Jump to content

RoboCop

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ser Amantio di Nicolao (talk | contribs) at 05:10, 12 September 2024 (→External links: add Category:English-language science fiction action films). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This article is about the 1987 film. For other uses, see RoboCop (disambiguation).

RoboCop
The film's titular character, a cyborg clad in metallic armor, stands in front of his police car. The tagline reads "Part Man, Part Machine, All Cop."
Theatrical release poster by Mike Bryan
Directed byPaul Verhoeven
Written by
Produced byArne Schmidt
Starring
CinematographyJost Vacano
Edited byFrank J. Urioste
Music byBasil Poledouris
Production
company
Distributed byOrion Pictures
Release date
  • July 17, 1987 (1987-07-17)
Running time
102 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$13.7 million
Box office$53.4 million

RoboCop is a 1987 American science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Edward Neumeier and Michael Miner. The film stars Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Daniel O'Herlihy, Ronny Cox, Kurtwood Smith, and Miguel Ferrer. Set in a crime-ridden Detroit in the near future, RoboCop centers on police officer Alex Murphy (Weller) who is murdered by a gang of criminals but revived by the megacorporation Omni Consumer Products as the cyborg law enforcer RoboCop. Unaware of his former life, RoboCop executes a campaign against crime while coming to terms with the lingering fragments of his humanity.

The film was conceived by Neumeier while working on the set of Blade Runner (1982), and he developed the idea with Miner. Their script was purchased in early 1985 by producer Jon Davison on behalf of Orion Pictures. Finding a director proved difficult; Verhoeven dismissed the script twice because he did not understand its satirical content, until he was convinced of its value by his wife. Filming took place between August and October 1986, mainly in Dallas, Texas. Rob Bottin led the special-effects team in creating practical effects, violent gore and the RoboCop costume.

Verhoeven emphasized violence throughout the film, making it so outlandish that it became comical. Censorship boards believed that it was too extreme and several scenes were shortened or modified to receive an acceptable theatrical rating. RoboCop was a financial success upon its release in July 1987, earning $53.4 million. Reviewers praised it as a clever action film with deeper philosophical messages and satire, but were conflicted about its extreme violence. The film was nominated for several awards, and won an Academy Award and a number of Saturn Awards.

RoboCop has been critically reevaluated since its release, and it has been hailed as one of the best films of the 1980s and one of the greatest science fiction and action films ever made. The film has been praised for its depiction of a robot affected by the loss of humanity, in contrast to the stoic and emotionless robotic characters of that era. RoboCop has continued to be analyzed for its themes such as the nature of humanity, personal identity, corporate greed and corruption, and is seen as a rebuke of the era's Reaganomics policies. Its success created a franchise: the sequels RoboCop 2 (1990) and RoboCop 3 (1993), children's animated series, live-action television shows, video games, comic books, toys, clothing and other merchandise. A remake was released in 2014.

Plot

In a near-future dystopia, Detroit is on the brink of social and financial collapse. Overwhelmed by crime and dwindling resources, the city grants the mega-corporation Omni Consumer Products (OCP) control of the Detroit Police Department. OCP senior president Dick Jones demonstrates ED-209, a law-enforcement droid designed to supplant the police. ED-209 malfunctions and brutally kills a volunteer, allowing ambitious junior executive Bob Morton to introduce OCP's chairman ("the Old Man") to his own project: RoboCop.

Meanwhile, police officer Alex Murphy is transferred to the Metro West precinct. Murphy and his new partner, Anne Lewis, pursue notorious criminal Clarence Boddicker and his gang: Emil Antonowsky, Leon Nash, Joe Cox, and Steve Minh. The gang ambushes and tortures Murphy until Boddicker fatally shoots him. Morton has Murphy's corpse converted into RoboCop, a heavily armored cyborg with no memory of his former life. RoboCop is programmed with three prime directives: serve the public trust, protect the innocent, and uphold the law. A fourth prime directive, Directive 4, is classified.

Assigned to Metro West, RoboCop is hailed by the media for his brutally efficient campaign against crime. Lewis suspects that he is Murphy, recognizing the unique way he holsters his gun (a trick Murphy learned to impress his son). After experiencing a nightmare of Murphy's death during maintenance, RoboCop encounters Lewis, who addresses him as Murphy. While on patrol, RoboCop arrests Emil, who recognizes Murphy's mannerisms, which furthers RoboCop's recall. RoboCop then uses the police database to identify Emil's associates and review Murphy's police record. He recalls further memories while exploring Murphy's former home, his wife and son having moved away after his death.

Elsewhere, Jones gets Boddicker to murder Morton as revenge for Morton's attempt to usurp his position at OCP. RoboCop tracks down Boddicker's gang. After a shootout, RoboCop brutally interrogates Boddicker until he admits to working for Jones. He cannot kill Boddicker as that would violate his prime directives. RoboCop attempts to arrest Jones at the OCP Tower, but Directive 4 is activated: a fail-safe measure to neutralize RoboCop when he acts against an OCP executive. Jones admits his culpability in Morton's death and releases an ED-209 to destroy RoboCop. Although he escapes, RoboCop is attacked by the police force on OCP's order and is badly damaged. He is rescued by Lewis, who brings him to an abandoned steel mill to repair himself.

Angered by OCP's underfunding and short-staffing, the police force goes on strike; Detroit descends into chaos as riots break out throughout the city. Jones frees Boddicker and his remaining gang, arming them with high-powered weaponry to destroy RoboCop. Boddicker's men are quickly eliminated at the steel mill, but Lewis is badly injured; RoboCop, trapped under steel girders, kills Boddicker by stabbing him in the throat. RoboCop confronts Jones at the OCP Tower during a board meeting, revealing the truth behind Morton's murder. Jones takes the Old Man hostage, but the Old Man fires Jones, nullifying Directive 4. RoboCop shoots Jones, causing him to crash through a window to his death. The Old Man compliments RoboCop's shooting and asks his name. He replies, "Murphy."

Cast

A photograph of Peter Weller
A photograph of Ronny Cox
A photograph of Kurtwood Smith
A photograph of Miguel Ferrer
(Left to right) Peter Weller (pictured in 2016), Ronny Cox (2019), Kurtwood Smith (2010), and Miguel Ferrer (2015)

In addition to the main cast, RoboCop features Paul McCrane as Emil Antonowsky, Ray Wise as Leon Nash, Jesse D. Goins as Joe Cox and Calvin Jung as Steve Minh, members of Boddicker's gang. The cast also includes Robert DoQui as Sergeant Warren Reed,[6][7] Michael Gregory as Lieutenant Hedgecock, Felton Perry as OCP employee Donald Johnson, Kevin Page as OCP junior executive Mr. Kinney (who is shot to death by ED-209), and Lee de Broux as cocaine warehouse owner Sal.[6][7][8]

Mario Machado and Leeza Gibbons play news hosts Casey Wong and Jess Perkins, respectively,[6][7] and television-show host Bixby Snyder is played by S. D. Nemeth.[6][9] Angie Bolling and Jason Levine appear as Murphy's wife and son.[6] RoboCop director Paul Verhoeven makes a cameo appearance as a dancing nightclub patron,[10][11] producer Jon Davison provides the voice of ED-209,[5] and director John Landis appears in an in-film advertisement.[6] Smith's partner, Joan Pirkle, appears as Dick Jones's secretary.[10]

Production

Conception and writing

RoboCop was conceived in the early 1980s by Universal Pictures junior story executive and aspiring screenwriter Edward Neumeier.[a] A fan of robot-themed science-fiction films, Star Wars, and action films, Neumeier had developed an interest in mature comic books while researching them for potential adaptation.[12][15][16] The 1982 science-fiction film Blade Runner was filming on the Warner Bros. lot behind Neumeier's office, and he unofficially joined the production to learn about filmmaking.[12][14][15] His work there gave him the idea for RoboCop: "I had this vision of a far-distant, Blade Runner–type world where there was an all-mechanical cop coming to a sense of real human intelligence".[12][14] He spent the next few nights writing a 40-page outline.[12]

While researching story submissions for Universal, Neumeier came across a student video by aspiring director Michael Miner.[10][13][14] The pair met and discussed their similar concepts: Neumeier's RoboCop and Miner's robot-themed rock music video. In a 2014 interview, Miner said that he also had an idea called SuperCop.[10][12][14] They formed a working partnership and spent about two months discussing the idea and two to three months writing together at night and over weekends, in addition to their regular jobs.[b] Their collaboration was initially difficult because they did not know each other well, and had to learn how to constructively criticize each other.[18]

Neumeier was influenced to kill off his main character early by the psychological horror film Psycho (1960), whose main character was killed early in the film. Inspired by comic books and his experience with corporate culture, Neumeier wanted to satirize 1980s business culture. He noted the increasing aggression of American financial services in response to growing Japanese influence and the popularity on Wall Street of The Book of Five Rings, a 17th-century book about how to kill more effectively. Neumeier also believed that Detroit's declining automobile industry was due to increased bureaucracy. ED-209's malfunction in the OCP boardroom was based on Neumeier's office daydreams about a robot bursting into a meeting and killing everyone.[12][16][19] Miner described the film as "comic relief for a cynical time" during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, when economist "Milton Friedman and the Chicago Boys ransacked the world, enabled by Reagan and the Central Intelligence Agency. So when you have this cop who works for a corporation that insists 'I own you,' and he still does the right thing—that's the core of the film." Neumeier and Miner conceived the in-universe news and advertisement "Media Breaks" that appear throughout RoboCop, and a spec script was completed by December 1984.[10]

Development

A 2016 photograph of Paul Verhoeven
Director Paul Verhoeven (pictured in 2016) rejected the RoboCop script twice before taking to its underlying story about a character losing his identity.

