Burmese Indians
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Yangon, Mandalay, Moulmein | |
| Languages | |
| Burmese, Bengali, Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi | |
| Religion | |
| Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin |
Burmese Indians (Burmese: ကုလားလူမျိုး; MLCTS: ku. la: lu myui:) are a group of people of Indian subcontinental ethnicity who live in Myanmar (Burma). While Indians have lived in Burma for many centuries, most of the ancestors of the current Burmese Indian community emigrated to Burma from the start of British rule in the mid 19th century to the separation of British Burma from British India in 1937. During British times, ethnic Indians formed the backbone of the government and economy serving as soldiers, civil servants, merchants and moneylenders. A series of anti-Indian riots beginning in 1930 and mass emigration during the Japanese occupation of Burma followed by the forced expulsion of 1962 left ethnic Indians with a much reduced role in Burma.
Ethnic Indians today account for approximately 2% (about 950,000) of the population of Burma and are concentrated largely in the two major cities (Yangon and Mandalay) and old colonial towns (Pyin U Lwin and Kalaw). They are largely barred from from the civil service and military and are disenfranchised by being labeled as 'foreigners' and 'non-citizens' of Burma. Amongst the well-known Burmese Indians is S. N. Goenka, a leading practitioner and teacher of the vipassanā meditation technique and Helen, a well-known Bollywood film actress.
History
The term "Burmese Indian" refers to a broad range of ethnic groups from South Asia, most notably from present-day Bangladesh and India. Indians have a long history in Burma with over 2000 years of active engagement in politics, religion, culture, arts and cuisine. Within Burma, they are often referred to as ka-la (a term generally used for dark skinned foreigners though it has historically been also used to describe foreigners from the west), a term that is considered derogatory or Kala Lumyo. Its root is believed to be ku la meaning either "to cross over (the Bay of Bengal)" or "person" depending on the way it is pronounced.[1] An alternative explanation is that the word is derived from “Ku lar”, meaning the people who adhere to a caste system.[2]
The majority of Indians arrived in Burma whilst it was part of British India. Starting with the annexation of Tenasserim and Western Burma after the First Anglo-Burmese War, a steady stream of Indians moved to Burma as civil servants, engineers, river pilots, soldiers, indentured labourers and traders.[1] Following the annexation of Upper Burma in 1885, numerous infrastructure projects started by the British colonial government and increases in rice cultivation in the delta region caused an unprecedented economical boom in Burma that drew many Indians, particularly from southern India, to the Irrawaddy Delta region.[3]
Anti-Indian sentiments
After the First World War, anti-Indian sentiments began to rise[4] for a number of reasons. The number of ethnic Indians was growing rapidly (almost half of Yangon's population was Indian by the Second World War[5]) and recent immigrants had a low standard of living and were willing to do dirty and dangerous jobs. Indians played a prominent role in the British administration and became the target of Burmese nationalists.[1] Racial animosity toward Indians because of their skin-color and appearance also played a role.[6] Meanwhile, the price of rice plummeted during the economic depression of the 1930s and the Chettiar brahmins from South India, who were prominent moneylenders in the rice belt, began to foreclose on land held by native Burmese.[1][6][7]
In May 1930, a British firm of stevedores at the port of Rangoon employed Burmese workers in an attempt to break a strike organized by its Indian workers. When, on May 26, the strike ended and the Indians returned to work, clashes developed between the returning Indian workers and the Burmese workers who had replaced them. The clashes soon escalated into large-scale anti-Indian and anti-Muslim riots in the city. Over two hundred Indians were killed and their bodies flung into the river. Authorities ordered the police to fire upon any assembly of five or more who refused to lay down their arms, under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Within two days the riot spread throughout the country to locations such as Maymyo.[8]
The Second World War and after
