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Branch Rickey
Rickey in the 1930s with the Cardinals
Catcher / Manager / Executive
Born: (1881-12-20)December 20, 1881
Portsmouth, Ohio, U.S.
Died: December 9, 1965(1965-12-09) (aged 83)
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.
Batted: Left
Threw: Right
MLB debut
June 16, 1905, for the St. Louis Browns
Last MLB appearance
August 25, 1914, for the St. Louis Browns
MLB statistics
Batting average.239
Home runs3
Runs batted in39
Managerial record597–664
Winning %.473
Teams
As player

As manager

As general manager

Career highlights and awards
Member of the National
Baseball Hall of Fame
Induction1967
Election methodVeterans Committee
Football career
Battling Bishops
Career information
CollegeOhio Wesleyan University
University of Michigan
Career history
As coach
1904–1905Allegheny College
1907–1908Ohio Wesleyan University
1910–1913University of Michigan
As player
1902–1903Shelby Blues
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service / branchUnited States Army seal U.S. Army
Years of service1917–1918
Rank Major
UnitChemical Warfare Service
1st Gas Regiment
Battles / warsWorld War I
Western Front

Wesley Branch Rickey (December 20, 1881 – December 9, 1965) was an American baseball player and sports executive. Rickey was instrumental in breaking Major League Baseball's color barrier by signing black player Jackie Robinson. He also created the framework for the modern minor league farm system, encouraged the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League, and introduced the batting helmet. He was posthumously elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967.[1]

Rickey played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Browns and New York Highlanders from 1905 through 1907. After struggling as a player, Rickey returned to college, where he learned about administration from Philip Bartelme. Returning to the Major Leagues in 1913, Rickey embarked on a successful managing and executive career with the St. Louis Browns, St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates. The Cardinals elected him to their team Hall of Fame in 2014.

Rickey also had a career in football, as a player for the professional Shelby Blues and as a coach at Ohio Wesleyan University and Allegheny College. His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname "the Mahātmā" (guru).[2]

Early life

Wesley Branch Rickey was born on December 20, 1881, in Portsmouth, Ohio, the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily (née Brown). Rickey was the uncle of Beth Rickey, a Louisiana political activist.[1] He graduated from Valley High School in Lucasville, Ohio, in 1899.

College career

Rickey was a catcher on the baseball team at Ohio Wesleyan University, where he obtained his B.A. Rickey was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.[3]

Rickey attended the University of Michigan, where he received his LL.B.[4]

While at Michigan, Rickey applied for the job as Michigan's baseball coach. Rickey asked every alumnus he had ever met to write letters to Philip Bartelme, the school's athletic director, on his behalf. Bartelme recalled, "Day after day those letters came in."[5] Bartelme was reportedly impressed with Rickey's passion for baseball and his idealism about the proper role of athletics on a college campus.[6] Bartelme convinced the dean of the law school that Rickey could handle his law studies while serving as the school's baseball coach.[7] Bartelme reportedly called Rickey into his office to tell him he had the job if only "to put a stop to those damn letters that come in every day."[5] The hiring also marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme. Bartelme and Rickey worked together for most of the next 35 years, and in 1944 a California newspaper noted: "He and Rickey have had a close association in baseball ever since Bartelme was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan where Rickey took to baseball just as a means to build up his failing health."

During his four years as head baseball coach from 1910 to 1913, Rickey's record was 68–32–4.[8] In his final season, the Michigan squad — led by brilliant sophomore first baseman and left-handed pitcher George Sisler, who batted .445 — compiled a 21–4–1 won-lost record, a winning percentage of .827.[9]

Rickey was a Master Mason in Tuscan Lodge #240 in St. Louis. After arriving in Brooklyn, Rickey joined Montauk Masonic Lodge #286 in Brooklyn.[10]

Stricken with tuberculosis, he sought treatment in Saranac Lake, New York in 1908 and 1909 at the Trudeau Sanatorium. Later, he moved into the Jacob Schiff cottage.

Professional football career

Before his front office days, Rickey played both football and baseball professionally.

In 1902, Rickey played professional football for the Shelby Blues of the "Ohio League", the direct predecessor to the modern National Football League (NFL.) Rickey often played for pay with Shelby while he was attending Ohio Wesleyan. During his time with Shelby, Rickey became friends with his teammate Charles Follis, who was the first black professional football player. He also played against him on October 17, 1903, when Follis ran for a 70-yard touchdown against the Ohio Wesleyan football team. After that game Rickey praised Follis, calling him "a wonder."[11] It is also possible that Follis' poise and class under the pressures of such racial tension, as well as his exceptional play in spite of it, inspired Rickey to sign Jackie Robinson decades later.[12] Rickey, however, stated his inspiration for bringing Jackie Robinson into baseball was the ill-treatment he saw received by his black catcher Charles Thomas on the Ohio Wesleyan baseball team coached by Rickey in 1903 and 1904 and the gentlemanly way Thomas handled it. When Rickey signed Robinson, Charles Thomas' story was made known in the papers[13]

Professional baseball career

Minor leagues

Rickey in 1912

In 1903, Rickey signed a contract with the Terre Haute Hottentots of the Class B Central League, making his professional debut on June 20. Rickey was assigned to the Le Mars Blackbirds of the Class D Iowa–South Dakota League. During this period, Rickey also spent two seasons–1904 and 1905—coaching baseball, basketball and football at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania where he also served as athletic director and as an instructor of Shakespeare, English, and freshman history.