The first draft of the script, RoboCop: The Future of Law Enforcement, was given to industry friends and associates in early 1985.[c] A month later, Neumeier and Miner had two offers: one from Atlantic Releasing[17] and another from director Jonathan Kaplan and producer Jon Davison with Orion Pictures.[13][20] An experienced producer of exploitation and B films such as the parody Airplane! (1980), Davison said that he was drawn to the script's satire.[12][13][20] He showed Neumeier and Miner films—including Madigan (1968), Dirty Harry (1971), and Mad Max 2 (1981)—to demonstrate the tone he wanted. After Orion greenlit the project, Neumeier and Miner began a second draft.[21]

Davison produced the film with his Tobor Pictures company.[22][23] Neumeier and Miner were paid a few thousand dollars for the script rights and $25,000 between them for the rewrite. They were entitled to eight percent of the producer profits upon release.[17][24] Davison's contacts with puppeteers, animators, and practical effects designers were essential to Verhoeven, who had no prior experience with them.[13] The producers discussed changing the Detroit setting, but Neumeier insisted on its importance because of its failing auto industry. The connection between Clarence Boddicker and Dick Jones was added at Orion's suggestion.[12]

Kaplan left to direct Project X (1987), and finding his replacement took six months; many prospects declined because of the film's title.[d] The project was offered to David Cronenberg, Alex Cox, and Monte Hellman; Hellman joined as second-unit director.[17][25][28] Miner asked to direct, but Orion refused to trust a $7 million project to an untested director.[12][29] He declined the second-unit director position in order to direct Deadly Weapon (1989);[12][21] Orion executive Barbara Boyle suggested Paul Verhoeven—who had been praised for his work on Soldier of Orange (1977) and his first English-language film, Flesh+Blood (1985)—for director.[12][13][21] Verhoeven looked at the first page and rejected the script as awful, stalling the project.[10][13][21] Boyle sent Verhoeven another copy, suggesting that he pay attention to the subtext.[12] Verhoeven was still uninterested until his wife Martine read it and encouraged him to give it a chance, saying he had missed the "soul" of the story about someone losing his identity. Not fluent in English, Verhoeven said that the satire did not make sense to him;[10] the scene that attracted his attention was RoboCop returning to Murphy's abandoned home and experiencing memories of his former life.[1][10]

Davison, Neumeier and Verhoeven discussed the project at Culver Studios' Mansion House.[12] Verhoeven wanted to direct it as a serious film; Neumeier gave him comic books to explain the tone they wanted, including 2000 AD with the character Judge Dredd.[12][21] Neumeier and Miner wrote a third draft based on Verhoeven's requests, working through injuries and late nights; the 92-page revision included a subplot about a romantic affair between Murphy and Lewis.[11][12][21] After reading it, Verhoeven admitted that he was wrong and returned to the second draft in search of a comic-book tone.[12][21][30]

Casting

A 1955 photograph of actor Daniel O'Herlihy
Daniel O'Herlihy in 1955. His character, the Old Man, was based on MCA Inc. executive Lew Wasserman.

Six to eight months were spent searching for an actor to play Alex Murphy / RoboCop.[13][26] Arnold Schwarzenegger,[13] Michael Ironside,[31] Rutger Hauer, Tom Berenger, Armand Assante,[25] Keith Carradine and James Remar were considered.[21] Orion favored Schwarzenegger, the star of their recent success The Terminator (1984),[25] but he and other actors were considered too physically imposing to be believable in the RoboCop costume; it was thought that Schwarzenegger would look like the Michelin Man or the Pillsbury Doughboy.[13][26][31] Others were reluctant because their face would be largely concealed by a helmet.[26] Davison said that Weller was the only person who wanted to be in the film.[26] The low salary he commanded was in his favor, as were his good body control from martial-arts training and marathon running and his fan base in the science-fiction genre after his performance in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (1984). Verhoeven said he hired him because "his chin was very good".[25][29][26] Weller spent months working with mime Moni Yakim, developing a fluid movement style with a stiff ending while wearing an American football uniform to approximate the finished costume.[10][32] Weller said that working with Verhoeven was his main reason for choosing the role over appearing in King Kong Lives (1986).[15][33]

Stephanie Zimbalist was cast as Murphy's partner Anne Lewis, but dropped out because of contractual obligations to Remington Steele (which had been canceled in 1986, but was revived because of its popularity).[e] Her replacement, Nancy Allen, thought the film's title was terrible but found the script engrossing. Allen was known for her long blonde hair, but Verhoeven wanted it cut short so the character was not sexualized. Her hair was cut eight times before the desired look was achieved.[37] Allen undertook police-academy training for her role, and sought advice from her police lieutenant father.[37] Verhoeven encouraged her to act masculine and gain weight, which she accomplished by quitting smoking.[11]

Kurtwood Smith auditioned for Boddicker and Jones. He was known mainly for television work, had not had film success, and saw RoboCop as a B-film with potential.[10] The character was scripted to wear glasses so he would look like Nazi Party member Heinrich Himmler. Smith was unaware of this, and interpreted it as the character having an intelligent and militaristic front to conceal being a "sneering, smirking drug kingpin".[10] Ironside was offered the role, but did not want to be involved with another special effects-laden film or play a "psychopath" after working on Extreme Prejudice (1987).[25][31][38] Robert Picardo also auditioned for the role.[39]

Ronny Cox had been stereotyped as playing generally nice characters, and said that this left the impression that he could not play more masculine roles.[40] Because of this, Verhoeven cast him as the villainous Dick Jones.[41] Cox said that playing a villain was "about a gazillion times more fun than playing the good guys".[42] Jones, he said, has no compassion and is an "evil [son of a bitch]".[40] Miguel Ferrer was unsure if the film would be successful, but was desperate for work and would have accepted any offer.[15] The Old Man was based on MCA Inc. CEO Lew Wasserman, whom Neumeier considered a powerful and intimidating individual.[12] Television host Bixby Snyder was written as an Americanized, more-extreme version of British comedian Benny Hill.[10] Radio personality Howard Stern was offered an unspecified role, but turned it down because he thought the idea was stupid (although he later praised the finished film).[43]

Filming

A photograph of the Dallas City Hall
Dallas City Hall appears as the exterior of OCP's headquarters. Matte paintings were used to make it appear taller.

Principal photography began on August 6, 1986, on an $11 million budget.[44][45] Jost Vacano was the cinematographer, after working with Verhoeven on Soldier of Orange.[22][45] Verhoeven wanted Blade Runner production designer Lawrence G. Paull, but Davison said he could afford either a great production designer or a great RoboCop costume – not both.[12][37] William Sandell was hired.[46] Monte Hellman directed several of the action scenes.[47]

RoboCop was filmed primarily on location in Dallas,[10][45][48] with additional filming in Las Colinas and Pittsburgh.[8][45][49] Verhoeven wanted a filming location which suggested the near future.[45] Detroit was dismissed because it had many low buildings, many brownstones and Victorian-style buildings.[26][45] Neumeier said that it was also a union city, making it more expensive to film there.[50] Detroit made a brief appearance in nighttime, stock aerial footage at the beginning of the film.[16] Chicago was dismissed for aesthetic reasons, New York City for high costs, and California because according to Davison, Orion wanted to distance itself from the project.[26][45] Dallas was chosen over Houston because it has modern buildings and older, less-maintained areas where explosives could be used.[45] The filming schedule in Dallas was nine weeks, but it soon became clear that it would take longer. Based on filmed footage, Orion approved the schedule extension and a budget increase to $13.1 million.[32][44][51] The weather fluctuated during filming; Dallas in summer was often 90 to 115 °F (32 to 46 °C),[26][37][52] and the weather in Pittsburgh was frigid.[10]

RoboCop's costume was not finished until some time into filming. This did not impact the shooting schedule, but it denied Weller the month of costume rehearsal he had expected.[f] Weller was frustrated with the costume; it was too cumbersome for him to move as he had practiced, and he spent hours trying to adapt.[10][25][53] He struggled to see through the thin helmet visor and interact with (or grab) objects while wearing the gloves.[53][54] Weller fell out with Verhoeven and was fired, with Lance Henriksen considered as a replacement; because the costume was designed for Weller, however, he was encouraged to mend fences.[25] Mime Moni Yakim helped Weller to develop a slower, more deliberate way of moving.[15] Weller's experience in the costume was worsened by the warm weather, which made him sweat off up to 3 lb (1.4 kg) per day.[26][32] Verhoeven began taking prescription medication to cope with stress-induced insomnia, and he filmed scenes under the influence.[55]

A photograph of the Wheeling-Pittsburgh steel mill
A steel mill in Pennsylvania served as the site of RoboCop's and Clarence Boddicker's final battle.

He often choreographed scenes with the actors before filming.[56][57] Improvisation was also encouraged, because Verhoeven believed that it could produce interesting results. Smith improvised some of his character's quirks, such as sticking chewing gum to a secretary's desk and spitting blood onto the police-station counter: "'What if I spat blood on the desk?' ... [Verhoeven] got this little smile on his face, and we did it."[10] Neumeier was on set throughout filming and occasionally wrote additional scenes, including a New Year's Eve party after seeing some party-hat props and a news story about the Strategic Defense Initiative platform misfiring.[10][12][21] Verhoeven found Neumeier's presence invaluable, because they could discuss how to adapt the script or location to make a scene work.[45]

Verhoeven gained a reputation for verbal aggression and unsociable behavior on set; Smith said that he never yelled at the actors, however, but was too engrossed in filming to be sociable.[10] Cox and Allen spoke warmly of Verhoeven.[37][58] Weller spent his time between filming with the actors who played his enemies (including Smith, Ray Wise and Calvin Jung), who maintained healthy lifestyles that supported Weller in his training for the New York City Marathon.[15]

A number of locations in and around Dallas were used in production. An office in Renaissance Tower was used for the OCP interior of; the company's exterior is Dallas City Hall, modified with matte paintings to appear taller.[g] The OCP elevator was that of the Plaza of the Americas.[48][60] The Detroit police station's exterior is Crozier Tech High School; its interior is the Sons of Hermann hall, and city hall is the Dallas Municipal Building.[60] Scenes of Boddicker's gang blowing up storefronts were filmed in the Deep Ellum neighborhood. One explosion was larger than anticipated; actors can be seen moving out of the way, Smith had to remove his coat because it was on fire, and the actors involved received an additional $400 in stunt pay.[10][45] The Shell gas station that explodes was in the Arts District,[48][60] where local residents unaware of the filming called the fire department.[1] The scene was scripted for flames to modify the sign to read "hell"; Davison approved it, but it does not appear in the film. Miner called it a disappointing omission.[10]

The nightclub was the former Starck Club. Verhoeven was filmed demonstrating how the clubbers should dance, and used the footage in the film.[10][11] Other Dallas locations included César Chávez Boulevard, the Reunion Arena[60] and the parking lot of the Crescent.[50] The final battle between RoboCop and Boddicker's gang was filmed at a steel mill in Monessen, outside Pittsburgh.[h] Filming ended in late October 1986.[64]

Post-production

Main article: RoboCop (soundtrack)

"Rock Shop" by Basil Poledouris
The main theme of RoboCop by Basil Poledouris. Performed by the Sinfonia of London, the score combines orchestral music with synthesizers.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

An additional $600,000 budget increase was approved by Orion for post-production and the music score, raising the budget to $13.7 million.[i][i]

Frank J. Urioste was the film's editor.[65] Several pick-up shots were filmed during this phase, including Murphy's death, RoboCop removing his helmet, and shots of his leg holster.[66] After the OCP boardroom scene in which RoboCop calls himself Murphy, another scene revealed that Lewis was alive in a hospital before showing RoboCop on patrol. The latter scene was thought to lessen the former's triumphant feeling, and was removed.[67][68] Verhoeven wanted the in-film Media Breaks to abruptly interrupt the narrative and unsettle the viewer. He was influenced by Piet Mondrian's art, which featured stark black lines separating colored squares.[10] Peter Conn directed many of the Media Breaks, but "TJ Lazer" was directed by Neumeier.[69]

