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Rimini–San Marino railway

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Rimini–San Marino railway
A train at Valdragone looking towards Monte Titano
Overview
Native nameFerrovia Rimini–San Marino
StatusPartially operational as heritage railway
Locale
Termini
Stations10
Service
TypeHeavy rail
Operator(s)Società Veneto-Emiliana di Ferrovie e Tramvie
Depot(s)Rimini Marina
Rolling stockCarminati & Toselli [it] 1931
History
Opened13 June 1932 (1932-06-13)
Closed
  • 23 November 1943 (1943-11-23) (Rimini–Rimini Colonnella)
  • 26 June 1944 (1944-06-26) (Domagnano–San Marino)
  • 11 July 1944 (1944-07-11) (Rimini Colonnella–Domagnano)
Reopened21 July 2012 (2012-07-21) (as heritage railway)
Technical
Line length31.4 km (19.5 mi)
Number of tracks1
Track gauge950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in)
Electrification3,000 V DC
Operating speed36 km/h (22 mph)
Highest elevation642.8 m (2,109 ft)
Route map

Legend
km
MSL
Metromare to Rimini Fiera (planned)
Bologna–Ancona railway
Ferrara–Rimini railway
31.5
 Rimini Centrale/Rimini
4
Rimini–Novafeltria railway (
1922-
1960
)
Ausa
 Kennedy
OGR Rimini [it]
30.2
 Rimini Marina
(closed 1933)
3
Bologna–Ancona railway
Metromare to Riccione
Via Flaminia
 Rimini Colonella
(
1943-
1944
)
21.7
 Coriano-Cerasolo
50
Italy
San Marino
border
 Ausa
(
San Marino
Italy
border)
Italy
San Marino
border
Ausa
Ausa
17.9
 Dogana
67
Poggio di Serravalle tunnel
Sant'Andrea tunnel
15.0
 Serravalle
134
Cà Vir tunnel
Lisignano tunnel
Cà Giannino tunnel
Cà Gozi tunnel
9.5
 Domagnano-Montelupo
314
Cerbaiola tunnel
Fonte Vecchia tunnel
7.0
 Valdragone
392
Valdragona tunnel
Calintuffo tunnel
Santa Maria tunnel
3.8
 Borgo Maggiore
493
Borgo tunnel
Montalbo tunnel
Piagge tunnel
Via Plana tunnel
limit of restored section
Montale tunnel
limit of restored section
0.0
 San Marino
643

The Rimini–San Marino railway was a 31.5-kilometre (19.6-mile) electrified narrow-gauge railway that connected Rimini, Italy, with the City of San Marino, Republic of San Marino.

The line was operational for twelve years between 1932 and 1944. A significant engineering feat of its time, it included seventeen tunnels, three bridges, and three viaducts to negotiate the steep terrain.[1][2][3] During the Second World War, the line was bombed and closed,[1][2] after which its tunnels sheltered refugees during the Battles of Rimini and San Marino.[4][5] After the war, the railway was abandoned in favour of the SS72 state road, San Marino Highway, and Funivia di San Marino.[5][6]

In 2012, an 800-metre (1⁄2-mile) section was reopened as a heritage railway in San Marino, running between Piazzale della Stazione and near Via Napoleone.[7] The restored section comprises the original railway's final horseshoe turn through the 502-metre (1,647-foot) Montale tunnel.[8][9]

Despite its short operational history, the Rimini–San Marino railway retains an important place in Sammarinese culture and history,[6] and has featured on Sammarinese postal stamps.[10][11][12] Both the Sammarinese and Italian governments have expressed interest in reopening the line.[7][13][14][15][16]

History

Background

In the early 20th century, San Marino was poorly connected to Romagna and the surrounding Italian countryside. The journey to Rimini, the nearest Italian city on the Adriatic coast, would take three hours by horse, and up to five hours by mule or ox in the winter.[6] From 1913, an intercity bus connected Rimini with the City of San Marino in just over an hour.[12]

In 1905,[17] during planning for a railway line along the Marecchia valley to transport sulphur from the mines in Perticara [it], a hamlet near Novafeltria, to Rimini's port,[6][18] San Marino indicated it would pay 50,000 lire for a station on Italian territory near its western border.[17] Thus, in 1921, the Rimini–Novafeltria railway was extended from Verucchio to Torello, on the other side of the international border from Gualdicciolo in San Marino's west.[18] This provided San Marino its first railway station, albeit located in Italian territory.[6]

