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Swabian Jura

Coordinates: 48°18′N 9°21′E / 48.3°N 9.35°E / 48.3; 9.35
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File:Swabian Alb-Typical-landscape.jpg
A view of the plateau, with its typical hills and a juniper meadow
File:Swabian alb-wackerstein.jpg
The Albtrauf, which forms the northwestern border of the Swabian Alps
The Swabian Alb near Tübingen

The Swabian Alb or Swabian Jura (Template:Lang-de)(also "Swabian Mountains" [citation needed]) is a low mountain range in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, extending 220 km from southwest to northeast and 40 to 70 km in width. It is named after the region of Swabia. While the word "Alb" in German (which has no English equivalent) is related to "Alpen" (Alps), the Swabian Alb, geologically and topologically, has nothing to do with the Alps.

The Swabian Alb occupies the region bounded by the Danube in the southeast and the upper Neckar in the northwest. In the southwest it rises to the higher mountains of the Black Forest. The highest mountain of the region is the Lemberg (1015 m). The area's profile resembles a high plateau, which slowly falls away to the southeast. The northwestern edge is a steep escarpment (called the Albtrauf or Albanstieg, rising up 400 m, covered with forests), while the top is flat or gently hilled.

In economic and cultural term "Swabian Alb" includes regions just around the mountain range. It is a popular recreation area.

Geology

The geology of the Swabian Alb is mostly limestone, which formed the seabed during the Jurassic era. 50 million years ago, the sea receded. Three layers of different limestones are stacked over each other to form the range: black jura, brown jura, and white jura. White jura may be as pure as 99% Calcium carbonate. Since limestone is soluble in water, rain seeps through cracks everywhere and forms subterranean rivers which flow through a large system of caves until they emerge. Thus there are hardly any rivers, lakes or other forms of surface water on the plateau.

In some places, former volcanic activity has left traces, such as maars and hills. In the west, the Zollerngraben (a geological depression in a tectonically active region) sometimes causes mild earthquakes. The Nördlinger Ries is a large meteorite crater (15 million years old).

Tertiary relicts can be found at the southern part of Swabian Alb. Famous locations are known of Ulm area (e.g.Turritellenplatte of Ermingen). [1]

Constant rain and other weather influences are slowly dissolving the entire range. Each year, it loses approximately 5 cm. Some millions of years ago, the mountains reached as far as Stuttgart. In some places, the limestone was more resistant to decay and thus the recession of the main range has left small mountains (called "Zeugenberge" — "witness mountains"; e.g. the Achalm or the Hohenstaufen) which testify to the former territory of the range. The omnipresent caves are great tourist spots, beautiful and not very crowded. Many different types can be found, from dry dripstone caves to caves that can only be entered by boat. Sometimes the discharge of the water from subterranean rivers can be spectacular, too, e.g. the Blautopf, a source for a tributary of the Danube. Also because of the porous limestone, the Danube nearly disappears near Immendingen (in 1911, 1921, 1928 and 1943 it disappeared completely), only to reappear several kilometers further down. Most of the water lost by the Danube resurfaces in the Aachtopf, a spring for a tributary to the Rhine.

The soil is not very fertile, the humus is often as thin as 10 cm. Many small limestone pebbles are found on the surface.

Landscape

Typical Swabian Alb landscape, the "Salmendinger Kapelle" (Chapell) on top of the "Kornbühl"-Mountain

Mostly gently hilly, in the east often flat. The hills are often covered with small forests. Many small fields (often colza and other frugal plants). Mostly small villages.

The traditional landscape was grass fields with juniper bushes. Sheep ate everything else. Today this has become a comparatively rare sight. However, in certain places it is protected by the government of Baden-Württemberg.

Fossils

Fossils can be found everywhere. Children find them in their backyards. But large and important fossils were and also are found here. At Holzmaden (outside of Weilheim unter Teck) a small private museum (called Urwelt-Museum Hauff) also provides visitors with the opportunity to "dig" for fossils in their shale deposits. The Urwelt-Museum Hauff houses the world's largest petrified Sea-Lilly colony with a size of 18 x 6 m and an age of about 180 million years.