RoboCop's violent content made it difficult to receive an R rating from the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), which restricted the film to viewers over 17 unless accompanied by an adult. It initially received the more-restrictive X rating, limiting the film to those over 17.[10][25][70] Although some reports suggest it was refused an R-rating eleven times, Verhoeven said that the number was actually eight.[10][25] The MPAA took issue with several scenes, including Murphy's death and ED-209 shooting an executive.[51][65] The violent scenes were shortened and Media Breaks were added to help lighten the mood; Verhoeven recalled that one reviewer was confused by their jarring appearance in the film, and complained that the projectionist had used the wrong film reel.[10][25]

The MPAA also objected to a scene of a mutated Emil being disintegrated by Boddicker's car, but Verhoeven, Davison and Orion refused to remove it because it consistently received the biggest laughs during test screenings.[13][71] Verhoeven made the violence comical and surreal, and believed that the cuts made the scenes appear more (not less) violent.[10][25] He said that his young children laughed at the X-rated cut, and audiences laughed less at the R-rated version.[10][51] According to Verhoeven, people "love seeing violence and horrible things".[51] The film is 103 minutes long.[72]

Basil Poledouris composed the film score after working with Verhoeven on Flesh + Blood.[5] The score combines synthesizers and orchestral music, reflecting RoboCop's cyborg nature. The music was performed by the Sinfonia of London.[73][74]

Special effects and design

Special effects

A behind-the-scenes photograph of actor Paul McCrane in a prosthetic costume depicting melting skin
Actor Paul McCrane as Emil Antonowsky. McCrane wore a prosthesis over his upper body to give the appearance of his skin melting. His death was the highest-rated scene by test audiences.[71]

The special-effects team, led by Rob Bottin, included Phil Tippett, Stephan Dupuis, Bart Mixon and Craig Davies.[j] The effects were very violent because Verhoeven believed that that made scenes funnier.[10][25] He compared the brutality of Murphy's death to the crucifixion of Jesus, an effective way to evoke sympathy for the character.[10][65][71] The scene was filmed at an abandoned auto-assembly plant in Long Beach, California, on a raised stage that allowed operators to control the effects from below.[77] To show Murphy being dismantled by gunfire, prosthetic arms were cast in alginate and filled with tubing that could pump artificial blood and compressed air. Weller's left hand, attached to his shoulders by velcro and controlled by three operators, was designed to explode in a controllable way so it could be easily put back together for repeat shots.[77] The right arm was jerked away from Weller's body by a monofilament wire.[19][77] A detailed, articulated replica of Weller's upper body was used to depict Boddicker shooting Murphy through the head.[71][77][78] A mold was made of Weller's face using foam latex that was baked to make it rubbery and flesh-like, and placed over a fiberglass skull containing a blood squib and explosive charge. The articulated head was controlled by four puppeteers, and had details of sweat and blood. A fan motor attached to the body made it vibrate, as if shaking in fear. The charge in the skull was connected to the trigger of Smith's gun by wire to synchronize the effect.[79]

Emil's melting mutation was inspired by the 1977 science-fiction film The Incredible Melting Man.[80] Bottin designed and constructed Emil's prosthetics, creating a foam-latex headpiece and matching gloves that gave the appearance of Emil's skin melting "off his bones like marshmallow sauce".[80][81] A second piece, depicting further degradation, was applied over the first. Dupuis painted each piece differently to emphasize Emil's advancing degradation. The prosthetics were applied to an articulated dummy to show Emil being struck by Boddicker's car. The head was loosened so it would fly off; by chance, it rolled onto the car's hood. The effect was completed with Emil's liquified body (raw chicken, soup, and gravy) washing over the windscreen.[81] The same dummy stands in for RoboCop when he is crushed by steel beams (painted wood).[81] Verhoeven wanted RoboCop to kill Boddicker by stabbing him in the eye, but it was believed the effort to create the effect would be wasted due to censorship concerns.[82]

Dick Jones's fatal fall is shown by a stop-motion puppet of Cox, animated by Rocco Gioffre. The limited development time forced Gioffre to use a foam-rubber puppet with an aluminum skeleton instead of a better-quality, articulated version. It was composited against Mark Sullivan's matte painting of the street below.[82][83] ED-209's murder of OCP executive Mr. Kinney was filmed over three days. Kevin Page's body was covered with 200 squibs, but Verhoeven was unhappy with the result and brought him back months later to re-shoot it in a studio-built recreation of the board room. Page was again covered in over 200 squibs and plastic bags filled with spaghetti squash and fake blood. Page described intense pain as each squib detonation felt like a punch.[8] In the cocaine-warehouse scene, Boddicker's stuntman was thrown through glass panes rigged with detonating cord to shatter microseconds before he hit.[84] Gelatin capsules filled with sawdust and a sparkling compound were fired from an air gun at RoboCop to create the effect of ricocheting bullets.[85]

RoboCop

Main article: RoboCop (character)

Bottin was tasked with designing the RoboCop costume.[10][13][86] He researched the Star Wars character C-3PO and its stiff costume, which made movement difficult.[86] Bottin was also influenced by robot designs in Metropolis (1927), The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951),[16][65] and several comic-book superheroes.[87][88] He developed about 50 designs based on feedback from Verhoeven (who pushed for a more machine-like character),[87][89] before settling on a sleek aesthetic inspired by the work of Japanese illustrator Hajime Sorayama.[90] Verhoeven admitted his unrealistic expectations after reading Japanese science-fiction manga; it took him a while to realize it, which contributed to the costume delay.[10]

The scope of the RoboCop costume was unprecedented, with its design and construction exceeding cost and schedule.[26][45][78] The costume took six months to build with flexible foam latex, semi-and completely-rigid polyurethane, and a fiberglass helmet.[26][87][91] Moving sections were joined with aluminum and ball bearings.[91] The costume is supported by an internal harness of hooks, allowing for sustained movement during action scenes.[78] Seven costumes were made, including a fireproof version and costumes depicting sustained damage.[92] Reports on their weight vary from 25 to 80 lb (11 to 36 kg).[k] RoboCop's gun, the Auto-9, is a Beretta 93R with an extended barrel and larger grip. It was modified to fire blank bullets, and vents were cut into the side to allow for multi-directional muzzle flashes with every three-shot burst.[96]

ED-209

Main article: ED-209
A photograph of a miniature ED-209 model
One of the miniature ED-209 models used for animation by Phil Tippett, Randal M. Dutra, and Harry Walton

To budget for ED-209's development, Tippett developed preliminary sketches and hired Davies to design the full-scale model which was constructed with the help of Paula Lucchesi.[75] Verhoeven wanted ED-209 to look mean, and thought that Davies' early designs lacked a "killer" aesthetic. Davies was influenced by killer whales and a United States Air Force LTV A-7 Corsair II. He approached the design with modern American aesthetics and a corporate-design policy that he believed prioritized looks over functionality, including excessive and impractical components. He did not add eyes, thinking that they would make ED-209 more sympathetic.[97] The fully-articulated fiberglass model took four months to build, cost $25,000, stood 7 feet (2.1 m) tall, and weighed 300 to 500 lb (140 to 230 kg).[98][99][100] The 100-hour work weeks took their toll and Davies minimized the detail of ED-209's feet, since he did not think they would be shown.[101] The model was later used on promotional tours.[99][100][102]

Davies spent another four months building two 12-inch (30 cm) miniature replicas for stop motion animation.[103] The two small models allowed scenes to be animated and filmed more efficiently, which saved time in completing the 55 shots needed in three months.[103] Tippett was the lead ED-209 animator, assisted by Randal M. Dutra and Harry Walton.[13][100][104] Tippett conceived ED-209's movement as "unanimal"-like, as if it were about to fall over before catching itself.[100] To complete the character, the droid was given the roar of a leopard. Davison provided a temporary voiceover for ED-209's speaking voice, which was retained in the film.[105]

Other effects and designs

RoboCop contains seven matte effects, mainly painted by Gioffre. Each matte was painted on masonite. Gioffre supervised on-site filming to mask the camera where the matte is inserted, and remembered having to crawl out from a five-story-high ledge to get the right shot of the Plaza of the Americas.[106] The burnished steel RoboCop logo was developed using photographic effects that supervisor Peter Kuran based on a black-and-white sketch from Orion. Kuran created a scaled-up matte version and backlit it. A second pass was made with a sheet of aluminum behind it to create reflective detail.[64] RoboCop's vision was created with hundreds of ink lines on acetate composited over existing footage. Several attempts had to be made to get the line thickness right; at first, the lines were too thick or too thin.[107] Assuming that thermographic photography would be expensive, Kuran replicated thermal vision using actors in body stockings painted with thermal colors and filmed the scene with a polarized lens filter.[108] RoboCop's mechanical recharging chair was designed by John Zabrucky.[109] The OCP boardroom model of Delta City was made under the supervision of art director Gayle Simon.[110]

The film's police cars are 1986 Ford Taurus models painted black.[49] The Taurus was chosen because of its futuristic, aerodynamic styling for the vehicle's first production year. The car was intended to feature a customized interior that would show graphical displays of mug shots, fingerprints, and other related information, but the concept was considered too ambitious.[13][64] The 6000 SUX driven by Boddicker and others was an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, modified by Gene Winfield and based on a design by Chip Foose. Two working cars were made with a third, non-functional one that was used when the vehicle exploded.[111] The 6000 SUX commercial features a plasticine dinosaur animated by Don Waller and blocked by Steve Chiodo.[111]

Release

Context

See also: 1987 in film

Industry experts were optimistic about the theatrical summer of 1987 (June–September).[112] The season focused on genre films—science fiction, horror, and fantasy—that were proven to generate revenue, if not industry respect.[113] Other films—such as Roxanne, Full Metal Jacket and The Untouchables—were targeted at older audiences (over age 25), who had been ignored in recent years by films targeted at teenagers.[114][115] The action comedy Beverly Hills Cop II was predicted to dominate the theaters[112] but many other films were expected to perform well, including the action adventure Ishtar, the comedies Harry and the Hendersons, Who's That Girl and Spaceballs, the action film Predator and sequels such as Superman IV: The Quest for Peace and The Living Daylights, the latest James Bond film.[112][115] With the musical La Bamba, RoboCop was predicted to be a sleeper hit.[12][116] It received positive feedback before release, including a positive industry screening (considered a rarity) and pre-release screenings that demonstrated the studio's confidence in the film.[117][118]