In 1922, under the commission of the Sammarinese government, the engineer Alberto Quartara presented plans for a railway line between Rimini and the City of San Marino.[6][19] In August 1926, after an impromptu visit to San Marino while on holiday in Riccione, Benito Mussolini, Italy's dictator, suggested that a railway line could run from Rimini to Serravalle. He was persuaded by Giuliano Gozi, San Marino's de facto leader, that the line could run into the city,[6][19][20] providing the final impetus for the railway's construction.[21]

Construction

A plaque in the Montale tunnel commemorates three miners who died during its construction, August 2017.

On 26 March 1927, the governments of Italy and San Marino signed an agreement to build a railway between the City of San Marino and Rimini.[5][13][6] Following the conclusion of the tendering process, on 23 November 1928,[20] its construction and operation were entrusted to the Società Veneto-Emiliana di Ferrovie e Tramvie (SVEFT),[5][13][6] whose contract was worth 38 million lire. The railway line was designed by Filippo Tajani of the Polytechnic University of Milan.[6][12]

The cost of the project was borne entirely by the Italian state,[5][6] which would exclusively own the entire line for twenty-five years, after which the Sammarinese government would acquire ownership of its section.[6] In return for building the railway, San Marino allowed the Italian government the exclusive right to install and operate a radio station on its territory for ten years.[22] Mussolini had feared that a foreign power could install a radio station in San Marino to propagate anti-fascist propaganda.[20]

The first stone of San Marino's railway station was laid on 3 December 1928.[3][6][12][23] The project required 3,000 workers,[5][23][3][6] who worked eight hours a day in three shifts of 1,000 men.[20][12] Operations were managed from the elementary school in Borgo Maggiore, which housed offices and dormitories.[20] 30 tons of dynamite and 20,000 tons of cement were used to build the railway.[3][23] The section to Borgo Maggiore was completed first, followed by the section to the international border, and finally the section to Rimini.[12] Three miners died during the construction of the Montale tunnel.[12]

Opening and operation

The opening ceremony on 12 June 1932

The Rimini–San Marino railway was inaugurated at Dogana's railway station on 12 June 1932 by Constanzo Ciano, Italy's Minister for Communications.[5][12][23][3][20] Services began the following day.[23][3] At its peak, the railway line employed 24 workers. It was popular among tourists.[1] As well as transporting passengers, the line transported salt, tobacco, and Sammarinese lire that were minted in Rome.[6][20]

With the outbreak of the Second World War, during which San Marino remained neutral while Italy fought for the Axis powers, the trains were fitted with covers to dim their headlights and internal lamps.[1] Because fuel shortages and the requisition of private vehicles reduced the availability of private travel,[6] the railway remained popular among Rimini's residents, who could use the line to evade food rations by importing into Italy food that they exported to San Marino.[1][6] As the war continued, carriages on the line were requistioned, and the service was temporarily reduced to two trains per day to save energy. In the winter of 1942, heavy snowfall stopped the service for a week.[1]

Bombing and closure

The railway line in Rimini's city centre was damaged by Allied aerial bombardment on 26 and 27 November 1943. Two bombs that struck the Rimini Marina depot did not detonate.[1] From then, the route was shortened to a flagman's booth by the Via Flaminia, which was reclassified as a stop.[1][12][13]

On 26 June 1944, the railway was damaged by the Allied bombing of San Marino between Domagnano and Valdragone.[4][12][23] Trains continued to run regular services between Domagnano and Rimini Colonnella until 4 July 1944.[7][12][13] On 11 July 1944,[1][23] the final locomotive and carriages were sheltered in the Cà Vir tunnel to save them from further bombings.[1][2][4][12]

Even before the railway's closure,[12] the tunnels had become shelters for refugees from Italy,[1][2][5][6][24] with mezzanines installed to increase their capacity.[6] An official report noted the poor breathability in an 850-metre (0.53-mile) section in Valdragone, in which 3,000 refugees sheltered. Two children died in a stampede at a tunnel in Serravalle on 6 September 1944.[24] Meanwhile, the trains were used as hospitals,[25] including during an outbreak of typhus in autumn 1944, after San Marino's liberation.[21]