St. Louis Browns (1905–1906)

A left-handed-batting catcher, he played in both baseball's minor and major leagues.[1] Rickey debuted in the major leagues with the St. Louis Browns in 1905.

New York Highlanders (1907)

Sold to the New York Highlanders in 1907, Rickey could neither hit nor field while with the club, and his batting average dropped below .200. One opposing team stole 13 bases in one game while Rickey was behind the plate, which was an American League record until 1911. Rickey also injured his throwing arm and retired as a player following that season.

Managerial and executive career

Rickey batting for the Browns in 1906.

St. Louis Browns (1913–1916)

Rickey was in his third year as the Wolverines’ baseball coach when St. Louis Browns owner Robert Hedges rewarmed their relationship. Hedges inquired if Rickey were interested in running the minor-league Kansas City Blues, which he was thinking of purchasing. Citing his commitment to Michigan, Rickey turned Hedges down, but he agreed to do some part-time scouting for the Browns in the West during the summer of 1912. That September, a persistent Hedges presented Rickey with a new opportunity: to become his top assistant and business manager of the MLB Browns themselves, at a substantial salary increase, effective after Michigan's 1913 baseball season. This time Rickey agreed to terms, and his career as a professional baseball executive was launched at age 31 on June 1, 1913. After three months in the Browns’ front office, on September 17, 1913, Rickey was also appointed field manager, replacing incumbent George Stovall and adding those responsibilities to his existing duties. Veteran players Jimmy Austin and, later, Burt Shotton became Rickey's "Sunday managers", running the Browns on the Sabbath in the young pilot's absence.[14]

The Browns, in the midst of one of several low points during their 52-year history, were 52–90 and in last place at the time. Rickey steered them to a 5–6–1 record over the last 12 games of their 1913 season. Then, in 1914, with Rickey in charge from the first day of spring training, they improved by 14 games, jumping from eighth to fifth place in the American League. However, the 1915 Browns took a giant step backwards; despite the June signing of the player who would become one of the greatest in franchise history—future Hall of Famer Sisler—they went only 63–91, 8½ games poorer than the 1914 edition.[15]

The team's on-field struggles notwithstanding, Rickey maintained Hedges’ confidence. But during the 1915–1916 offseason, as part of the settlement of the Federal League "war", Hedges sold the Browns to the former operator of the Feds’ St. Louis entry, Philip DeCatesby Ball. The new owner brought along his own manager, Fielder Jones, and restricted an unhappy Rickey to front-office duties. Compounding matters, the men's personalities clashed, and as the 1916 season concluded, Rickey began searching for other employment.[16]

St. Louis Cardinals (1917–1942)

Further information: History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1875–1919)
Further information: History of the St. Louis Cardinals (1920–52)

Early years and World War I service (1917–1918)

Coincidentally, the National League's St. Louis Cardinals were also enduring a period of ownership turmoil. In 1916, they had finished eighth and last in the Senior Circuit and attracted a league-worst 224,308 fans to Robison Field,[17] and their owner, Helene Hathaway Britton, put them up for sale. A local consortium of businessmen, including automobile dealer Sam Breadon,[18] quickly formed to buy the financially strapped team and keep it from moving elsewhere. Searching for a chief executive, they reached out to seven St. Louis sportswriters and asked for recommendations; all seven separately suggested Rickey.[19]

But, before he could join the Cardinals, Rickey had to sort out his existing obligations to Ball and the Browns. American League president and founder Ban Johnson, determined to keep Rickey in his league, pressured Ball to seek a temporary injunction to enforce the terms of Rickey's contract.[20] The dispute was resolved in April 1917, when Rickey was permitted to assume his duties as the Cardinals' club president and business manager; he also purchased a small share of the team. Apart from his year as president of the Continental League in 1959–1960, Rickey would spend the remainder of his baseball career in the National League.

Each of Rickey's first two seasons with the Cardinals would be overshadowed by the United States' entry into World War I, on April 2, 1917.

Despite their last-place standing in 1916, Rickey inherited two Hall-of-Fame assets: 21-year-old infielder Rogers Hornsby and the Cardinals' manager, Miller Huggins. Each contributed to a strong bounce-back season in 1917: Hornsby batted .327 in 145 games and led the team in hits, and Huggins guided the Cardinals to 82 wins and a third-place finish. During the 1920s, Hornsby would become the cornerstone of the franchise as it became a National League pennant contender. But Huggins, who had been a member of a rival ownership group that lost its bid for the Cardinals to Breadon's syndicate, departed for the New York Yankees at season's end; there he would lead an eventual American League and MLB powerhouse as a consolation prize for Ban Johnson's circuit.[21]

The war-disrupted 1918 campaign saw the Cardinals, managed by veteran minor-league pilot Jack Hendricks, perform poorly. They plummeted to last place in the National League, winning only 51 of 131 games during the shortened regular season, which ended September 2. Rickey, however, had by that point already enlisted as an officer in the United States Army, wearing a military uniform to work at the Cardinals' front office before reporting for duty in Washington. His leave of absence, or temporary resignation, from the team began August 31, 1918.[22]

He embarked by steamship for France and the Western Front in mid-September. Recovering from a bout of pneumonia contracted aboard ship, Rickey commanded a training unit of the Chemical Warfare Service that included Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson.[23] His unit saw action as part of the First Gas Regiment.[24] After the November 11, 1918, armistice ended hostilities, Rickey returned to the United States on December 23 and, when he resumed his duties with the Cardinals, he succeeded Hendricks as field manager for 1919.[25]

Field manager (1919–1925)

Rickey's record as manager of the Cardinals for six full years, and part of a seventh, was relatively mediocre (458–485–4, .486). They did improve from only 53 victories in 1919 to 75 in 1920. Then they posted winning marks from 1921 to 1923. In 1920, the ownership of the team stabilized when Sam Breadon purchased controlling interest[18] and took over, from Rickey, as club president.