Marketing

An image of the RoboCop logo
The RoboCop logo used in the film

Marketing the film was considered difficult.[119] For the Los Angeles Times, Jack Mathews described RoboCop as a "terrible title for a movie that anyone would expect an adult to enjoy". Orion head of marketing Charles Glenn said it had a "certain liability ... it sounds like 'Robby the Robot' or Gobots or something else. It's nothing like that."[119] The campaign began three months before the film's release, when 5,000 adult-oriented and family-friendly trailers were sent to theaters. Orion promotions director Jan Kean said that children and adults responded positively to the RoboCop character.[119] Miguel Ferrer recalled a theater audience laughing derisively at the trailer, which he found disheartening.[120] Models and actors in fiberglass RoboCop costumes made appearances in cities throughout North America. The character appeared at a motor-racing event in Florida, a laser show in Boston, a subway in New York City, and children could take their picture with him at the Sherman Oaks Galleria in Los Angeles.[119]

An incomplete version of the unrated film was screened early for critics, which was unconventional for an action film. Glenn reasoned that critics who favored Verhoeven's earlier work would appreciate RoboCop. Feedback was generally positive, providing quotes for promotional material and making it one of the best-reviewed films of the year up to that point.[119] The week before release saw the introduction of television commercials and limited theatrical screenings for the public.[119] The film was released in the United Kingdom without cuts, which the BBFC justified by the comic excess of the violence and the clear line between the hero and villains.[121]

Box office

RoboCop began a wide North American release on July 17, 1987.[122][123] During its opening weekend, the film earned $8 million from 1,580 theaters—an average of $5,068 per theater.[124][125] It was the weekend's number-one film, ahead of a re-release of the 1937 animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ($7.5 million) and the horror sequel Jaws: The Revenge ($7.2 million), both of which were also in their first week of release.[124][126] RoboCop retained the number-one position in its second weekend with an additional gross of $6.3 million, ahead of Snow White ($6.05 million) and the debuting comedy Summer School ($6 million).[127][128] It was the fourth-highest-grossing film in its third weekend with a gross of $4.7 million, behind La Bamba ($5.2 million) and the debuts of the horror film The Lost Boys ($5.2 million) and The Living Daylights ($11.1 million).[129]

RoboCop never regained the number-one spot, but remained in the top ten for six weeks.[122][123] By the end of its theatrical run, the film had grossed about $53.4 million and was a modest success.[25][122][123][ii] It was the year's fourteenth-highest-grossing film, behind Crocodile Dundee ($53.6 million), La Bamba ($54.2 million) and Dragnet ($57.4 million).[130] Figures are unavailable for the film's performance outside North America.[122][123]

Due in part to higher ticket prices and an extra week of the theatrical summer,[114] 1987 set a record of $1.6 billion in box-office gross and exceeded the previous record of $1.58 billion record set in 1984. Unlike that summer, which featured several blockbusters such as Ghostbusters and Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, the summer of 1987 delivered only one: Beverly Hills Cop II. More films (including RoboCop) performed modestly well, however, earning a collective total of $274 million—a 50-percent increase over 1986.[115][131] The average audience age continued to increase, as teen-oriented films such as RoboCop and Beverly Hills Cop II had a 22-percent drop in performance from similar 1986 films. Adult-oriented films had a 39-percent increase in revenue.[131] RoboCop was one of the summer's surprise successes, and contributed to Orion's improving fortunes.[21][132]

Reception

Critical response

A black-and-white photograph of Nancy Allen in 1984
Variety's review highlighted Nancy Allen (pictured in 1984) for providing the only human warmth in RoboCop.

RoboCop opened to generally positive reviews.[25][51] Audience polls by CinemaScore reported that moviegoers gave the film an average letter grade of A−.[133]

Critics noticed influences in the film from the action of The Terminator (1984) and Aliens (1986), and the narratives of Frankenstein (1931), Repo Man (1984) and the television series Miami Vice.[134][135][136] RoboCop built a distinct, futuristic vision for Detroit, wrote two reviewers, as Blade Runner had done for Los Angeles.[116][134] A number of critics struggled to identify the film's genre, writing that it combined social satire and philosophy with elements of action, science fiction, thrillers, Westerns, slapstick comedy, romance, snuff films, superhero comics and camp without being derivative.[l]

Some publications found Verhoeven's direction smart and darkly comic, offering sharp social satire that The Washington Post suggested would have been just a simple action film in another director's hands.[136][140][141] Others, such as Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader, believed the film was over-directed with Verhoeven's European filmmaking style lacking rhythm, tension and momentum. According to the Chicago Reader review, Verhoeven's typical adeptness at portraying the "sleazily psychological" through physicality failed to properly use RoboCop's "Aryan blandness".[139][142] The Washington Post and Roger Ebert praised Weller's performance and his ability to elicit sympathy and convey chivalry and vulnerability while concealed beneath a bulky costume. Weller offered a certain beauty and grace, wrote The Washington Post reviewer, that added a mythic quality and made his murder even more horrible.[136][137] In contrast, Weller "hardly registered" behind the mask for the Chicago Reader.[139] Variety cited Nancy Allen as providing the only human warmth in the film, and Kurtwood Smith as a well-cast "sicko sadist".[143]

Many reviewers noted the film's violence.[m] It was so excessive for Ebert and the Los Angeles Times that it became deliberately comical, with Ebert writing that ED-209 killing an executive subverted audience expectations of a seemingly serious and straightforward science-fiction film. The Los Angeles Times reviewer believed that the violent scenes simultaneously conveyed sadism and poignancy .[137][141] Other reviewers were more critical, including Kehr and Walter Goodman, who believed that RoboCop's satire and critiques of corporate corruption were excuses to indulge in violent visuals.[142][144] The Chicago Reader found the violence had a "brooding, agonized quality ... as if Verhoeven were both appalled and fascinated" by it, and The Christian Science Monitor said critical praise for the "nasty" film demonstrated a preference for "style over substance".[139][140]

Kehr and The Washington Post said that the satire of corporations and the interchangeable use of corporate executives and street-level criminals was the film's most successful effort, depicting their unchecked greed and callous disregard with witty criticism of game shows and military culture.[136][142] Some reviewers appreciated the film's adaptation of a classic narrative about a tragic hero seeking revenge and redemption, with the Los Angeles Times writing that the typical cliché revenge story was transformed by making the protagonist a machine that keeps succumbing to humanity, emotion and idealism. The Los Angeles Times and The Philadelphia Inquirer considered RoboCop's victory satisfying because it offered a fable about a decent hero fighting against corruption, villains and the theft of his humanity, with morality and technology on his side.[134][135][141] The Washington Post agreed that the film's "heart" is the story of Murphy regaining his humanity: "[W]ith all our flesh-and-blood heroes failing us—from brokers to ballplayers—we need a man of mettle, a real straight shooter who doesn't fool around with Phi Beta Kappas and never puts anything up his nose. What this world needs is 'RoboCop'."[136]

Accolades

RoboCop received a Special Achievement for Best Sound Editing (Stephen Flick and John Pospisil) at the 60th Academy Awards. The film had two other nominations: Best Film Editing for Frank J. Urioste (losing to Gabriella Cristiani for the drama film The Last Emperor) and Best Sound for Michael J. Kohut, Carlos Delarios, Aaron Rochin and Robert Wald (losing to Bill Rowe and Ivan Sharrock for The Last Emperor).[145] In a comedy routine at the event, the RoboCop character rescued presenter Pee-wee Herman from ED-209.[146][147]

At the 42nd British Academy Film Awards, RoboCop received two nominations: Best Makeup and Hair for Carla Palmer (losing to Fabrizio Sforza for The Last Emperor), and Best Special Visual Effects for Bottin, Tippett, Kuran, and Gioffre (losing to George Gibbs, Richard Williams, Ken Ralston, and Edward Jones for the 1988 fantasy film Who Framed Roger Rabbit).[148]

At the 15th Saturn Awards, RoboCop was the most-nominated film. It received awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Director for Verhoeven, Best Writing for Neumeier and Miner, Best Make-up for Bottin and Dupuis, and Best Special Effects for Kuran, Tippett, Bottin, and Gioffre. The film received three more nominations, including Best Actor (Weller) and Best Actress (Allen).[149][150]

After release

Home media

Newspaper photo of former US president Richard Nixon shaking hands with someone dressed as RoboCop
Richard Nixon shaking hands with a costumed actor as part of a paid effort to promote the film[151]

RoboCop was released on VHS on January 28, 1988, priced at $89.98;[152][153][154] and had an estimated $24 million in sales.[13][iii] Orion promoted the film by having former United States president Richard Nixon shake hands with a RoboCop-costumed actor. Nixon was paid $25,000, which he donated to the Boys Club of America.[25][151] RoboCop was a popular rental, peaking at number one in mid-March 1988.[155][156] Rental demand outstripped supply; estimates suggested that there was one VHS copy of a film per 100 households, making it difficult to find new releases such as Dirty Dancing, Predator and Platoon. The longest waiting list was for RoboCop.[157] The film was released in S-VHS in 1988, one of the earliest films to adopt the format, and was offered free of charge when buying branded S-VCR players.[152]

The extended violent content removed from the U.S. theatrical release was restored on a Criterion Collection LaserDisc, which included audio commentary by Verhoeven, Neumeier and Davison.[13][158] The uncut version of the film has been made available on other home-media releases.[13] It was released on DVD by Criterion in September 1998.[159][160] In June 2004, the DVD version was released in a trilogy box set with RoboCop 2 (1990) and RoboCop 3 (1993). This edition included featurettes about the making of the film and the RoboCop design.[159] A 20th-anniversary edition was released in August 2007 which included the film's theatrical and uncut versions, previous extras, and new featurettes on the special effects and villains.[159]

Its scheduled Blu-ray debut in 2006 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment was canceled days before release, with reviews indicating poor video quality. A new version was released in 2007 by Fox Home Entertainment without extra features.[161][162][163] Reviews indicated that the film's visual quality had improved, but images were still perceived as grainy or too dark.[163][164] The trilogy was released as a Blu-ray Disc box set in October 2010.[165][166]

The film was restored in 4K resolution from the original camera negative in 2013.[167] A two-disc limited-edition Blu-ray set was released in 2019 by Arrow Video which included collectible items (a poster and cards), new commentaries by film historians and fans, deleted scenes, new featurettes with Allen and casting director Julie Selzer, and the theatrical, extended and television cuts of the film.[168][169] Arrow re-released the set on Ultra HD Blu-ray in 2022, which included the uncut scenes re-scanned from the negative to match the quality of the theatrical-cut scans.[170][171]

Other media

See also: List of RoboCop video games and comic books

RoboCop was considered easier to merchandise than other R-rated films and,[119] despite its violent content, its merchandise was targeted at a younger audience. Merchandise included cap guns and other toys, comic books,[n] theme-park rides, novels[65] and RoboCop Ultra Police action figures, which were released with the 1988 animated series RoboCop.[93] By the time of the film's release, Marvel Comics had published a black-and-white comic-book adaptation of the film without violence and adult language;[119][172] a video game was in development, and negotiations were underway to release T-shirts, other video games and RoboCop dolls by Christmas. The film's poster, painted by Mike Bryan, was reportedly more popular than the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue[119][173] and its novelization, written by Ed Naha, was in its second printing by July.[119][174] Since its release, RoboCop has continued to be merchandised with collectible action figures, clothing and crockery.[o] A 2014 book, RoboCop: The Definitive History, details the RoboCop franchise.[178][179][180]