After the war, amid uncertainty about whether the line would be rebuilt, the railway line and rolling stock were expropriated by local residents.[6] In 1948, the post-war Italian government declared that it was not obliged to rebuild the line as a result of the fascist regime's agreements.[1] It was ultimately decided to replace the railway line with the SS72 state road and San Marino Highway.[5][6] The Italian section was completely dismantled between 1958 and 1960.[5][13][3] Much of the route between Rimini and Cerasolo was either turned into local roads or returned to farmland.[26] In San Marino, the embankment between Serravalle and Domagnano was renovated into a pedestrian path through a public park, Parco Laiala.[3][13]

Despite the railway's closure, it has never been officially decommissioned:[3] a 1953 bilateral agreement between the Italian and Sammarinese governments describes the railway as "suspended" by the Second World War.[27]

Partial restoration

White-Blue Train
Treno Bianco-Azzurro
The restored AB-03 electric locomotive in front of the Montale tunnel, September 2015
LocaleCity of San Marino
Commercial operations
NameRimini–San Marino railway
Built bySocietà Veneto-Emiliana di Ferrovie e Tramvie
Original gauge950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in)
Original electrification3,000 V DC
Preserved operations
Operated byAssociazione Treno Bianco Azzurro
Stations1
Length800 m (0.50 mi)
Preserved gauge950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in)
Preserved electrification480 V DC
Commercial history
Opened13 June 1932 (1932-06-13)
Closed11 July 1944 (1944-07-11)
2012Re-opened in the Montale tunnel

On 10 June 2011, the Associazione Treno Bianco Azzurro (White-Blue Train Association) was founded to conserve the history of the railway line and promote its reopening.[5] Two days earlier, two convoys were extracted from inside the Montale tunnel after 68 years.[2]

In 2012, an 800-metre (1⁄2-mile) section of the railway was restored in the City of San Marino, running from near the old station at Piazzale della Stazione to near Via Napoleone.[7] An original Carminati & Toselli [it] AB-03 electromotive, which was preserved in the Montale tunnel, was taken to Rome, where it was restored and refurbished.[5][7][25] The first tourist heritage railway ran on the restored section on 21 July 2012.[2][13] The railway opens for scheduled visits and rides during holiday seasons.[28][29]

Future development

The government of San Marino supports restoring the line between the City of San Marino and Borgo Maggiore.[13][7] In December 2022, Federico Pedini Amati, San Marino's Secretary of State for Tourism, reiterated that restoring the line between Borgo Maggiore and San Marino was a "political obligation".[14] By September 2023, the Sammarinese government had authorised extending the restored section into Piazzale della Stazione.[30]

In June 2012, Stefano Vitali [it], President of the province of Rimini, suggested that the line could be restored using buses or trams, similar to the Trasporto Rapido Costiero. He hypothesised that it could cost up to 40 million euros. Vitali said that the reopening of the transport corridor could provide benefits to regional tourism while relieving congestion and improving road safety along the San Marino Highway, which Vitali noted was among the most dangerous in Italy.[16] In November 2020, Rimini's municipal government suggested that the line could be restored as a cycle corridor to San Marino, especially the section that is more easily recoverable past Via Coriano on Rimini's outskirts.[31]

On 2 September 2022, Amati and Massimo Garavaglia, Italy's Minister of Tourism, announced that their governments had begun preliminary processes to reopen the line in its entirety. It was envisaged that the first phase would reactivate the Sammarinese section, followed by the section to Cerasolo, and finally the section to Rimini.[15] In November 2022, Italy's Ministry of Tourism made 2 million euros available for the feasibility study.[32]

Route

The route map from a SVEFT publication in 1926

The railway began at platform 1, east of Rimini's railway station. It continued adjacent to the Bologna–Ancona railway until Rimini Marina station, on Via Giovanni Pascoli, where the line curved west.[5][12][13][21] At the time of its operation, the railway crossed the Torrente Ausa for the first time just south of Rimini's railway station: the Ausa was only diverted northwards to empty into the Marecchia in the 1960s.[33]

After Rimini Marina, the railway crossed the Via Flaminia along the present-day Via Edelweiss Rodriguez Senior.[1][12] The route continued in a straight line until reaching the banks of the Ausa by Cerasolo, where, after Coriano-Cerasolo station, it turned right along the Ausa.[21][26]