On the field, the club was led by second baseman Hornsby, who batted over .400 three times (and .397 once). Others—such as Jack Fournier, Jesse Haines, Austin McHenry and Jack Smith—also contributed to the team's surge. But McHenry's tragic death from a brain tumor in 1922 was a difficult blow for the Cardinals to absorb. They fell from 87 to 85 to 79 wins over the 1921–1923 period; then, in 1924, they dropped below .500 and finished 76–78.

Off the field, Rickey and Breadon pursued the farm system concept. By 1923, the Cardinals had ownership stakes or affiliations with five minor-league teams, including top-level Syracuse, Class A Houston, and Class C Fort Smith; the Detroit Tigers were the only other major-league club with as much as a single "farm team."[26] At the MLB level, sophomore Jim Bottomley, a future Hall of Famer, took over the Cardinals' first base job and batted .371 with 194 hits. Twenty-year-old Ohio Wesleyan graduate Howard Freigau started 81 games at shortstop, and outfielders Ray Blades and Heinie Mueller became key contributors. The rosters of Rickey's farm teams in 1923 included another future Hall of Famer, Chick Hafey, as well as future 1920s Cardinal standouts Les Bell, Taylor Douthit, Fred Frankhouse and Wattie Holm.[27]

But while perfecting the process of player development was his most important achievement of the time, Rickey also contributed to the sartorial appearance of the Cardinals. For the first time, they wore uniforms that featured the two distinctive cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name "Cardinals" with the letter "C" of the word hooked over the bat in 1922. The concept of this pattern originated in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson, Missouri, at which Rickey was speaking. He noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring two cardinal birds perched on a branch on a table. The arrangement's designer was a woman named Allie May Schmidt. Schmidt's father, a graphic designer, assisted Rickey in creating the logo that is part of a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms.[28]

In 1923, Rickey also experimented with placing uniform numbers on the sleeves of his players to help fans identify them. The practice was abandoned after only one season, but putting numbers on the backs of uniform shirts became widespread during the 1930s.[29]

Business/general manager (1925–1942)

When the Cardinals' 1925 season began poorly, Breadon fired Rickey from his manager's post on May 30. At 13–25, the club was in last place in the National League, 13 games out of the lead. Hornsby was named player–manager to succeed him. Aged 43 at the time of his firing, Rickey had been a player, manager and executive in the Major Leagues, and there had been little indication to this point that he would ever belong in a baseball hall of fame.

However, Breadon could not deny Rickey's acumen for player development, and asked him to stay to run the front office. An embittered Rickey stated, "You can't do this to me, Sam. You are ruining me." "No." Breadon responded, "I am doing you the greatest favor one man has ever done to another."[28]

Although he was not the first executive titled as a general manager in Major League Baseball history — his actual title was business manager — through his activities, including inventing and building the farm system, Rickey came to embody the position of the baseball operations executive who mastered roster construction, scouting, player acquisition and development, and business affairs, which is the definition of the modern GM. In the quarter century between 1926 and 1950, Rickey's Cardinals and Dodgers teams would win eight National League titles during his stewardship; the teams he left behind would win six more pennants within five years immediately after his departure from their front offices.[30]

Meanwhile, in 1926, his first full year as manager, Hornsby led the Cardinals to their first World Series championship.[31]

Development of the farm system

Two more pennants followed in 1928 and 1930, although each team fell to its American League foe in the World Series. By 1931, Rickey's Cardinals were the class of the National League. They won 101 games in 1931 and won the World Series in seven games over the defending champion Philadelphia Athletics. The star of the 1931 World Series was rookie Pepper Martin, a 1928 graduate of Rickey's player development system. With eight owned or affiliated farm teams by 1931,[32] the system was fed by the Cardinals' scouting corps, headed by Charley Barrett (1871–1939), who introduced tryout camps to identify young amateur talent across the U.S. to fill the pipeline. Soon, other organization graduates joined the team, among them future Hall of Famers Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick, nicknamed "Ducky", and Dean's brother Paul "Daffy" Dean. The Deans and Medwick were integral parts of the 1934 Redbirds, known as the "Gashouse Gang", who won the franchise's third World Series title.[1]

Despite the ravages of The Great Depression, the Cardinal farm system continued to expand during the 1930s, with 21 teams by 1935, 28 in 1936, and 33 in 1937.[33] Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the Commissioner of Baseball, was concerned that Rickey's minor league system was going to ruin baseball by destroying existing minor league teams, and he twice released over 70 Cardinal minor leaguers. Despite Landis' efforts, Rickey's minor league system continued to thrive, and similar systems were adopted by every major league team within a few years. Arguably, the farm system saved the minor leagues, by keeping them necessary after the television age began and minor league attendance figures declined.[34]

Rickey continued to develop the Cardinals up until the early 1940s. In his final year at St. Louis, 1942, the Cardinals had their best season in franchise history, winning 106 games and the World Series title. The team was led by a new crop of players developed by the Cardinals, two of whom, Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial, became Hall of Famers; and several others, among them future MVP Marty Marion, who were among the best at their position during their eras. Even their manager Billy Southworth was a product of their farm system.