The story of RoboCop has been continued in comics, initially by Marvel. The adaptation of the film was reprinted in color to promote a 23-issue series that ran between 1987 and 1992, when the rights were transferred to Dark Horse Comics. Dark Horse released a number of miniseries, including RoboCop Versus The Terminator (1992), which pitted RoboCop against Skynet and its Terminators from The Terminator franchise.[32][172] The story was well-received and was followed by other series, including Prime Suspect (1992), Roulette (1994) and Mortal Coils (1996).[32] The RoboCop series was continued by Avatar Press (2003), Dynamite Entertainment (2010) and Boom! Studios (2013).[32][172]

Several games based on, or inspired by, the film have been released. A side-scroller of the same name was released for arcades in 1988, and was ported to other platforms such as the ZX Spectrum and Game Boy.[93][181] RoboCop Versus The Terminator, an adaptation of the comic of the same name, was released in 1994. RoboCop, a 2003 first-person shooter, was poorly received and resulted in the shuttering of developer Titus Interactive.[32] RoboCop: Rogue City (2023) continues the narrative of RoboCop, being set between RoboCop 2 and RoboCop 3.[182]

Thematic analysis

Corporate power

A photograph of President Ronald Reagan presenting tax-reduction legislation
President Ronald Reagan addressing the nation in 1981 on tax reduction. RoboCop satirizes Reagan's political policies espousing limited regulation, trickle-down economics and a pro-business agenda.

A central theme in RoboCop is the power of corporations. Those depicted in the film are corrupt and greedy, privatizing public services and gentrifying Detroit.[13][183] A self-described hippie who grew up during the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War, Miner was critical of Ronald Reagan's pro-business policies and believed that Detroit was destroyed by American corporations.[10][13][65] The Detroit presented in the film is described as beset by rape, crime and "Reaganomics gone awry", where gentrification and unfettered capitalism result in corporations waging war as the police become a profit-driven entity.[65][136][139] Miner said that out-of-control crime was a particularly Republican or right-wing fear, but RoboCop puts the blame for drugs and crime on advancing technology and the privatization of public services such as hospitals, prisons and the police.[13] Although criticism of Reagan-era policies was in the script, Verhoeven did not understand urban politics such as the privatization of prisons.[15][51] Weller said that the trickle-down economics espoused by Reagan was "bullshit" and did not work fast enough for those in need.[15]

Michael Robertson described the Media Breaks throughout the film as direct criticisms of neoliberal Reagan policies. Robertson focused on OCP's claim that it has private ownership of RoboCop, despite making use of Murphy's corpse. The Old Man was based on Reagan, and the corporation's policies emphasize greed and profit over individual rights. The police are deliberately underfunded, and the creation of RoboCop aims to replace them with a more efficient force. Jones admits that it does not matter if ED-209 works, because they have contracts to provide spare parts for years. He plots with Boddicker to corrupt workers brought in to build Delta City with drugs and prostitution.[184] Davison believed that the film is politically liberal, but the violence makes it "fascism for liberals".[65] It takes a pro-labor stance; the police chief, believing in the essential nature of his service, refuses to strike but the underfunded, understaffed and under-assault police eventually walk out. OCP sees the strike as an opportunity to develop more robots.[185]

Humanity and death

A painting of the resurrection of Christ by Heinrich Bloch
The Resurrection by Carl Heinrich Bloch, 1881. Murphy's transformation into RoboCop is analogous to the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus.

Another central theme is the question of what humanity is, and how much of Murphy is left in RoboCop.[136][137] Neumeier wanted to leave audiences asking "what's left" of Murphy, and described the character's journey as coping with his transformation.[83] As an officer, Murphy works for a corporation that insists it owns individuals based on waivers and can do what it wants with Murphy's remains. He does the right thing, however, and fights against the demands of his corporate masters.[10] Despite his inhuman appearance, RoboCop has a soul, experiences real human fears, and has a core consciousness that makes him more than a machine.[65] Brooks Landon says that Murphy is dead, however; although he remembers Murphy's life, RoboCop is not (and can never be) Murphy and regain enough of his humanity to rejoin his family.[186] Dale Bradley writes that RoboCop is a machine who mistakenly thinks it is Murphy because of its composite parts, and only believes it has a human spirit within.[187] An alternative view is that RoboCop's personality is a new construct, informed partially by fragments of Murphy's personality.[188] Slavoj Žižek describes Murphy as a man between life and death, who is deceased and simultaneously reanimated with mechanical parts. As he regains his humanity, he transforms from being programmed by others to his former state as a being of desire. Žižek calls this return of the living dead a fundamental human fantasy, a desire to avoid death and take revenge against the living.[189]

Murphy's death is prolonged and violent, so the audience can see RoboCop as imbued with the humanity taken from him by Boddicker's gang and OCP.[51] Verhoeven considered it important to acknowledge the inherent darkness of humanity to avoid inevitable mutual destruction. He was affected by his childhood experiences during World War II and the inhuman actions he witnessed. Verhoeven believed that the concept of an immaculate hero died after the war, and subsequent heroes had a dark side they had to overcome.[51] Describing the difference between making films in Europe and America, Verhoeven said that a European RoboCop would explore the spiritual and psychological problems of RoboCop's condition; the American version focuses on revenge.[51] He incorporated Christian mythology into the film; Murphy's brutal death is analogous to the crucifixion of Jesus before his resurrection as RoboCop, an American Jesus who walks on water at the steel mill and wields a handgun.[10][65] Verhoeven said that he did not believe in the resurrection of Jesus, but "[he] can see the value of that idea, the purity of that idea. So from an artistic point of view, it's absolutely true".[10][65] The scene of RoboCop returning to Murphy's home is compared to finding the Garden of Eden or a similar paradise.[1][10]

Brooks Landon describes the film as typical of the cyberpunk genre because it does not treat RoboCop as better or worse than average humans (just different), and asks the audience to consider him a new life form.[51][186] The film does not treat this technological advance as necessarily negative, just an inevitable result of a progression that will change one's life and one's understanding of what it means to be human.[186] The RoboCop character embodies the struggle of humanity to embrace technology.[12] The central cast do not have romantic interests or overt sexual desires. Paul Sammon described the scene of RoboCop shooting bottles of baby food as symbolic of the relationship he and Lewis can never have.[13][81] Taylor agreed, but believed that the confrontation between Morton and Jones in the OCP bathroom was sexualized.[65]

Masculinity and authority

Vince Mancini describes the 1980s as a period in which cinematic heroes were unambiguously good, as depicted in films that promoted suburban living, materialism and unambiguous villains such as Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Back to the Future (1985).[13] Some films of the decade send the message that authority is good and trustworthy, but RoboCop demonstrates that those in authority are flawed and Detroit has been carved up by greed, capitalism and cheap foreign labor.[13] Weller described RoboCop as an evolution of strait-laced 1940s heroes such as Gary Cooper and Jimmy Stewart, who lived honorably; modern audiences now cheer a maimed police officer taking brutal revenge.[51]

Susan Jeffords considers RoboCop among the many "hard body" films of the decade that portray perfect, strong, masculine physiques who must protect the "soft bodies": the ineffectual and the weak. RoboCop portrays strength by eliminating crime and redeeming the city through violence. Bullets ricochet harmlessly off his armor; attempts to attack his crotch (a typical weak point) only hurt the attacker, demonstrating the uncompromising strength and masculinity needed to eliminate crime.[190] According to Darian Leader, the addition of something unnatural to a biological body is required to be truly masculine. RoboCop's body incorporates technology, a symbolic addition that makes him more than an average man.[191]

Legacy

Cultural influence

A photograph of Edward Neumeier
Writer Edward Neumeier's (pictured in 2007) interest in science fiction and work on Blade Runner (1982) inspired RoboCop. His work on that film led to his employment by the United States Air Force as a consultant for futuristic concepts.

RoboCop is considered a groundbreaking entry in the science-fiction genre.[65] Unlike many protagonists at the time, the film's central character is not a robotic-like human who is stoic and invincible but a human-like robot who is affected by his lost humanity.[65] In a 2013 interview following Detroit's bankruptcy and the city's labeling as the most dangerous place in the United States, Neumeier spoke about the film's prescience: "We are now living in the world that I was proposing in RoboCop ... how big corporations will take care of us and ... how they won't."[190][192] Verhoeven described RoboCop as a film ahead of its time, which could not be improved with digital effects.[193] Weller said that the filming experience was among the worst of his life, mainly because of the RoboCop costume.[194] Verhoeven also considered filming RoboCop a miserable experience, in part due to the difficulties with special effects and other things going wrong.[195] Ferrer, however, described it as the best summer of his life.[120]

The film's impact was not limited to North America, and Neumeier recalled finding unlicensed RoboCop dolls for sale near the Colosseum in Rome.[12] He has said that many robotics labs use a "Robo-" prefix for projects in reference to the film, and he was hired as a United States Air Force consultant for futuristic concepts because of his involvement with RoboCop.[19] In the years immediately after its release, Verhoeven parlayed his success into directing the science-fiction film Total Recall (1990, also with Cox) and the erotic thriller Basic Instinct (1992).[5][7] He also worked with Neumeier on the tonally-similar science-fiction film Starship Troopers (1997).[5] In 2020, the Guardian's Scott Tobias wrote that in hindsight, RoboCop was the beginning of Verhoeven's unofficial science-fiction trilogy about authoritarian governance (followed by Total Recall and Starship Troopers).[196] Previously typecast as someone who played moral characters, Cox credited RoboCop with changing his image and—with the Beverly Hills Cop films—boosting his film career to make him one of the decade's most iconic villains.[40][42][197]

The RoboCop, ED-209 and Clarence Boddicker characters are considered iconic.[p] Lines such as RoboCop's "Dead or alive, you're coming with me", ED-209's "You have 20 seconds to comply" and television host Bixby Snyder's "I'd buy that for a dollar" are among the film's most recognizable.[q] The film has been referred to in a variety of media, from television (including Family Guy,[210] It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia,[211] Red Dwarf,[212] South Park,[213] and The Simpsons[214][215]) to films (including Hot Shots! Part Deux[216] and Ready Player One[217]) and video games (Deus Ex[218] and its prequel, Deus Ex: Human Revolution[219]). Doom Eternal (2020) creative director Hugo Martin cited it as an inspiration.[220] RoboCop (voiced by Weller) is a playable character in the fighting game Mortal Kombat 11 (2019).[221] The character was a design inspiration for the Nintendo Power Glove (1989),[222] and appeared in advertisements for KFC in 2019 (again voiced by Weller),[223] and Direct Line in 2020 with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Bumblebee.[224]