At the start of World War II, almost half of Rangoon's (Yangon) population was Indian or South Asian,[5] and about 16% of the population of Burma was ethnically Indian.[9] As a consequence of the Japanese invasion of 1942, half a million members of the Indian community fled Burma overland into Assam, largely on foot. The refugees suffered terribly and thousands died. Some of the Indian community remained in Burma during the war, others returned after the war, although many never did.[7] After Independence, Burmese law treated a large percentage of the Indian community as "resident aliens". Though many had long ties to Burma or were born there, they were not considered citizens under the 1982 Burma citizenship law which restricted citizenship for groups immigrating before 1823.[10]
After he seized power through a military coup in 1962, General Ne Win ordered a large scale expulsion of Indians. Although many Indian had been living in Burma for generations and had integrated into Burmese society, they became a target for discrimination and oppression by the junta. This, along with a wholesale nationalization of private ventures in 1964, led to the the emigration of over 300,000 ethnic Indians from Burma.[7] Indian owned businesses were nationalized and their owners were given 175 kyat for their trip to India. This caused a significant deterioration in Indian-Burmese relations and the Indian government arranged ferries and aircraft to lift Burmese of Indian ethnicity out of Burma.[11]
Culture
India has been particularly influential in Burmese culture as the cradle of Buddhism, and ancient Hindu traditions can still be seen in Brahmans presiding over important ceremonies such as weddings and ear-piercings but most notably in Thingyan, the Burmese New Year festival.[6] The Burmese poetry tradition of niti (notably the Dhammaniti) also has Indian origins.[12] Traditions of kingship including coronation ceremonies and formal royal titles as well as those of lawmaking were also Hindu in origin.[6] Many Burmese dishes and breads came as a result of Indian influence, prominently reflected in the Burmese version of Indian biryani.
Burmese Indians consist of numerous groups from different parts of India, including Tamilians, Hindi speakers, Bengali, Gujarati, Oriya, Punjabis and Pathans. They form approximately 2% (about 950,000)[13] of the population, according to the CIA World Factbook 2006, although exact figures do not exist due to uncertainties over census results and methods in Myanmar. Disaffected young muslims often flee the cities and join ethnic resistance groups. The All Burma Muslim Union, which the government routinely considers "Muslim terrorist insurgents," operates alongside the Karen National Union and, despite a swelling of its ranks following anti-Muslim riots in the eighties, remains a very minor force.[14]
Religion
Burmese Indians practise Hinduism, Islam (Mahamaydin - Muhammadan pronounced in Myanmar language) , Sikhism, Buddhism and Christianity. Burmese Muslims, some of them of mixed blood born of Burmese mothers and some of them with full Burmese blood, call themselves Bama Musalin (ဗမာမူစလင္) and the majority belongs to the Sunni sect with small numbers of Shi'as.[15] The Burmese call them Zaydabayi or Pathi kala (ပသီကုလား). Both Hindu and Muslim Burmese Indians are not allowed to fully celebrate any of their religious ceremonies. They can not run religious parades anywhere in Burma. The military dictatorship rejects or ignores their requests when they want to build mosques in the country or to go abroad for religious ceremonies.[3][16]
Language
Burmese Indians speak an array of languages. There are Tamils, Punjabis, Parsis, Gujaratis and Marawaris as well as Bengalis and Pathans. All can communicate in Burmese, due to years of assimilation and lack of education in languages other than English. Other languages used by Burmese Indians include Urdu, Hindi, and Tamil.
Economic role
Historically, Burmese Indians have made their livelihoods as merchants, traders and shopkeepers as well as manual labourers such as coolies, dockers, municipal workers, rickshaw men, pony cart drivers, malis and durwans. They were also heavily represented in certain professions such as civil servants, university lecturers, pharmacists, opticians, lawyers and doctors. They dominated several types of businesses such as auto parts and electrical goods, ironmongery and hardware, printing and bookbinding, books and stationery, paper and printing ink, tailoring and dry-cleaning, English tuition, and money lending. They traded in textiles, gold and jewellery, where the market was traditionally dominated by Burmese women. The Chettiars of Burma functioned as moneylenders and have been thought crucial in the growth in agricultural output of Burma during the colonial era.[17] Today, many Indians live in central Rangoon on both sides of the Su Lei Paya Road and are largely involved in businesses, including restaurants, jewellery shops and money exchanges.