Brooklyn Dodgers (1943–1950)

Further information: History of the Brooklyn Dodgers

When Rickey's good friend Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Larry MacPhail enlisted in the army to serve in World War II after the 1942 season, the Dodgers hired Rickey to replace him as president and general manager, ending a tenure of over two decades with the Cardinals. In 1945, the Dodger ownership reorganized, with Rickey acquiring 25% of Dodger stock to become an equal partner with three other owners.

Further innovations

Rickey continued to innovate in his time with Brooklyn. He was responsible for the first full-time spring training facility, in Vero Beach, Florida, and encouraged the use of now-commonplace tools such as the batting cage, pitching machines, and batting helmets. He also pioneered the use of statistical analysis in baseball (what is now known as sabermetrics), when he hired statistician Allan Roth as a full-time analyst for the Dodgers in 1947. After viewing Roth's evidence, Rickey promoted the idea that on-base percentage was a more important hitting statistic than batting average.[35] While working under Rickey, Roth was also the first person to provide statistical evidence that platoon effects were real and quantifiable.

Breaking the color barrier

Rickey's most memorable act with the Dodgers involved signing Jackie Robinson, thus breaking baseball's color barrier, which had been an unwritten rule since the 1880s. This policy had continued under a succession of baseball leaders, including Landis, who was openly opposed to integrating Major League Baseball for what he regarded as legitimate reasons. Landis died in 1944, but Rickey had already set the process in motion, having sought (and gained) approval from the Dodgers Board of Directors in 1943 to begin the search for "the right man."[1]

In early 1945, Rickey was anticipating the integration of black players into Major League Baseball. Rickey, along with Gus Greenlee who was the owner of the original Pittsburgh Crawfords, created the United States League (USL) as a method to scout black players specifically to break the color line. It is unclear if the league actually played the 1945 season or if it was only used as a pretense for integration.[36] Around this time, Rickey held tryouts of black players, under the cover story of forming a new team in the USL called the "Brooklyn Brown Dodgers." The Dodgers were, in fact, looking for the right man to break the color line.

On August 28, 1945, Rickey signed Robinson, who never played in the USL, to a minor league contract. Robinson had been playing in the Negro leagues for the Kansas City Monarchs. On October 23, 1945, it was announced that Robinson would join the Montreal Royals, the Dodgers' International League affiliate, for the 1946 season. He would end up as the league's batting champion, and led the Royals to a dominant league championship.[1]

There was no statute officially banning blacks from baseball, only a universally recognized unwritten rule which no club owner was prepared to break that was perpetuated by culturally entrenched racism and a desire by club owners to be perceived as representing the values and beliefs of everyday American white men. The service of black Americans in the Second World War, and the celebrated pre-war achievements of black athletes in American sports, such as Joe Louis in boxing and Jesse Owens in track, helped pave the way for the cultural shift necessary to break the barrier.[1]

Rickey knew that Robinson would face racism and discrimination.[37] Rickey made it clear in their momentous first meeting that he anticipated wide-scale resistance both inside and outside baseball to opening its doors to black players. As predicted by Rickey, right from the start Robinson faced obstacles among his teammates and other teams' players. No matter how harsh the white people were towards Robinson, he could not retaliate. Robinson had agreed with Rickey not to lose his temper and jeopardize the chances of all the blacks who would follow him if he could help break down the barriers.[38]

Red Barber recounted in Ken Burns's documentary Baseball that Rickey's determination to desegregate Major League Baseball was born out of a combination of idealism and astute business sense. The idealism was at least partially rooted in an incident involving a team for which Rickey worked early on. While managing at Ohio Wesleyan University, a black player, Charles Thomas, was extremely upset at being refused accommodation, because of his race, at the hotel where the team stayed. Though an infuriated Rickey managed to get him into the hotel for the night, he never forgot the incident and later said, "I may not be able to do something about racism in every field, but I can sure do something about it in baseball." The business element was based on the fact that the Negro leagues had numerous star athletes, and logically, the first Major League team to hire them would get the first pick of the players at an attractive price. At the time, Mexican brewery czar Jorge Pasquel was raiding America for black talent (e.g. Satchel Paige), as well as disgruntled white players, for the Mexican League with the idea of creating an integrated league that could compete on a talent level with the U.S. major leagues. However idealistic, Rickey did not compensate Monarchs ownership for the rights to obtain Robinson,[39] nor did he pay for rights to Don Newcombe, who would also join the Dodgers from a Negro leagues club. Rickey also attempted to sign Monte Irvin but Newark Eagles business owner Effa Manley refused to allow Irvin to leave her club without compensation. When she threatened to sue him in court, Rickey stopped the pursuit of Irvin, who would later sign with the New York Giants.[40]

Amid much fanfare, Jackie debuted, and turned out to be a success. Robinson was baseball's first rookie of the year, and while he was often jeered by opposing baseball players, managers, and fans, he became extremely popular with the American public. His success became the crowning achievement of Rickey's illustrious career. His Dodgers would make the World Series that year. Although they lost in seven games to the New York Yankees, Rickey's vision and action had set the stage for the Dodgers to be contenders for decades to come. And it opened the door for other leaders like Larry Doby of the Cleveland Indians, who integrated the American League in 1947, as well.[1]