For the 30th anniversary of RoboCop's release in 2017, Weller attended a screening by Alamo Drafthouse Cinema at Dallas City Hall (in his home town) and called the film an homage to the city.[33][48] The crowdfunded making-of documentary RoboDoc: The Creation of RoboCop was released in August 2023. It covers the production and influence of RoboCop, with interviews of many of the cast and crew involved.[225][226][227] A 10-foot (3.0 m) RoboCop statue is to be erected in Detroit. First proposed in 2011, $70,000 was crowdfunded for its construction and, As of 2024, the statue was complete and awaiting installation.[r]

Modern reception

RoboCop has been called one of the best science-fiction and action films of all time,[s] and among the best films of the 1980s.[t] Several publications have listed it as one of the greatest action films of all time:[193][239][240] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 92% approval rating based on 85 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. According to the website, "While over-the-top and gory, RoboCop is also a surprisingly smart sci-fi flick that uses ultraviolence to disguise its satire of American culture."[247] Rotten Tomatoes listed the film at number 139 on its list of 200 essential movies to watch, and one of 300 essential movies.[248][249] The film has a score of 70 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 17 "generally favorable reviews".[250] In the 2000s, The New York Times listed it as one of its 1,000 "Best Movies Ever",[251] and Empire ranked the film number 404 on its list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[252]

Filmmakers have spoken about their appreciation for RoboCop and cited it as an inspiration in their own careers, including Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck,[253] Neill Blomkamp[24] and Leigh Whannell[254] and Ken Russell, who called it the best science fiction film since Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927).[255] During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was among the action films recommended by director James Gunn.[256]

Sequels and adaptations

Main article: RoboCop (franchise)

By November 1987, Orion had greenlit the development of a sequel targeting a PG rating, that would allow children to see the film unaccompanied by adults,[257][258][259] and tying into the 12-episode animated series RoboCop, released by Marvel Productions in 1988.[32][65] Neumeier and Miner began writing the film but were fired after refusing to work during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike and were replaced by Frank Miller, whose second draft was made into RoboCop 2 and first draft became the second sequel, RoboCop 3.[12][260] Weller reprised his role in the Irvin Kershner–directed first sequel,[261] which was released to mixed reviews and was estimated to have lost money.[262][263]

RoboCop 3, directed by Fred Dekker, was targeted at younger audiences who were driving merchandise sales. Robert John Burke replaced Weller in the title role, and Allen returned as Anne Lewis for the third and final time in the series.[32][37][65] The film was a critical and financial failure.[264] A live-action television series was released in 1994, but had a poor critical reception and was canceled after 22 episodes. Starring Richard Eden as RoboCop, the series used aspects of Neumeier and Miner's RoboCop 2 ideas.[32][65][93] A second animated series, RoboCop: Alpha Commando, followed in 1998.[32][65] Page Fletcher starred as RoboCop in a four-part live-action miniseries, RoboCop: Prime Directives (2001). The series, set ten years after the events of the first film, ignores the events of the sequels.[32][65] After years of financial difficulties, Orion and the rights to RoboCop were purchased by MGM in the late 1990s.[32][265][266]

A 2014 reboot of the first film, also called RoboCop, was directed by José Padilha and starred Joel Kinnaman. The film received mixed reviews, but was a financial success.[12][24][267] Verhoeven said that he "should be dead" before a reboot was attempted, and Allen believed that an "iconic" film should not be remade.[37] RoboCop Returns, a sequel of RoboCop that ignores the series' other films, was announced to be in development in 2022. The film is set to be directed by Abe Forsythe, who is rewriting a script written by Neumeier, Miner, and Justin Rhodes.[265][268][269]

Footnotes

  1. ^ The 1987 budget of $13.7 million is equivalent to $36.7 million in 2023.
  2. ^ The 1987 box office gross of $53.4 million is equivalent to $143 million in 2023.
  3. ^ The 1988 VHS cost of $89.98 is equivalent to $232.00 in 2023. The VHS sales generated an estimated $24 million, equivalent to $61.8 million in 2023.