The railway bisected San Marino along the present-day Strada dei Censiti/Strada degli Ascrittizi in Rovereta,[26] but was considered properly in Sammarinese territory only after crossing the Ausa at the Mellini Border Bridge.[6][21] From there, the line turned left as it entered Dogana. The first helical tunnel was sited between the stations of Dogana and Serravalle. After Serravalle, the line turned left to make a horseshoe turn past the village of Fiorina, and made a second horseshoe turn before reaching the railway station of Domagnano.[26] After the station of Valdragone, the line made three horseshoe turns to reach the station of Borgo Maggiore.[21][26] The final helical tunnel was located between Borgo Maggiore and the City of San Marino, and the line ended after a final horseshoe turn into the city's railway station.[26]

The railway was 31.4 kilometres (19.5 miles) in length, of which 19.81 kilometres (12.31 miles) were in Sammarinese territory.[5][6] The train started 3 metres (9.8 feet) above sea level in Rimini, and finished 642.8 metres (2,109 feet) above sea level in San Marino.[3][5][6] The average gradient in the Italian section was 4.3%, compared to sections reaching a gradient of 45% in the Sammarinese section.[6]

The restored section comprises the final horseshoe turn through the 502-metre (1,647-foot) Montale tunnel.[8][9] Its total length is 800 metres (1⁄2 mile), running between Piazzale della Stazione and near Via Napoleone.[7]

Features

Technical

The line was 31.4 kilometres (19.5 miles) long,[20] and used a 950 mm (3 ft 1+3⁄8 in) narrow gauge.[2][5] It was electrified at 3,000 volts DC.[13][2] The overhead contact wire was supported by tubular metal poles with hot-dip galvanised tubular brackets; its height was 6 metres (20 feet), reduced to 4.5 metres (15 feet) in the tunnelled sections.[20] The only substation along the line was located in Dogana.[12]

The restored section is electrified at 480 volts DC.[13][7]

The AB-03 locomotive, September 2015

Rolling stock

The line was served by four electric locomotives built in 1931 by Carminati & Toselli [it] of Milan, with electrical equipment by TIBB.[1][34][35][36] The locomotives were capable of reaching 65 km/h (40 mph),[1] but ran at approximately 31 km/h (19 mph) in the Sammarinese section.[12] Only locomotives AB-01, badly damaged and awaiting restoration, and AB-03, which was restored, survive.[34][37] Locomotives AB-02 and AB-04 were sold to the Genova–Casella railway, though the latter was damaged in an arson attack while still sheltered in a Sammarinese tunnel.[12][37] The motors of both locomotives were used on the former rolling stock of the Trento–Malè–Mezzana railway.[12]

The carriages provided first-class and economy seating in different arrangements, and some carriages included a postal compartment.[5][20][34][36] All wagons were equipped with pneumatic brakes.[20] The livery was in the Sammarinese colours of white and blue.[4] In 1938, the luggage areas in some classes were modified into third-class seating.[1] One AB-51 carriage survives on the viaduct between Fontevecchia and Valdragone;[2][12][34] it was restored in 1983 and again in the 2000s.[2]

The rolling stock was serviced from a depot adjacent to Rimini Marina station.[35] The depot also housed snowplows, which could be mounted onto electric motors to clear the line after heavy snowfall.[20]

Services

There were between four and ten services per day.[5][23] The journey would last between 53 and 67 minutes,[3][4][12][13][6][23] with fares ranging from 7.50 lire in economy to 12.40 lire in first class.[23][3] Each service included a train crew of a conductor and an engineer. Some services included a brakeman at the rear of the train.[20]

The Montale tunnel, September 2015

Infrastructure

The railway line included seventeen tunnels, of which two were helical,[5][13][6] as well as three bridges, three viaducts, an overpass, and an underpass.[5][13] It was considered a significant engineering feat at its time.[1][2][3]

Most of the viaducts and stations are still extant.[2] The Mellini Border Bridge, which crossed the Torrente Ausa near Rovereta, was demolished after the closure of the line. The Bustrach Viaduct, located after Borgo Maggiore's railway station, was dismantled in the 1960s to widen the San Marino Highway.[1]