Later career with Dodgers

From 1945 through 1950, Rickey was one of four owners of the Dodgers, each with one quarter of the franchise. When one of the four (John L. Smith) died, Walter O'Malley took control of that quarter. Also in 1950, Branch Rickey's contract as Dodger president expired, and Walter O'Malley decided that were Rickey to retain the job, almost all of Rickey's power would be gone; for example, he would no longer take a percentage of every franchise sale. Rickey declined a new contract as president. Then, to be a majority owner, O'Malley offered to buy Rickey's portion. Seeing no reason to hold on to the club, Rickey decided to comply. In a final act of retaliation against O'Malley, Rickey instead offered the club percentage to a friend for $1 million. His chances at complete franchise control at risk, O'Malley was forced to offer more money, and Rickey finally sold his portion for $1.05 million (equivalent to approximately $13,300,000 in 2023[41]).[1]

Pittsburgh Pirates (1951–1955)

Immediately upon leaving the Dodgers, Rickey was offered the position of executive vice president and general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates by the team's new majority owner, John W. Galbreath. He joined them on November 1, 1950, one month after the 1950 Bucs, who lost 96 out of 153 games, finished in last place for only the third time in the 20th century. With an average player age of 28.6 years, they also were one of the oldest teams in the National League.[42] Bringing several key aides with him from Brooklyn, Rickey began a tear-down/re-building process that would consume his entire five-year term as general manager. The Pirates finished eighth (and last) four times and seventh once, compiled a miserable 269–501 (.349) record, and in 1952 experienced one of the worst seasons in MLB annals, going 42–112 and lagging behind the champion Dodgers by 541⁄2 games. It was the second-worst season in franchise history, and the third-worst in modern (post-1900) baseball history. After presiding over one last-place season with the Pirates, Rickey proposed cutting the pay of power-hitting superstar Ralph Kiner. When Kiner objected, Rickey famously quipped, "Son, we could have finished last without you!"

Rickey speaks with young shortstop Dick Groat in 1955, his final year as general manager of the Pirates

Perhaps his most notable innovation during his Pittsburgh tenure came during the 1953 season, when the Pirates became the first team to permanently adopt batting helmets on both offense and defense. These helmets resembled a primitive fiberglass "miner's cap". This was the mandate of Rickey, who also owned stock in the company producing the helmets. Under Rickey's orders, all Pirate players had to wear the helmets both at bat and in the field. The helmets became a permanent feature for all Pirate hitters, but within a few weeks the team began to abandon their use of helmets on defense, partly because of their awkwardly heavy feel. Once the Pirates discarded the helmets on defense, the trend disappeared from the game.[43]

Health problems forced Rickey to retire in 1955. The Pirates were still mired in the NL basement; they would not have another winning record until 1958. However, with an average age of 25.5, they were the youngest outfit in the Senior Circuit in 1955. Five years later, Rickey's contributions would help lead to a World Series championship for Pittsburgh in 1960. Wrote author Andrew O'Toole in 2000, "The core of the 1960 championship team [notably Roberto Clemente, Dick Groat, Bill Mazeroski, Elroy Face and Vern Law, among others] was put together and nurtured by Rickey."[44]

Rickey fast-tracked youngsters like Law and Bob Friend, signed by his predecessor, Roy Hamey, to the majors. He recruited Groat off the Duke University campus, drafted Face and Clemente from Brooklyn's minor league system, and his scouts and minor league instructors found Mazeroski and developed him for MLB delivery in 1956. Pittsburgh's farm and scouting system would continue to be highly productive into the 1970s, especially in developing Latin American players signed by scout Howie Haak, one of the people whom Rickey had brought to the Pirates from the Dodgers.

Rickey remained on the Pirate masthead as chairman of the board for almost four full seasons after Joe L. Brown succeeded him as general manager in October of 1955. He also held a small amount of stock in the club. But that association ended in the middle of August 1959, when, nearing his 78th birthday, Rickey took on another challenge as the chief executive of a proposed third major league, the Continental League.[1]

President of Continental League

Further information: Continental League

A significant shift in population from the Eastern and Midwestern United States to the West and South after World War II wreaked havoc with the established 16-team, two-league major league structure, opening up growing markets and triggering a two-decade-long series of franchise relocations beginning in 1953. In 1957, these were dramatized by the transfer of each of New York City's National League teams, the Dodgers and Giants, to California, abandoning their established fan bases. When mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and attorney William Shea were unsuccessful in their attempts to attract Senior Circuit teams from smaller markets (including the Pirates) to New York, Shea announced plans for a third major league in professional baseball, the Continental League, on July 27, 1959. In addition to New York, the Continental would be represented by clubs in Denver, Houston, Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Toronto, plus three additional markets to round out an eight-team league. It was scheduled to begin play in April 1961.[45]