Notes

  1. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[12][13][14][15]
  2. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[10][12][14][17]
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[12][15][17][20]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[12][21][25][26][27]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[11][34][35][36]
  6. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[10][25][26][53]
  7. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[1][48][59][60][61]
  8. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[19][45][62][63]
  9. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[13][21][44][51]
  10. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[13][54][75][76]
  11. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[26][93][94][95]
  12. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[116][135][137][138][139]
  13. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[134][141][140][142][144]
  14. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[25][51][65][119]
  15. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[175][176][177][178]
  16. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205]
  17. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[206][207][208][209]
  18. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[25][228][229][230][231]
  19. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[232][233][234][235][236][237][238][193][239][240]
  20. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[241][242][243][244][245][246]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Gallagher, Danny (July 11, 2017). "RoboCop, The Movie That Blew Up Dallas Filmmaking, Turns 30". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  2. ^ Burke-Block, Candace (July 7, 1987). "Actress's Role In RoboCop Will Again Surprise". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  3. ^ "Oscar Nominee Dan O'Herlihy Dies". BBC News. February 19, 2005. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  4. ^ Miska, Brad (September 9, 2020). "MGM Developing RoboCop Prequel Series Focusing On Villainous Omni VP Dick Jones". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e Brew, Simon (October 22, 2013). "RoboCop: Where Are They Now?". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "RoboCop (1987)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Roberson, Chris Chan (September 30, 2017). "RoboCop: What Does The Cast Look Like Now?". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c Parker, Ryan (July 14, 2017). "RoboCop Actor's X-Rated Death Wasn't Gory Enough For Paul Verhoeven". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  9. ^ Iaquinta, Chris (May 10, 2012). "OCD: RoboCop's Bixby Snyder". IGN. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Abrams, Simon (February 12, 2014). "RoboCop: The Oral History". Esquire. Archived from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e Cohen, Ivan (February 14, 2014). "26 Things You Probably Didn't Know About The Original RoboCop". Vulture. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Tobias, Scott (February 13, 2014). "RoboCop Writer Ed Neumeier Discusses The Film's Origins". The Dissolve. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Mancini, Vince (July 20, 2017). "RoboCop At 30 — An Island Of Dark Satire In A Decade Of Cheerleading". Uproxx. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Goldberg 1988, p. 22.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Setchfield, Nick (March 14, 2012). "The Making Of RoboCop – Extended Cut". SFX. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d Sammon 1987, p. 7.
  17. ^ a b c d e Mathews, Jack (September 1, 1987). "The Word Is Out: Good Writing Still Pays Off : Summer Box-office Hits Sparkled On Paper Before They Sparkled On The Screen". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  18. ^ Goldberg 1988, pp. 22–23.
  19. ^ a b c d "Technology Issue Extra – How Not to Afford a Flying Car". Vice. November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  20. ^ a b c Goldberg 1988, pp. 23–24.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Goldberg 1988, p. 25.
  22. ^ a b Niderost 1987a, p. 58.
  23. ^ Drake 1987, p. 20.
  24. ^ a b c Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 11, 2018). "Neill Blomkamp To Direct New RoboCop For MGM; Justin Rhodes Rewriting Sequel Script By Creators Ed Neumeier & Michael Miner". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Lyttleton, Oliver (July 17, 2012). "5 Things You Might Not Know About Paul Verhoeven's RoboCop,' Released 25 Years Ago Today". IndieWire. Archived from the original on March 10, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Warren 1987, p. 19.
  27. ^ Robey, Tim (February 7, 2014). "RoboCop: The Bloody Birth Of The Original Film". The Dissolve. Archived from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  28. ^ Rabin, Nathan (September 20, 2000). "Alex Cox". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  29. ^ a b Goldberg 1988, pp. 23, 25.
  30. ^ Niderost 1987d, pp. 36, 38.
  31. ^ a b c De Semlyen, Phil (May 16, 2016). "'80s Heroes: Michael Ironside". Empire. Archived from the original on July 18, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hawker, Tim (February 6, 2014). "The History Of RoboCop". IGN. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  33. ^ a b "Peter Weller Explains How He 'Bullsh--ted' His Way Into RoboCop". Entertainment Weekly. September 5, 2017. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  34. ^ Bobbin, Jay (January 1, 1987). "Remington Steele Back For Round 2". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  35. ^ Bark, Ed (August 12, 1986). "Brosnan A Series Star Caught In TV's Trap". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  36. ^ Jacobs, Alexandra (November 24, 2003). "Actress Roles Over 40? 'It's A Big Fat Zero'". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g Spry, Jeff (February 14, 2014). "Exclusive: RoboCop's Nancy Allen On The Original's Epic Cast Chemistry, The Remake, And Verhoeven Vs. Kershner". Syfy. Archived from the original on June 24, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  38. ^ Kaye, Don (December 7, 2020). "How Total Recall Brought a Memorable Villain to Life". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  39. ^ Pockross, Adam (June 1, 2020). "Total Recall At 30: Cohaagen, Benny & Johnny Cab Recall Paul Verhoeven's Mind-Bending Masterpiece". Syfy Wire. Archived from the original on April 18, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  40. ^ a b c Mills, Nancy (August 18, 1987). "Recognizing The Assets Of Recognition". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  41. ^ Pockross, Adam (June 24, 2020). "Ronny Cox Only Played 'Boy Scout Nice-Guys' Until Paul Verhoeven Turned Him Bad". Syfy. Archived from the original on October 4, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  42. ^ a b Harris, Will (July 5, 2012). "Deliverance's Ronny Cox On Robocop, Total Recall, And The Glory Of Cop Rock". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  43. ^ Evans, Bradford (February 9, 2017). "The Lost Roles Of Howard Stern". Vulture. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  44. ^ a b c "RoboCop (1987)". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gallagher, Danny (July 11, 2017). "Director Paul Verhoeven On RoboCop, The Bit Of 'American Nonsense' That Changed His Career". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  46. ^ Goodman, Walter (July 17, 1987). "Film: RoboCop,' Police Drama With Peter Weller". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  47. ^ Phillips, Keith (November 10, 1999). "Monte Hellman". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  48. ^ a b c d e Wilonsky, Robert (September 8, 2017). "Robocop,' Now 30, Is Still The Most Dallas Movie Ever Made, Despite Being Set In Detroit". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  49. ^ a b Viladas, Pilar (November 1, 1987). "Design In The Movies : Good Guys Don't Live In White Boxes : In Today's Movies, Modern Design Signifies Ambition, Money, Power--and Now Evil". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  50. ^ a b Bates 1987a, p. 17.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McKenna, Christine (July 18, 1987). "Verhoeven Makes Good With Violence". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.
  52. ^ Niderost 1987c, p. 46.
  53. ^ a b c Niderost 1987c, p. 48.
  54. ^ a b Niderost 1987a, p. 61.
  55. ^ Collis, Clark (August 14, 2006). "RoboCop: Collector's Edition". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  56. ^ Bates 1987a, pp. 17, 20.
  57. ^ Niderost 1987a, p. 60.
  58. ^ Bates 1987a, p. 20.
  59. ^ Niderost 1987a, p. 59.
  60. ^ a b c d e "A Look At RoboCop's Dallas Shooting Locations, Shot In 1986 To Current Day 2012". Dallas Film Commission. 2012. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  61. ^ Bates 1987a, p. 21.
  62. ^ King 1986.
  63. ^ Gallagher, Danny; Maschino, Brian (July 11, 2017). "RoboCop Versus Reality: Looking At Dallas Locations Of The Film's Scenes". Dallas Observer. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  64. ^ a b c Sammon 1987, p. 8.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Taylor, Drew (February 13, 2014). "10 Reasons Why The Original RoboCop Can't Be Beaten By The Remake". IndieWire. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  66. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 23, 38.
  67. ^ Warren 1987, p. 72.
  68. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 41.
  69. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 8–9, 24.
  70. ^ "Movies". Los Angeles Times. May 20, 1987. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  71. ^ a b c d Warren 1987, p. 20.
  72. ^ "RoboCop". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  73. ^ "RoboCop". Filmtracks.com. January 30, 2004. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  74. ^ "The 80 Greatest Movies Of The '80s". Sinfonia of London. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  75. ^ a b Sammon 1987, pp. 12, 15.
  76. ^ Niderost 1987c, pp. 46, 48.
  77. ^ a b c d Sammon 1987, p. 23.
  78. ^ a b c Niderost 1987, p. 23.
  79. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 23–24.
  80. ^ a b "50 Greatest Movie Make-Up Effects (Page 3)". GamesRadar+. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  81. ^ a b c d Sammon 1987, p. 39.
  82. ^ a b Sammon 1987, p. 40.
  83. ^ a b Bates 1987a, p. 23.
  84. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 32.
  85. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 31–32.
  86. ^ a b Niderost 1987, pp. 20–21.
  87. ^ a b c Bates 1987b, p. 19.
  88. ^ Niderost 1987, p. 22.
  89. ^ Niderost 1987, pp. 21–22.
  90. ^ Volk-Weiss 2021, 28:00.
  91. ^ a b Niderost 1987, pp. 22–23.
  92. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 27.
  93. ^ a b c d Cecchini, Mike (February 12, 2019). "RoboCop: The Franchise Of Diminishing Returns". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on May 14, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  94. ^ Bates 1987a, p. 18.
  95. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 26.
  96. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 19, 27.
  97. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 15.
  98. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 15–16.
  99. ^ a b Bates 1987a, p. 24.
  100. ^ a b c d Bates 1987c, p. 25.
  101. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 16.
  102. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 16, 40.
  103. ^ a b Sammon 1987, pp. 16, 19.
  104. ^ Sammon 1987, pp. 19–20.
  105. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 20.
  106. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 11.
  107. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 24.
  108. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 28.
  109. ^ Perman, Stacy (January 3, 2020). "His Props Starred In Hundreds Of Hollywood Movies And Tv Shows. Now He's Exiting The Stage After 42 Years". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
  110. ^ Sammon 1987, p. 12.
  111. ^ a b Sammon 1987, pp. 35–36.
  112. ^ a b c Mathews, Jack (April 23, 1987). "'Cop' Sequel Is Hottest Prospect For Summer Of '87". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  113. ^ Broeske, Pat H. (June 8, 1987). "Summer Screams--The Invasion Begins : See Superheroics!!! : Thrill To Mutants And Monsters!!! : Marvel At Technology Gone Mad!!! : Cringe At Fiendish Aliens!!!". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  114. ^ a b Harmetz, Aljean (September 9, 1987). "Summer Movies Set A Record". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  115. ^ a b c Maslin, Janet (September 13, 1987). "Film View; Summer's Portents Of Money And Sex". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  116. ^ a b c Maslin, Janet (August 2, 1987). "Film View; Summer Serves Up Its Sleepers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  117. ^ Mathews, Jack (July 7, 1987). "Always Expecting The Very Best From Stanley Kubrick". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  118. ^ Goldstein, Patrick; Pecchia, David (August 9, 1987). "The Buzz Biza Look At The 'Word' On This Summer's Movies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mathews, Jack (July 21, 1987). "The Marketing Of A Mechanical Hero". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2020. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
  120. ^ a b Murray, Noel (December 11, 2009). "Miguel Ferrer". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  121. ^ "RoboCop (1987)". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  122. ^ a b c d "RoboCop (1987)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  123. ^ a b c d "RoboCop (1987)". The Numbers. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  124. ^ a b "Domestic 1987 Weekend 29". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  125. ^ "Weekend Box Office". Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1987. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  126. ^ "Movies". Los Angeles Times. July 22, 1987. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  127. ^ "Domestic 1987 Weekend 30". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  128. ^ "RoboCop Is No. 1 Film Again At The Box Office". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 29, 1987. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  129. ^ "Domestic 1987 Weekend 31". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  130. ^ "Domestic Box Office For 1987". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  131. ^ a b Cieply, Michael (August 29, 1987). "Odd Script To Summer Film Season". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  132. ^ "Orion Pictures Corp. Announced A Turnaround, With...". Los Angeles Times. January 14, 1988. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  133. ^ "Cinemascore". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  134. ^ a b c d Rickey, Carrie (July 17, 1987). "A Clash Of Futuristic Cops And Robber Barons". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  135. ^ a b c Howe, Desson (July 17, 1987). "RoboCop (R)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 5, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  136. ^ a b c d e f g Kempley, Rita (July 17, 1987). "RoboCop (R)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  137. ^ a b c d Ebert, Roger (July 17, 1987). "RoboCop". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  138. ^ "RoboCop". Time Out. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  139. ^ a b c d e Graham, Pat (1987). "RoboCop". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  140. ^ a b c Sterritt, David (July 24, 1987). "Freeze Frames". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  141. ^ a b c d Wilmington, Michael (July 17, 1987). "Movie Reviews : High Marks For High Tech And High Style : RoboCop: Ferocious Touch Of High-energy Cleverness". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  142. ^ a b c d Kehr, Dave (July 17, 1987). "RoboCop Packs Little Power In Its Action Punch". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  143. ^ "RoboCop". Variety. January 1, 1987. Archived from the original on April 10, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
  144. ^ a b Goodman, Walter (August 16, 1987). "Film View; Prankster Pals: The Appeal Never Ages". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  145. ^ "The 59th Academy Awards 1987". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  146. ^ Merchan, George (December 14, 2010). "Cool Videos: The Oscars, Pee-Wee Herman, And RoboCop". JoBlo.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  147. ^ Maslin, Janet (April 13, 1988). "Review/Television; An Identity Crisis For The Oscars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
  148. ^ "Film Nominations 1988". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on February 28, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  149. ^ "Film Awards". SaturnAwards.org. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  150. ^ "RoboCop Leads In Nominations For Saturn Awards". Associated Press. April 7, 1988. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  151. ^ a b Billboard 1987, p. 58.