Tunnels of the Rimini–San Marino railway[9][26][38]
Tunnel Length Current state and notes
Montale 502 m (1,647 ft) Restored and operational. The inside curve has a radius of 109 metres (358 feet) and a length of 421 metres (1,381 feet).
Via Plana 92 m (302 ft)
Piagge 515 m (1,690 ft) Helical
Montalbo 185 m (607 ft) In use as a pedestrian walkway
Borgo 173 m (568 ft) In use as a pedestrian walkway
Santa Maria 697 m (2,287 ft)
Calintuffo 186 m (610 ft)
Valdragona 43 m (141 ft)
Fonte Vecchia 92 m (302 ft)
Cerbaiola 51 m (167 ft)
Cà Gozi 126 m (413 ft)
Cà Giannino 250 m (820 ft)
Lisignano 246 m (807 ft) In use as a pedestrian walkway
Cà Vir 78 m (256 ft)
Sant'Andrea 258 m (846 ft) In use as a single-lane road
Poggio di Serravalle 367 m (1,204 ft) Helical

Stations

At the time of the railway's construction, stations without freight-handling capacity were classified as stops, namely: Rimini Marina, Rimini Colonella, Coriano-Cerasolo, Dogana, Domagnano-Montelupo, and Valdragone.[20]

Rimini railway station

Main article: Rimini railway station

Opened in 1861, and rebuilt in 1914, Rimini railway station is sited on the Bologna–Ancona railway, and interchanges with the Ferrara–Rimini railway [it]. The Rimini–San Marino railway began at platform 1, at the eastern end of Rimini's railway station.[5][13] Services to San Marino from Rimini's railway station ceased from 27 November 1943.[1][12][13]

At the time of the Rimini–San Marino railway's operation, platform 1 was less than 150 metres (490 feet) from the Rimini Centrale [it] terminus of the Rimini–Novafeltria railway, which operated between 1916 and 1960.[18][39] To distinguish Rimini's railway station from other minor stations in Rimini's city centre, it was sometimes called 'Rimini Stato'.[27]

Rimini Marina railway station

Rimini Marina railway station was located on Via Giovanni Pascoli,[40][41] and was the largest station after Rimini on the Rimini–San Marino railway.[5] The station comprised three buildings built between 1926 and 1932: a passenger building of approximately 100 m2 (1,100 sq ft), a depot of approximately 430 m2 (4,600 sq ft), and a workshop of approximately 2,450 m2 (26,400 sq ft).[40][41]

During the Allied aerial bombardment of Rimini on 26 and 27 November 1943, two bombs that hit the depot did not detonate.[1] Services to Rimini Marina ceased following the bombardment.[1][12][13]

The depot was demolished after sustaining significant wartime damage,[5][13] while the former station building was turned into a driving test centre.[5] In the 1970s, the municipal council freely conceded the building to a social cooperative, which has used it as a flower cultivation centre and a nursery.[5][12][40][41] In January 2023, the municipal government announced that its three-year Public Works Plan included rebuilding the depot building and renovating the extant buildings and surrounding area into a historical-cultural centre.[40][41]

Rimini Colonnella railway station

Rimini Colonnella railway station was located at the level crossing of the Rimini–San Marino railway with the Via Flaminia. Initially only a flagman's booth, it was reclassified as a stop and became the railway's Rimini terminus from 27 November 1943.[1][12][13] The booth was the only manned level crossing on the railway line: the other ninety intersections were unattended or secured using padlocks by the owners of the adjacent farmland.[12][21][20]

The booth is still extant on Via Edelweiss Rodriguez Senior.[13] In May 2022, as part of the surrounding area's regeneration, Rimini's municipal council requested that the building be transferred from state property to local control.[42]

Coriano-Cerasolo railway station

Coriano-Cerasolo railway station was located in Cerasolo, a frazione of Coriano. The surrounding area is better known as Cerasolo Ausa, 250 metres (820 feet) south of the Torrente Ausa and 1.2 kilometres (0.75 miles) from Cerasolo's castle. Despite its name, the station was located some 6.2 kilometres (3.9 miles) from the centre of Coriano, measured from the town's church.[43]

The station building still exists and is residential property.[12] A restaurant in Cerasolo Ausa in the 1970s was called Vecchia Stazione ('Old Station'),[44] which remains the name of the nearest bus stop.[45][46]