Three weeks after the formation of the new circuit was announced, on August 18, 1959, Rickey sold his stake in the Pirates, resigned as board chairman, and signed a 16-month contract to become the first president of the new league at a reported $50,000 annual salary (equivalent to approximately $522,603 in 2023[41]). He immediately led a delegation of Continental League owners to a summit meeting in a Manhattan hotel with Commissioner of Baseball Ford Frick, the presidents of the National and American leagues, and a delegation of MLB club owners. The established leagues were wary of a new challenge to baseball's antitrust law exemption,[46] when the chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Emanuel Celler, a Brooklyn Democrat enraged by his borough's loss of the Dodgers, introduced legislation that would place baseball under antitrust law.[47] This concern led Frick and his entourage to publicly treat the Continental League with respect; at the meeting, Frick asked Rickey and the other league presidents (Warren Giles and Joe Cronin) to form a committee that would set up ground rules to govern the admission of the Continental to eventual equal status with the two major leagues.[1]

As those rules were taking shape, Rickey presided over the admission of the Continental League's three remaining founding franchises: Atlanta, Buffalo and Dallas–Fort Worth. He made public appearances—for example, as the "mystery guest" on the prime-time TV quiz show What's My Line?—to advance his view that a third, eight-team league would be more beneficial to baseball than expansion of the two existing circuits. But behind the scenes, National and American league owners were working on their own plans to expand their loops and scuttle Rickey's start-up league. In August 1960, they offered the Continental League's owners a deal: each established league would add two new franchises by 1962. In return, they demanded that the new circuit disband.[46] Against Rickey's advice, his owners agreed to the compromise and the new league perished, still on the drawing board.

In 1961, Minneapolis–Saint Paul got a 60-year-old American League franchise, the transferred Washington Senators, with an expansion team replacing them in the capital. In 1962, the New York Mets and Houston Colt .45s were admitted to the Senior Circuit as expansion teams. By 1993, all of the Continental League's cities except Buffalo were in Major League Baseball.[1]

Return to Cardinals

Rickey in Cincinnati in the early 1960s

After negotiations broke down in March 1961 that would have seen Rickey take over the Mets as their first president and general manager,[48] he went into temporary retirement. The year also saw Rickey endure tragedy and hardship on a personal level. On April 10, 1961, his son, Branch Jr., farm system director of the Pirates, died from complications of diabetes at the age of 47.[49] Then, on June 27, Rickey suffered a "serious" heart attack—his second cardiac event since 1958—while staying at his summer home on Canada's Manitoulin Island and was airlifted to a Sudbury, Ontario, hospital for treatment.[50] Upon his recovery, Rickey and his wife, Jane, decided to move from suburban Pittsburgh back to St. Louis in 1962, where, on October 29, Rickey returned to the Cardinals exactly 20 years to the day he left to become general consultant on the development of Cardinal players and special advisor to owner August A. Busch Jr.

But Rickey's second stint with the Cardinals was marred by controversy. He recommended that Cardinal icon Stan Musial be compelled to retire, even after the eventual Hall of Famer's stellar 1962 season, in which Musial, 41, had finished third in the National League batting race (hitting .330 in 135 games played), and broken Honus Wagner's NL record for career hits. Rickey wrote to Busch: "He can't run, he can't field, and he can't throw. Twenty-five Musials would finish in last place."[51] Musial would play one more campaign before retiring from the field in September 1963.

Rickey also undermined St. Louis general manager Bing Devine, who had begun his baseball career under Rickey in the late 1930s as an office boy. He was a vocal critic of one of Devine's highest profile (and most successful) trades, when he acquired veteran shortstop Groat from Pittsburgh after the 1962 season. Rickey believed that Groat, 32 at the time, was too old.[52] Groat, however, still had two prime years left. He batted .319 (1963) and .292 (1964), and was runner-up in the National League's 1963 Most Valuable Player Award balloting. He was the NL's starting shortstop in both the 1963 and 1964 All-Star games, and helped lead the 1963 Cardinals to a second-place finish. But the 1964 team fell behind in the standings and seemed stalled in fifth place in mid-August. When Busch fired Devine on August 17 and replaced him with Rickey protégé Bob Howsam, the 82-year-old consultant and special advisor was cast as the cause of Devine's downfall. The controversial firing embarrassed Busch when the team Devine assembled caught fire in the season's final six weeks, won the National League pennant, and triumphed in the 1964 World Series. After the season, Busch terminated Rickey's contract, ending a professional baseball career that had spanned 62 years.[53]

Death

A public speaker in his later years, on November 13, 1965, Rickey collapsed in the middle of a speech in Columbia, Missouri, as he was being elected to the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame. He had told a story of physical courage and was about to relate an illustration from the Bible. "Now I'm going to tell you a story from the Bible about spiritual courage," he said. Rickey murmured he could not continue, collapsed and never spoke again. He faltered, fell back into his seat and slipped onto the floor. He never regained consciousness. His brain was damaged when his breathing stopped momentarily, though his heart picked up its rhythm again. Through the next 26 days, hospitalized in a coma, there was little change.[1]

On December 9 at about 10 p.m., he died of heart failure at Boone County Memorial Hospital in Columbia, Missouri, 11 days before his 84th birthday. Branch Rickey was interred at Rush Township Burial Park in Rushtown, Ohio, near where his parents, his widow, Jane (who died in 1971), and three of his children (including Branch Jr.) also rest. Rickey's grave overlooks the Scioto Valley, about three miles from his boyhood home in Stockdale, Ohio.[1]

Honors and legacy

According to historian Harold Seymour:[54]

Branch Rickey stands forth as professional baseball's counterpart of that oldest stereotype of American folklore, the shrewd hard-working, God-fearing Yankee trader. He was also one of baseball's genuine innovators, an administrator who made a lasting imprint upon the industry....[His] seeming contradictions between profession and practice, together with this skill and oratorical obfuscation and circumlocution, caused many to regard Rickey as a hypocritical mountebank. Yet even his detractors acknowledged Rickey's industriousness, organizing genius, an unsurpassed ability to judge the potential of raw recruits.... Rickey built the Cardinals into a baseball empire that, at its peak, comprised 32 clubs, 600 or 700 players, and an investment of more than $2 million.