Culture

See also tourist destinations, below.

Prehistoric Culture

In a number of caves (including Vogelherd, Hohlenstein-Stadel, Geißenklösterle and Hohle Fels), all just a few kilometers apart, some of the oldest signs of human artifacts were found [2][3] Best known are: a mammoth, a horse head, a water bird, and two statues of a lion-man (see lion man), all of surprising quality and all more than 30,000 years old. The oldest known musical instruments have been found here, too: a flute made from bones of a swan, some 35,000 years old, and in 2004 a flute carved from the tusk of a mammoth dating from the Ice Age, around 37,000 years ago, and the oldest representation of the human body, the Venus of Schelklingen.

The Roman Empire

This region, located south of the limes, was part of the Roman Empire from around the first to third century A.D.. A Roman road ran along the Neckar river and over the plateau. In Hechingen-Stein a Roman outpost along this road was discovered in the 1970s and has been turned into an outdoor museum. The limes actually cuts across the plateau at Aalen, which gets its name from the original Roman cavalry post, or "Ala", on the outskirts of the modern town. Here too, the Roman ruins are being excavated and a museum has been open to the public since the late 80s.

Traditional Life

Life was extremely hard in the Swabian Alb. The lack of water and the poor quality of the soil made it a backward region. For many villages fetching water required a long journey by horse. Since water often needed to be stored over a long time, it was often stagnant. Thus disinfection via alcohol was very popular: "Most" (apple wine) was mixed with water and even given to babies. A modern water supply system (outstanding for its time) was built in the late 1880s, which eased the situation.

People

Because of their harsh living conditions, the Swabians were, and are to this day, notorious for their tight-fistedness, hard work and resourcefulness — all important attributes where there are only very limited resources available.

Especially in the remoter parts of the region, the inhabitants tend to be rather provincial and direct. However, straightforwardness, pragmatism and honesty are often associated with them as well.

They are stereotypically shrewd, especially with their money, and traditionally entrepreneurial, depending on a knack for inventing specialized gadgetry and processes. The Swabian Alb, and Black Forest, are still dotted with small companies turning out high-tech products such as machine tools for worldwide consumption in towns of less than 10,000 inhabitants.

Dialect

Locals speak Swabian (Schwabisch), in a dialect that is often stronger than even in the rest of Swabia. In this region, many Swabian phrases and grammer are highly localized, even down to the village level.

One simple thing to look for is the addition of a "-le" suffix on many words in the German language. With the addition of this "-le" (pronounced /lə/), the article of the noun automatically becomes "das" in the German language. The Swabian "-le" is the same as standard German "-lein" or "-chen", which is a diminutive: A small house (German: Haus) is a Häuschen (standard German) or a Häusle (Swabian).

  • Zug (train) becomes Zügle
  • Haus (house) becomes Häusle
  • Kerl (guy) becomes Kerle
  • Mädchen (girl) becomes Mädle
  • Baum (tree) becomes Bäumle

There are also a few sound shifts. In technical terms, the voice onset time is about halfway between where we would expect it for a clear contrast between voiced and unvoiced-aspirated stops. To the layperson, this difference is most noticeable on the unvoiced stops, rendering them extremely similar to or indistinguishable from voiced stops. For example:

"t" to "d"

  • Tasche (bag) becomes Dasch'
  • Tag (day) becomes Dag

"p" to "b"

  • putzen (to clean) becomes butzen

The "ch" is sometimes omitted or replaced.

  • "ich" becomes i
  • "dich" becomes di
  • "mich" becomes mi

Many surnames in Swabia are also made to end in "-le".