Dogana railway station

Dogana railway station was located just off Via Consiglio dei Sessanta, the road that connected Rimini and San Marino before the San Marino Highway.[26] The station building still exists and hosts the Catholic Guide and Scout Association of San Marino.[12]

Serravalle railway station

Serravalle railway station was located on Via Carlo Padiglione, at the western end of the town.[26] The track was doubled at the station, which included a goods warehouse.[20] The station building still exists and is residential property.[12]

Domagnano-Montelupo railway station

Domagnano-Montelupo railway station was located just off Via Francesco Flora, at the northern end of Domagnano.[26] The foundations at the rear of the station building collapsed shortly after its construction; despite being reinforced by concrete in the 1930s, the inclination remained.[47][48]

In 2008, the Sammarinese government gifted the derelict station building to La Genga, a hiker's association, who renovated the building and made it its headquarters. Some abandoned freight wagons are still present in the vicinity of the station.[47][48]

Valdragone railway station

Valdragone railway station was located on Via Ovella.[26] The station building still exists and is residential property.[12]

Borgo Maggiore railway station

Borgo Maggiore railway station was located on the present-day Via Ventotto Luglio, near Borgo Maggiore's elementary school and less than 100 metres (330 feet) downhill from the present-day Borgo Maggiore terminus of the San Marino cablecar system.[13][26]

The station was double-tracked, with one short track on the Rimini side serving the station's goods warehouse.[20] After the line's closure, the railway station was demolished and became a car park.[3][12][26]

Piazzale della Stazione, the site of San Marino's former railway station, July 2014

San Marino railway station

San Marino railway station was located on the present-day Piazzale della Stazione.[26] The station included a first-class passenger building, a goods warehouse, a locomotive shed with a small workshop, and a dormitory.[20] After the line's closure, the railway station was demolished and became a car park.[3][12][26]