Notable Burmese Indians
- Ba Than Haq - Professor of Geology and Minister of Mines. Of mixed Afghani and Danu descent.[18]
- Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal Emperor was exiled to Rangoon after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He, along with his wife Zeenat Mahal and granddaughter Raunaq Zamani Begum, is buried at the Mazar (mausoleum) at No. 6 Theatre Road in Yangon.[19]
- Suk Bahadur For much of the 1960s, the Burmese national selection team was led by the Gurkha-born striker from Shan State, Suk Bahadur, known as the Pelé of Burmese football. He was also a famous tennis and hockey player and the national 100-meter sprint champion.
- T. S. S. Rajan - Indian freedom-fighter and Minister of Health in Madras Presidency from 1937 to 1940.
- S. N. Goenka - eminent Vipassana Buddhist meditation teacher (b. 1924)
- H. N. Goshal aka Thakin Ba Tin - Communist leader and founding member from the 1940s to the 1960s killed in an internal purge in 1967 [7]
- Helen of Bollywood. Born Helen Jairag Richardson Khan in Rangoon on July 14, 1938, she fled to India during World War II and became famous for playing the vamp in Indian cinema.
- Dr. Maung Di - Department chair and dean of Rangoon Arts and Science University (now Yangon University), Deputy Education Minister. Son of the Dean of Islamic Religious College in Kanbalu.[18]
- S. Mukerjee aka Pyu Win - Communist trade union leader killed in the 1950s [7]
- Dr. Nath aka Tun Maung - Communist leader and founding member killed in the 1960s [7]
- Captain Ohn Kyaw Myint. - Martyred after failed attempt of coup d’état [18]
- Saya Rajan aka Aung Naing - Communist trade union leader captured in the 1950s [7]
- U Razak aka Abdul Razak - was a minister and was assassinated, along with his cabinet, on 19 July 1947. July 19 is celebrated in Myanmar today as Martyrs' Day. U Razak was Minister of Education and National Planning, and was chairman of the Burma Muslim Congress.</ref>
- M. A. Raschid - Government Minister in the 1950s [7]
- Thakin Tha Khin (Shan Indian) - Government Minister in the 1950s [7]
- Daw Tint Tint aka Usha Narayanan The wife of former Indian President, Kocheril Raman Narayanan, was ethnically Bamar and met and married (8 June 1951) Mr. Narayanan when he was a diplomat at the Indian embassy in Rangoon.[20] She adopted the Indian name Usha, became an Indian citizen and worked on several social welfare programmes for women and children.[21] She translated and published several Burmese short stories; a collection of translated stories by Thein Pe Myint, titled Sweet and Sour, appeared in 1998.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Moshe Yegar (1972). Muslims of Burma - A study of a Minority Group. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 111, 36, 37, 29, 30, 32.
- ^ “Ancient Pyu” page 4. Professor U Than Tun M.A.B.L.D. Lit. Ph.D.
- ^ a b Butkaew, Samart (2005-02), Burmese Indians: The Forgotten Lives (PDF), Burma Issues, retrieved 2006-07-07
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ “The Muslims of Burma”, p.32
- ^ a b Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002-11, retrieved 2009-09-03
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c d Shway Yoe (Sir James George Scott) 1882. The Burman - His Life and Notions. New York: The Norton Library 1963. pp. 436, 249–251, 348, 450.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i Martin Smith (1991). Burma - Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. London,New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 43–44, 98, 56–57, 176. ISBN 9840514997.
- ^ Collis, Maurice (1945). Trials in Burma. London: Penguin Books.