Tradition

The "Swabian–Alemannic" carnival is an important tradition in many of the villages, called variously "Fastnacht", "Fasnacht", "Fasnet", or "Fasching". Of particular cultural importance is the Fasnet celebration in Rottweil. Typical of the Allemannic tradition are the witches and forest- or well-spirits, who typically signify Winter or the forces of nature coming to drive Winter out. The various roles are often claimed to have been defined in pre-Christian times and here the exact traditions vary from village to village, creating a fantastic variety of heroes, villains and good and evil creatures. It is also often the case that, while in one town a strong tradition of celebrating Fasnet has survived, the neighboring town will have almost no tradition. This is in many instances linked to the after-effects of the Protestant Reformation and the later influence of the Calvinistic Pietists, who more or less strictly opposed such frivolous - even heathen - behaviour. Catholic regions to this day tend to have a stronger Fasnet tradition. A Swabian Fasnet celebration in any case has little or nothing in common with the simultaneous celebrations along the Middle Rhein, which are well known across Germany because they are televised every year. Swabians generally are expected to go to work as normal on Rose Monday and Fat Tuesday, unlike their neighbors to the northwest.

Industry

Since raising crops was not easy, raising sheep was popular. This yielded the development of a strong textile industry. In the 1950s, Reutlingen was the German town with the highest number of millionaires, until the decline of the German textile industry hit them as well. Still, many high quality textile companies can be found, such as Hugo Boss, Trigema, Reusch, Groz-Beckert and others (the town of Metzingen is widely known as a "luxury outlet town", with people from all over Europe coming to buy expensive clothes cheaper).

From this, machine building and advanced engineering developed. With the invention of cars and the founding of Daimler-Benz nearby, the car industry and later also electronics and computer industries developed. The "Neckar-Alb" region is the third largest industrial zone in Germany, and the most stable. The best known company is still Daimler-Benz, today known simply as Daimler AG, followed by Robert Bosch.

The region has one of the highest patents-to-population ratios in the world. Many products fall into the high-tech category. The small and medium enterprise sector (100-5,000 employees) predominates. Perhaps as a result, the unemployment rate is low. In general, products are expensive but compete through high quality. Several districts are recognised as especially attractive to business, e.g. Reutlingen as the town in Germany where it is simplest to open a new business. Educational resources are at a high level. The schools and universities of the region all enjoy top rankings within Germany. The Swabian Alb and the neighbouring region have developed from one of the poorest regions of Germany to one of its richest within the past 150 years.

Climate

Moderate. In winter often snow. Skiing is sometimes possible (though the hills are not steep or high). Often windy and a bit colder than the rest of Germany. Because of a special micro climate, a small weather station near the town of Stetten am kalten Markt is known as the "coldest spot in Germany".

Locations

The Swabian Alb is not densely populated by German standards. Most of the larger towns are outside the region, though they are often counted as part of it. These towns often have some of the highest rents in Germany, while land on the plateau itself is considered cheap (by south German standards). Many town names end in "-ingen". There were several military training grounds, some also used by NATO troops. On the Münsingen training ground which existed for over 100 years, a biosphere reserve is in the making. The region has several larger and many small nature reserves.

Important Towns

On the plateau
In the foreland

The towns in the foreland of the Swabian Alb officially don't belong to it.

Tourist Locations

Burg Hohenzollern near Hechingen

There are many castles, monasteries, churches, ruins and old towns. Here is a small selection.

Castles

Churches and Monasteries

Caves

  • Nebelhöhle (mist cave)
  • Bärenhöhle (bear cave)
  • Blauhöhle

Towns

Other

A good way for tourists to get to know the Swabian Alb is to travel on the Schwäbische Albstraße, a "National Scenic Byway", leading from Tuttlingen or Trossingen to Nördlingen or Aalen.

Literature

  1. ^ J. Baier: Über die Tertiärbildungen im Ulmer Raum - Documenta Naturae, vol. 168, München, 2008. ISBN 978-3-86544-168-3
  2. ^ Ausstellung für älteste Kunst der Welt. Stuttgarter Nachrichten online
  3. ^ N.J. Conard, A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany, Nature 459, 248-252 (14 May 2009)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schwäbische Alb.

48°18′N 9°21′E / 48.3°N 9.35°E / 48.3; 9.35

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