about almost-- everything. Doubleday Canada,. pp. 8–23. ISBN 0385659857. Retrieved 2011-01-15.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  42. ^ Blackwell, John D (2005). "Culture High and Low". International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service. Retrieved 2006-03-15.
  43. ^ Armstrong, Robert (2010). Broadcasting Policy in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442640962. Retrieved 2011-01-15. {{cite book}}: Text "page144" ignored (help)
  44. ^ "The Maple Leaf". Canadian Heritage. 2008. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  45. ^ "Canada in the Making: Pioneers and Immigrants". The History Channel. 2005-08-25. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
  46. ^ Magocsi, Paul R (2002). Aboriginal peoples of Canada: a short introduction. University of Toronto Press. p. 3. ISBN 0802036309. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  47. ^ "Original text of The Quebec Act of 1774". Canadiana (Library and Archives Canada). 2004 (1774). Retrieved 2010-04-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1867". Natural Resources Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
  49. ^ Exploring Canada. Learning Materials. 2003. p. 38. ISBN 1550357506. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  50. ^ Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). "Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism". CTV Television Network. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  51. ^ "Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship And Immigration, 1900–1977 – The growth of Canadian nationalism". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-16.
  52. ^ Linteau, Paul André; Durocher, René; Robert, Jean-Claude (1983). Quebec, a history, 1867-1929. J. Lorimer. p. 522. ISBN 0888626045. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
  53. ^ "Canada and the League of Nations". Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 2007. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
  54. ^ Bodvarsson, Örn Bodvar; Van den Berg, Hendrik (2009). The economics of immigration: theory and policy. Springer. p. 380. ISBN 9783540777953. Retrieved 2011-17-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  55. ^ Prato, Giuliana B (2009). Beyond multiculturalism: views from anthropology. Ashgate. p. 50. ISBN 0754671739. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  56. ^ Duncan, James S; Ley, David (1983). Place/culture/representation. Routledge. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0415094518. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  57. ^ Wayland, Shara (1997). "Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada" (PDF). University of Toronto Department of Political Science. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  58. ^ "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)". Electronic Frontier Canada. 2008. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
  59. ^ "Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.)". Department of Justice Canada. Act current to November 14, 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ Giscombe, Katherine (2008). Career Advancement in Corporate Canada, A Focus on Visible Minorities ~ Workplace Fit and Stereotyping. Catalyst. p. 6. ISBN 0895842807. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  61. ^ Rob Wilson (2005). Global, local: cultural production and the transnational imaginary. Duke Univ. Press. pp. 216–122. ISBN 0822317125. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
  62. ^ a b Stackhouse, John (2002-02-02). "Canada: 'A model for the world'". The Globe and Mail. p. F3. Retrieved 2010-09-12. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  63. ^ "Overview: Canada still predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  64. ^ "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)". Department of Justice Canada. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  65. ^ Miedema, Gary R (2005). For Canada's sake: public religion, centennial celebrations, the re-making ... McGill-Queen's University Press. p. xv. ISBN 0773528776. Retrieved 2010-07-12.
  66. ^ a b c "Ethnic Origin of Canadians by Provinces and Territories" (2001 detailed census last long form). Statistics Canada. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  67. ^ a b c "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Statistics Canada. 2005-01-25. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  68. ^ "Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). Retrieved 2010-10-12. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  69. ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Last modified: 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2011-01-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  70. ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (Web Version online by SIL International,formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) (15 ed.), Dallas, TX: SIL International, ISBN 1-55671-159-X, retrieved 2009-11-16
  71. ^ a b "Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)". Act current to July 11th, 2010. Department of Justice. Retrieved 2010-08-15.
  72. ^ "Nunavut's Languages". Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. Retrieved 2009-11-16.
  73. ^ "Highlights of the Official Languages Act". Legislative Assembly of the NWT. 2003. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
  74. ^ Ha, Louisa S; Ganahl, Richard J (2006). Webcasting Worldwide, Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 0805859160. Retrieved 2011-18-01. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to People of Canada.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadians&oldid=408699517"