  152. ^ a b Hunt, Dennis (January 8, 1988). "At $89.95, Beverly Hills Cop II Is No Steal; HBO, Vestron Still Battling Over Platoon". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  153. ^ Hunt, Dennis (December 16, 1988). "A Tiny Step For Super VHS In A Big Market". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  154. ^ O'Conner, Patricia T. (January 31, 1988). "Home Video/New Releases". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  155. ^ Voland, John (February 18, 1988). "Video Charts : Rental Deja Vu". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  156. ^ Hunt, Dennis (March 17, 1988). "Video Charts : 'Cop' Out; 'Hill' Climbs". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  157. ^ Hunt, Dennis (February 5, 1988). "Cassette Supply Not Meeting Demand". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  158. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (July 17, 2014). "Happy Birthday RoboCop! Listen To Paul Verhoeven's DVD Commentary Plus Watch 'Siskel & Ebert' Review". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
  159. ^ a b c Gilchrist, Todd (October 16, 2007). "Double Dip Digest: RoboCop". IGN. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
  160. ^ "RoboCop: The Criterion Collection". IGN. December 7, 1999. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  161. ^ Drawbaugh, Ben (August 14, 2006). "What Happend [sic] To RoboCop On Blu-ray?". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  162. ^ "Sony To RoboCop: You're Terminated". Hi-Def Digest. August 13, 2006. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  163. ^ a b Bracke, Peter (October 10, 2007). "RoboCop". Hi-Def Digest. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  164. ^ "RoboCop Blu-ray". Blu-ray.com. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 19, 2022.
  165. ^ McCutcheon, David (August 31, 2010). "Robocop's Trilogy In HD". IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  166. ^ Shaffer, R.L. (October 22, 2010). "RoboCop Trilogy Blu-ray Review". IGN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  167. ^ "MGM Announces Year-Long 90th Anniversary Celebration". ComicMix. January 22, 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2022. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  168. ^ Squires, John (August 30, 2019). "Arrow Bringing Original RoboCop To Blu-ray In US & UK With Brand New Bonus Features". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  169. ^ Bowen, Chuck (December 5, 2019). "Review: Paul Verhoeven's RoboCop Gets An Arrow Video Blu-ray Steelbook". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
  170. ^ Duarte, M. Enois (April 3, 2022). "RoboCop - 4K Ultra HD Blu-Ray (Limited Edition)". Hi-Def Digest. Archived from the original on May 19, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  171. ^ Arrigo, Anthony (May 24, 2022). "RoboCop 4K Review: I'd Buy That For (More Than) A Dollar". Dread Central. Archived from the original on June 26, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  172. ^ a b c Jasper, Gavin (January 22, 2018). "The History Of RoboCop Comics". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  173. ^ Lloyd, Brian (April 24, 2020). "The 10 Best Sci-Fi Movie Posters Of All Time". Entertainment.ie. Archived from the original on February 22, 2024. Retrieved June 11, 2024.
  174. ^ "RoboCop". NPR. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  175. ^ Nicholson, Max (October 23, 2013). "NECA Unveils NES RoboCop Action Figure". IGN. Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  176. ^ Schedeen, Jesse (May 31, 2013). "RoboCop Is Back At Hot Toys". IGN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  177. ^ Moser, Cassidee (June 1, 2015). "Battle-Damaged RoboCop And Alex Murphy Figure Set Announced By Hot Toys". IGN. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  178. ^ a b Allan, Scoot (September 17, 2019). "10 Gifts For Fans Of RoboCop". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  179. ^ Saathoff, Evan (December 2, 2014). "Book Review: RoboCop: The Definitive History". Birth. Movies. Death. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  180. ^ Lussier, Germain (October 20, 2014). "See RoboCop Behind the Scenes Photos From New Official Book". /Film. Archived from the original on June 13, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  181. ^ Colburn, Randall (November 30, 2017). "The Enduring Appeal Of RoboCop For Game Boy's Sad, Shimmering Theme Song". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  182. ^ Luke, Cole (November 2, 2023). "When Is RoboCop: Rogue City Set? Timeline With The Films Explained". Radio Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2024.
  183. ^ Clark, Krystal (February 10, 2014). "Man Vs. Machine: Why 1987's RoboCop Was Awesome Then, And Is Iconic Now". Syfy. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  184. ^ Robertson 2008, pp. 219–220.
  185. ^ Riseman, Abraham (February 9, 2017). "30 Years Later, RoboCop Is More Relevant Than Ever". Vulture. Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  186. ^ a b c Landon 1987, p. 20.
  187. ^ Bradley 2008, p. 16.
  188. ^ Bradley 2008, p. 17.
  189. ^ Žižek 1992, p. 22.
  190. ^ a b Leary, John Patrick (June 2, 2014). "Austerity Economics Is Like A Kick In The Groin". Guernica. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  191. ^ Leader 1996, pp. 27–29.
  192. ^ Joy, Oliver (July 25, 2013). "RoboCop Creator: Detroit Shows The Film's Fictional Future Is Upon Us". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  193. ^ a b c "The 25 Greatest Action Films Ever!". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  194. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 5, 1993). "RoboCop 3". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
  195. ^ Niderost 1987d, p. 36.
  196. ^ Tobias, Scott (June 1, 2020). "Total Recall at 30: A Thrilling Reminder Of Paul Verhoeven At His Best". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.
  197. ^ Gilchrist, Todd (June 28, 2012). "Why RoboCop, 'Total Recall' Villain Ronny Cox Hates Remakes: 'Those Films Hold Up Pretty Damn Well'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  198. ^ Blaine, Lucas (November 20, 2020). "RoboCop Needs A New Video Game". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  199. ^ Wold, Scott; et al. (June 17, 2021). "The 100 Greatest Movie Robots Of All Time". Paste. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  200. ^ Fillani, Alessandro (May 7, 2020). "Mortal Kombat 11's Next DLC Character Is RoboCop, Reprised By Original Actor Peter Weller". GameSpot. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  201. ^ Tatum, Jasmine (January 31, 2014). "Promo: The Trailer Breakdown of the New "RoboCop"". Complex. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  202. ^ Knight, Rosie (November 7, 2017). "9 Perfect Practical Effects Moments From The Films Of Paul Verhoeven". Nerdist. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  203. ^ Sciretta, Peter (April 24, 2014). "Cool Stuff: Hot Toys RoboCop ED-209 Sixth Scale Figure". /Film. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  204. ^ Orbesen, James (February 20, 2014). "The RoboCop Rule: When Remakes Have More Killing, But Less Gore". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  205. ^ Blaine, Lucas (July 15, 2021). "Four Things RoboCop: Rogue City Can Do To Please Fans". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  206. ^ McCormick, Colin (July 20, 2021). "Yippee Ki-Yay: 10 Best Action Movie Catchphrases Of All Time, Ranked". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  207. ^ Chacksfield, Marc (March 15, 2021). "30 Action Hero One-liners: The Best Action Hero Quotes". ShortList. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  208. ^ Child, Ben (July 9, 2012). "Has RoboCop Remake Malfunctioned By Rebuilding ED-209?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  209. ^ Draven, Derek (July 29, 2021). "RoboCop: The 15 Funniest Quotes From The 1987 Film". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  210. ^ McFarland, Kevin (March 5, 2012). "Family Guy: "Burning Down The Bayit"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  211. ^ Fowler, Matt (August 6, 2015). "Top 10 It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia Episodes". IGN. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  212. ^ "Red Dwarf IV - The Chaos Continues On DVD In February". BBC News. January 9, 2004. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  213. ^ Longo, Chris (October 30, 2019). "South Park: Ranking The Best Halloween Episodes". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  214. ^ Stubbs, Dan (February 5, 2021). "'The Simpsons' – 'Treehouse Of Horror XXXI' Recap: 'Toy Story' Parodied, The Simpsons Go CGI And Homer Is An Anti-masker". NME. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  215. ^ Harrison, Mark (September 5, 2014). "15 Hidden Gems From The Last 15 Years Of The Simpsons". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  216. ^ Sheppard, Rob (October 30, 2017). "Why The Hot Shots! Movies Are the Last Great Spoofs". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  217. ^ Reisman, Abraham (March 28, 2018). "Here Are All the References In Ready Player One". Vulture. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  218. ^ Spector, Warren (December 6, 2000). "Postmortem: Ion Storm's Deus Ex". Game Developer. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  219. ^ Misra, Ria (February 12, 2014). "Was Deus Ex: Human Revolution A Re-Imagining Of RoboCop?". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
  220. ^ Gill, Patrick (March 27, 2020). "7 Unlikely Inspirations For Doom Eternal". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  221. ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (May 6, 2020). "Mortal Kombat 11 Is Getting Story DLC And Three New Playable Characters - Including RoboCop". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  222. ^ Rossen, Jake (February 22, 2017). "An Oral History Of Nintendo's Power Glove". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  223. ^ Weiss, Josh (February 21, 2019). "RoboCop Is KFC's New Colonel And He'll Kill You If You Ask About The Secret Recipe". Syfy. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  224. ^ Stanley, T.L. (March 16, 2020). "RoboCop, A Ninja Turtle And A Transformer Are All Back In Action To… Sell Insurance?". Adweek. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  225. ^ Miska, Brad (July 18, 2019). "'RoboDoc: The Creation Of RoboCop Sneak Peek Recounts The Death Of Murphy [Video]". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  226. ^ Miska, Brad (July 18, 2017). "Peter Weller Refused To Partake In This Awesome RoboCop Documentary". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  227. ^ Pirrello, Phil (August 28, 2023). "RoboDoc: The Creation Of RoboCop Sneak Peek Celebrates The Amazing Special Effects Team [Exclusive]". Collider. Archived from the original on August 28, 2023. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  228. ^ Suebsaeng, Asawin (August 29, 2013). "Behind The Saga To Bring A Giant RoboCop Statue To Detroit". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  229. ^ Hinds, Julie (January 14, 2020). "Detroit's RoboCopStatue, A Magnificent Obsession For 9 Years Now, Is Nearly Done". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
  230. ^ Hertzfeld, Laura (April 4, 2012). "Detroit Getting RoboCop Statue". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  231. ^ Rubin, Neal (January 21, 2022). "Detroit's RoboCop Has Been Moved — And He's Almost Ready For His Close-Up". The Detroit News. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  232. ^ Burgin, Michael (November 13, 2018). "The 100 Best Sci-Fi Movies Of All Time". Paste. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  233. ^ "Top 100 Sci-Fi Movies". IGN. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  234. ^ Fischer, Russ. "The 50 Greatest Sci-Fi Films Of All Time". Thrillist. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  235. ^ Travis, Ben; White, James (May 27, 2020). "The 50 Greatest Sci-Fi Movies". Empire. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  236. ^ Shepherd, Jack (2020). "The 30 Best Sci-fi Movies Of All Time". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  237. ^ "150 Essential Sci-Fi Movies To Watch Now". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  238. ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (October 19, 2015). "50 Brilliant Science Fiction Movies That Everyone Should See At Least Once". io9. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  239. ^ a b Rothkopf, Joshua; Huddleston, Tom (April 5, 2019). "The 101 Best Action Movies Ever Made". Time Out. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  240. ^ a b "The 60 Best Action Movies". Empire. October 1, 2016. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  241. ^ "The 80 Greatest Movies Of The '80s". Consequence of Sound. July 2, 2019. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  242. ^ Chacksfield, Marc (September 9, 2020). "Best '80s Movies: The Greatest Films Of The 1980s". ShortList. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  243. ^ de Semlyen, Phil; Nugent, John; Thrower, Emma; White, James; Williams, Owen; Jolin, Dan (May 11, 2016). "The 80 Best '80s Movies: 39-1". Empire. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  244. ^ Barone, Matt; Gallagher, Brendan; Topscher, Greg; Serafino, Jason; Wood, Jennifer; Monroe, Justin; Scarano, Ross; Aquino, Tara (February 16, 2018). "The 50 Best '80s Movies". Complex. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  245. ^ Pirrello, Phil (March 8, 2019). "The Best 80s Sci-Fi Movies". Collider. Archived from the original on January 13, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  246. ^ Banks, Alec (2020). "68 Classic '80s Movies Every Highsnobiety Reader Should See". Highsnobiety. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  247. ^ "RoboCop (1987)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2023. Edit this at Wikidata
  248. ^ "200 Essential Movies To Watch Now". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  249. ^ "200 Essential Movies To Watch Now". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
  250. ^ "RoboCop (1987)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
  251. ^ "The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made". The New York Times. April 29, 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  252. ^ "The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time". Empire. October 3, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  253. ^ Knight, Rosie (January 8, 2019). "Captain Marvel Directors On How The Original RoboCop Inspired Their Film". Nerdist.com. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  254. ^ Newby, Richard (June 2, 2018). "How 'Upgrade' Stands On The Shoulders Of RoboCop". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  255. ^ "RoboCop". The Criterion Collection. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  256. ^ Fowler, Matt (April 18, 2020). "James Gunn Recommends 54 Action Movies To Cure The Quarantine Blues". IGN. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  257. ^ Goldberg 1988, pp. 25, 72.
  258. ^ "First Off . . ". Los Angeles Times. August 7, 1987. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  259. ^ Klady, Leonard (November 1, 1987). "Sequels: A Follow-Up". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  260. ^ Goldberg 1988, p. 72.
  261. ^ Renyolds, Andrew (May 21, 2013). "Looking back At RoboCop 2". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  262. ^ "RoboCop 2". Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  263. ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (August 13, 1990). "The Media Business; Orion Sees Its Financial Star Fade". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  264. ^ Lambie, Ryan (September 26, 2012). "10 Remarkable Things About RoboCop 3". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  265. ^ a b Kit, Borys (November 20, 2019). "Robocop Returns Lands 'Little Monsters' Director Abe Forsythe (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  266. ^ "MGM To Get Orion Assets". United Press International. July 10, 1997. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  267. ^ Birrell, Mark (June 3, 2020). "5 Reasons Why RoboCop 2014 Isn't As Bad As People Say It Is (& 5 Reasons It Is)". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  268. ^ Turney, Drew (September 1, 2020). "Screenwriter Ed Neumeier On Disguising 'Tougher Issues' Behind Genre And RoboCop Returns' Future". Syfy. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  269. ^ Chilton, Louis (November 21, 2019). "New RoboCop Movie Will Be A Direct Sequel To The Original". Radio Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2022.

Works cited

Books

Journals

Magazines

Other

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RoboCop&oldid=1245295615"