In addition to Rickey's election to the Baseball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1967, in 1997 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame,[55] in 2009 he was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame.[56]

In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Rickey among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.[57]

A ballpark in Portsmouth, Ohio, once used by the Portsmouth Explorers, a charter member of the Frontier League before the club folded in 1996, is named in Rickey's honor.[58] The Branch Rickey Arena at Ohio Wesleyan University is also named in his honor.

A section of US Highway 23 in Ohio, running north from the Franklin County border to the city of Delaware, has been named the Branch Rickey Memorial Highway.[59]

In 1992, Rotary International of Denver, Colorado, created the Branch Rickey Award, which is given annually to a Major League Baseball player in recognition of exceptional community service. Outside of Coors Field in Denver is a monument to Rickey by the sculptor George Lundeen, dedicated in 2005, with this simple inscription:

It is not the honor that you take with you but the heritage you leave behind.

Another quotation attributed to Rickey is:

Luck is the residue of design.[60]

Members of his family also became involved in baseball. Son Branch Jr. was an executive with the Dodgers and Pirates for over two decades prior to his 1961 death, and grandson Branch Rickey III served as a farm system director with the Pirates and Cincinnati Reds and president of the Triple-A American Association and Pacific Coast League during a 57-year baseball career.[61] His brother Frank Wanzer Rickey (1888–1953) scouted for the Cardinals and Dodgers; his signees included Hall of Famers Slaughter and Johnny Mize. Frank Rickey's son-in-law, Charles A. Hurth (1906–1969), was a longtime minor league executive who served as president of the Double-A Southern Association and, briefly in the spring of 1961, as the first general manager of the Mets when Branch Rickey and the team were still discussing a top role in the New York front office; that job ultimately went to George Weiss, the former Yankee executive.

Moreover, Rickey's influence continued to loom large after his passing, especially in the National League. One year after his 1965 death, five of the league's ten general managers—Howsam (Cardinals), Devine (Mets), Brown (Pirates), Buzzie Bavasi (Dodgers) and Bill DeWitt (Reds), as well as NL president Giles—had at one time worked under Rickey during his long executive career.

Lobby card for The Jackie Robinson Story, 1950. Minor Watson (left) portrays Rickey and Jackie Robinson portrays himself

Portrayals on stage, film and television

Due to his connection with Jackie Robinson, Rickey has been portrayed numerous times on screen and stage:

Additionally, he was also featured heavily in the 2016 PBS documentary, Jackie Robinson, which was directed by Ken Burns.[67]

Managerial record

Team Year Regular season Postseason
Games Won Lost Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result
SLB 1913 11 5 6 .455 8th in AL – – – –
SLB 1914 153 71 82 .464 5th in AL – – – –
SLB 1915 154 63 91 .409 6th in AL – – – –
SLB total 318 139 179 .437 0 0 –
STL 1919 137 54 83 .394 7th in NL – – – –
STL 1920 154 75 79 .487 5th in NL – – – –
STL 1921 153 87 66 .569 3rd in NL – – – –
STL 1922 154 85 69 .552 3rd in NL – – – –
STL 1923 153 79 74 .516 5th in NL – – – –
STL 1924 GM 65 89 .422 6th in NL – – – –
STL 1925 38 13 25 .342 fired – – – –
STL total 943 458 485 .486 0 0 –
Total 1261 597 664 .473 0 0 –

Head coaching record

College football

Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs
Allegheny Gators (Independent) (1904–1905)
1904 Allegheny 5–5
1905 Allegheny 3–8
Allegheny: 8–13
Ohio Wesleyan (Ohio Athletic Conference) (1906–1908)
1906 Ohio Wesleyan 3–3–3 1–1–2 T–2nd
1907 Ohio Wesleyan 7–3 2–3 6th
1908 Ohio Wesleyan 4–4 2–3 T–6th
Ohio Wesleyan: 14–10–3 5–7–2
Total: 22–23–3