- ^ Christian, John (March 1943), "Burma", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 226: 120–128, retrieved 8 October 2009
- ^ "Burma Citizenship Law". United Nations Human Rights Commission. 15 October 1982. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
- ^ Indian and Burma: working on their relationship, The Irrawaddy, March 1999, Volume 7 No.3
- ^ Okudaira, Ryuji; Huxley, Andrew (2001), A Burmese Tract on Kingship: Political Theory in the 1782 Manuscript of Manugye, vol. 64, School of Oriental and African Studies, p. 253
- ^ "Burma". World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
- ^ Priestly, Harry (2006-01), The Outsiders, Irrawaddy, retrieved 2009-09-03
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Chakravarti, Nalini Ranjan (1971). The Indian minority in Burma: the rise and decline of an immigrant community. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations. p. 191. ISBN 0192181947.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Priestly, Harry (2006-01), The Outsiders, The Irrawaddy, retrieved 2009-09-03
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Turnell, Sean (2008). "The Chettiars in Burma". Australian Economic History Review. 48 (1): 1–25.
- ^ a b c Pathi Ko Ko Lay. History of Myanmar Muslims. Rangoon University Islamic Association.
- ^ "Bahadur Shah Zafar a saint in Burma". Online Burma/Myanmar Library. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Haresh Pandya: "K. R. Narayanan: Indian president from downtrodden caste", Guardian, 29 Nov. 2005
- ^ abdi, S N M (16 November 2000). "India's First Lady refused to receive Maung Aye's wife". South China Morning Post.
Further reading
- Gregory, James Myanmar: A Neglected Area of Tamil Lexicography. University of Cologne.
- Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce or Gordon Hannington Luce, The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma, Rangoon University Press, Rangoon, Burma, January 1960.
- Dr Than Tun (History Professor, Mandalay University) M.A., B.L., D. Lit., Ph.D."Bagan Culture",
- Tamil Studies Abroad, A Symposium edited by Xavier S. Thaninayagam, published by the International Association of Tamil Research, 1968:
- The Chettiars in Burma by Sean Turnell, Economics Department, Macquarie University [1].
- The Sikh Regiment In The Second World War, Colonel F.T. Birdwood OBE.
- Myanmar Muslim History, Myanmar Muslim Students Association, Rangoon Arts and Science University. Limited Edition.
- Bertil Lintner, Swedish journalist, expert on Burma, 17th. of April 1988 in the Bangkok Post.
- "Dialogue with a Shan Leader: H.R.H Hso Khan Pha" - Tiger Yawnghwe or Prince Hso Khan Pha; he is the eldest son of Sao Shwe Thaik, the former Saopha (Prince) of Yawnghwe (Nyaung-Shwe) and the first President of Burma after Burma's independence from British colonial rule. Interview with Dr Tayza, Chief Editor of Burma Digest.
- Dr Than Tun (History Professor, Mandalay University) "The Story of Myanmar Told in Pictures".
- Elizabeth Moore, Myanmar Historical Research Journal 2004.
- D. G. E Hall, Daniel George Edward Hall, "A History of South East Asia", New York, 1968.
- G.E Harvey,Geoffrey Eric Harvey, "History of Burma", London 1925.
- D. G. E Hall, Studies in Dutch Relations with Arakan, Journal of the Burma Research Society, VOL XXVI, 1936, P. 6. and Mr. R. B. Smart, Burma Gazetteer-Akyab District, voL A., Rangoon. 1957
- A.P. Phayre, "History of Burma", 1853.
- A.P. Phayre, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Purves Phayre, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1846.
- M.S. Collis, Maurice Stewart Collis, Arakan's place in the civilization of the Bay, Journal of the Burma Research Society, 50th Anniversary publications No.2, Rangoon, 1960.
External links
- Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights[2]
- US Department of State, Burma, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2005.Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor[3]
- Amnesty International's report on Burma[4]
- Burma’s Rangoon University 1957, History lecture by Professor Kyaw Thet’s YouTube video[5]In English about Chittiers, Irrawaddy Delta Agriculture and loans.
- History of South East Asia[6]
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