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Branch Rickey (SABR BioProject)". Society for American Baseball Research.
  2. ^ Rickey, Branch (1890–1969). "Branch Rickey papers". Library of Congress.
  3. ^ Redrup, Jessie Dunathan. "Branch Rickey with Delta Tau Delta fraternity brothers". Branch Rickey Collection. Ohio Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
  4. ^ "Law Quadrangle Notes" (PDF). Retrieved November 25, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Polner, p. 57.
  6. ^ Lowenfish, p. 49.
  7. ^ Lowenfish, p. 50.
  8. ^ "Bartelme Is Scout". Fresno Bee Republican. June 20, 1944.
  9. ^ "George Sisler (SABR BioProject)". Society for American Baseball Research.
  10. ^ "Well Known Freemasons". Grand Lodge of British Columbia. Archived from the original on September 8, 2013.
  11. ^ Roberts, Milt (1980). "Charles Follis" (PDF). Coffin Corner. 2 (1). Professional Football Researchers Association: 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2010.
  12. ^ Nash, Kimberly. "Breaking Pro Football's Color Line: The Story of Charles W. Follis". Bleacher Report.
  13. ^ blackcollegenines (May 27, 1905). "Charles Thomas – Ohio Wesleyan University «". Blackcollegenines.wordpress.com. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  14. ^ Lowenfish, pp. 56-57, 59–60, 64-65.
  15. ^ "St. Louis Browns (Baltimore Orioles since 1954) franchise history". Retrosheet.
  16. ^ Lowenfish, pp. 81-85.
  17. ^ "1910-19 Ballpark Attendance Figures, Ballparks of Baseball".
  18. ^ a b Muder, Craig (2016). "Sam Breadon—Cardinal Rule". baseballhall.org. National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  19. ^ Lowenfish, p. 85.
  20. ^ "Phil Ball (SABR BioProject)". Society for American Baseball Research.
  21. ^ Lowenfish, p. 92.
  22. ^ Lowenfish, p. 103.
  23. ^ Baseball (TV series)
  24. ^ Polner, p. 76.
  25. ^ Lowenfish, p. 106.
  26. ^ Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball (3rd ed.). Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America. pp. 288–291. ISBN 978-1-932391-17-6.
  27. ^ "1923 Minor League Affiliates". Baseball-Reference.com.
  28. ^ a b "Theme of the week". MLB.com. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  29. ^ "Dressed to the Nines". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.
  30. ^ Armour, Mark (February 6, 2018). "Branch Rickey's Farm (1925)". In Pursuit of Pennants. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  31. ^ "1926 St. Louis Cardinals Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com.
  32. ^ Johnson & Wolff, p. 328
  33. ^ Johnson & Wolff, pp. 343, 348, 355
  34. ^ Smith Jr., Leverett T. "A Man of Many Faucets, All Running at Once". Society for American Baseball Research.
  35. ^ "Goodby to Some Old Baseball Ideas". www.baseballthinkfactory.org.
  36. ^ "Branch Rickey". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  37. ^ Beyond the box score: Jackie Robinson, civil rights crusader, Negro History Bulletin, 1995 p. 15.
  38. ^ "Jackie Robinson Breaks Baseball's Color Barrier, 1945". www.eyewitnesstohistory.com.
  39. ^ Ilan Stavans, ed. (2012). Béisbol. The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-37513-2.: p.37 
  40. ^ Simons, William M. (October 2, 2015). Alvin L. Hall (ed.). The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture, 2000. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-7864-1120-7.
  41. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  42. ^ Baseball Reference: 1950 National League miscellaneous records
  43. ^ "Oakland A's Fan Coalition – Athletics baseball enthusiasts dedicated to watching a winner". Oaklandfans.com. July 12, 1980. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
  44. ^ O'Toole, p. 4.
  45. ^ Spink, J. G. Taylor (1960). Official Baseball Guide and Record Book. St. Louis, Missouri: Charles C. Spink and Son.
  46. ^ a b Shapiro, Michael (July 22, 2009). "Fifty Years Later, the Continentals Sit in the What-If Drawer". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  47. ^ Edmonds, Ed (1994). "Over 40 Years in the On-Deck Circle: Congress and the Baseball Anti-Trust Exemption". NDL Scholarship. South Bend, Indiana: Notre Dame University Law School.
  48. ^ "McDonald, Joe (3 January 2015), "What If Branch Rickey Ran the Mets in 1962?" Newyorksportsday.com". Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  49. ^ "Branch Rickey Returns to Cardinals After 20 Years". Nevada, Missouri: Nevada Daily Mail. October 30, 1962. p. 6. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  50. ^ United Press International (June 28, 1961). "Rickey Suffers a Heart Attack". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  51. ^ O'Neill, Dan (January 20, 2013). "Musial: Stan's Final Farewell". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  52. ^ Lowenfish, p. 585.
  53. ^ "Why Gussie Busch Fired Bing Devine in the Cardinals' Championship Year". Retrosimba. August 15, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2018.
  54. ^ Harold Seymour, "Rickey, Branch Wesley" in John A. Garraty, Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974) pp 906-908.
  55. ^ "St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees". St. Louis Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  56. ^ "College Baseball Hall of Fame: Hall of Famers: 2009 Inductees". www.collegebaseballhall.org.
  57. ^ Cardinals Press Release (January 18, 2014). "Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process". www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
  58. ^ "Branch Rickey Park". Shawnee State Bears. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
  59. ^ "Branch Rickey Memorial Highway". Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  60. ^ The Yale Book of Quotations, citing The Sporting News, February 21, 1946.
  61. ^ Paisley, Joe (August 5, 2015). "Commissioner Branch Rickey III likes what PCL is doing while watching Colorado Springs Sky Sox lose". TCA Regional News.
  62. ^ "The Jackie Robinson Story (1950)". Turner Classic Movies.
  63. ^ "Soul of the Game (1996)". Turner Classic Movies.
  64. ^ "42 (2013)". Turner Classic Movies.
  65. ^ "Actress Kelley Jakle of "42"". The McCarthy Project. March 29, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  66. ^ Braunagel, Don (May 12, 1992). "Review: 'Mr. Rickey Calls a Meeting'". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
  67. ^ Lloyd, Robert (April 11, 2016). "Review: Ken Burns' 'Jackie Robinson' documentary is a lump-in-the-throat trip that goes beyond baseball". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 17, 2020.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Branch Rickey.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Branch Rickey.
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