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Giardi, Davide (28 February 2013). "Breve storia della Ferrovia" [Brief history of the railway]. libertas (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "C'era una volta la ferrovia Rimini-San Marino" [Once upon a time there was the Rimini-San Marino railway]. RiminiToday (in Italian). 12 February 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b c d e Pagammo, Lussi (20 April 2019). "Il glorioso trenino bianco-azzurro riparte dall'elettromotrice 'AB-03' per unire Rimini a San Marino" [The glorious white-blue train restarts from the 'AB-03' electromotive to connect Rimini to San Marino]. Riminiduepuntozero (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
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  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Giuliani-Balestrino, Maria Clotilde (2005). "La superstrada Rimini-San Marino" [The Rimini-San Marino railway] (PDF). Studi e Ricerche di Geografia (in Italian). 29 (1): 1–4.
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  8. ^ a b Vilmos, Oszter (12 August 2012). "Kis ország, kis( )vasút" [Small country, small railway]. Indóház Online (in Hungarian). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  9. ^ a b c "Galleria 'Montale': ex-ferrovia Rimini-San Marino" ['Montale' Tunnel: Rimini-San Marino ex-railway]. sdaprogetti.it (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  10. ^ Bolaffi, Giulio (19 November 1965). "Perché i francobolli di San Marino sono tanto aumentati di valore" [Why stamps of San Marino have increased in value so greatly]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 11. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  11. ^ "Decreto Delegato 14 febbraio 2018 n.16" [Delegated decree 14 February 2018 number 16]. Grand and General Council (in Italian). 14 February 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Piccioni, Elisabetta (April 2011). "Il Viaggio Interrotto: La Ferrovia Elettrica Rimini–San Marino" [The Interrupted Journey: The Rimini–San Marino Electric Railway]. I Martedì (in Italian) (292). Bologna: Centro San Domenico: 18–22.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "...e corre, corre, corre la locomotiva" [...And the locomotive runs, runs, runs.]. San Marino Fixing (in Italian). 17 October 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  14. ^ a b "'La Ferrovia Elettrica San Marino-Rimini', il libro che celebra i 90 anni del Treno Bianco Azzurro, presentato alla Reggenza" ["The San Marino-Rimini Electric Railway", the book celebrating the 90 years of the White and Blue Train, is presented to the Regency]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). 28 December 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  15. ^ a b Barducci, Giacomo (2 September 2022). "San Marino: torna il Treno Bianco Azzurro" [San Marino: The White and Blue Train returns]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  16. ^ a b "L'idea: ripristinare la ferrovia tra Rimini e San Marino" [The idea: Restore the railway between Rimini and San Marino]. Il Resto del Carlino (in Italian). 28 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Ferrovia Rimini-Novafeltria-e oltre, nell'interesse anche di San Marino" [Rimini-Novafeltria railway and beyond: Also in San Marino's interests]. libertas (in Italian). 10 January 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  18. ^ a b c "18 giugno 1922 - Completata la ferrovia Rimini - Novafeltria" [18 June 1922: The Rimini-Novafeltria railway is completed]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 17 June 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  19. ^ a b Bosi, Giovanni (24 May 2012). "Rimini - San Marino, la (ex) ferrovia rimasta nel cuore" [Rimini-San Marino: The (ex-)railway that has remained in the heart]. www.turismoitalianews.it (in Italian). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Macina, Chiara (14 September 2015). "Il Trenino Biancazzurro: le caratteristiche" [The White-Blue Train: Characteristics]. Zoomma (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g "Le vecchie Stazioni" [The old stations]. Hotel Cattolica (in Italian). Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  22. ^ "Storia della Radiotelevisione italiana: San Marino RTV da privata a pubblica" [Story of Radiotelevisione Italiana: San Marino RTV from private to public]. Newslinet (in Italian). 20 October 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "La Storia" [History]. byTrain San Marino (in Italian). Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  24. ^ a b Masi, Paola, ed. (2016). Identità Sammarinese: Riflessioni sulla libertà e la democrazia fra politica, storia, cultura [Sammarinese Identity: Reflections on Liberty and Democracy through Politics, History, and Culture] (PDF) (in Italian). Reppublica di San Marino: La Società Dante Alighieri. pp. 125–132.
  25. ^ a b Rastelli, Stefano (3 March 2013). "Tutta la Storia del Treno Bianco Azzurro" [All the history of the White and Blue Train]. Duegi Editrice (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Ferrovia Rimini-S. Marino (RSM)" [Rimini-San Marino (RSM) Railway]. Ferrovie abbandonate. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  27. ^ a b Radigheri, Marcello (15 January 2016). "Lo strano caso della linea ferroviaria fantasma tra Rimini e San Marino" [The strange case of the phantom railway line between Rimini and San Marino]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Viaggia sul treno bianco azzurro" [Travel on the White-Blue Train]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  29. ^ Giardi, Davide (10 April 2023). "A San Marino un successo l'apertura pasquale Treno Bianco Azzurro" [San Marino: The Easter opening of the White-Blue Train is a success]. libertas (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  30. ^ Marzi, William (6 September 2023). "Prove di San Marino Express. La Reggenza in visita al Trenino che programma la sua rinascita" [San Marino Express tests: The Regency visits the Little Train which plans its rebirth]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  31. ^ "Mobilità e rigenerazione urbana, l'assessore Roberta Frisoni: "Il tracciato della vecchia ferrovia Rimini-San Marino per un nuovo corridoio 'green' turistico ciclabile per collegarsi al Titano"" [Councillor Roberta Frisoni on urban mobility and regeneration: 'The route of the old Rimini-San Marino railway for a new 'green' cycle tourist corridor to connect to Mount Titan']. Comune di Rimini. 28 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  32. ^ "Trenino Rimini-San Marino, pronti 2 milioni di euro dall'Italia" [Rimini–San Marino Train: 2 million euros ready from Italy]. Quotidiano.net (in Italian). 5 November 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  33. ^ "Parco Ausa" [Ausa Park] (in Italian). Ecomuseo Rimini. Retrieved 14 March 2022. Nel corso della metà del secolo scorso "l'Ausa, che si stava trasformando sempre di più in una fogna", è stato deviato e fatto confluire nelle acque del Marecchia per mezzo di sponde cementificate che, dai pressi del casello autostradale di Rimini Sud, costeggiano la collina di Covignano. A partire dagli anni sessanta il vecchio corso che sfociava in mare all'altezza di Piazzale Kennedy, venne tombificato. [During the middle of the last century, "the Ausa, which was increasingly turning into a sewer", was diverted and made to flow into the waters of the Marecchia by means of cemented banks which, near the Rimini Sud motorway exit, skirt the Covignano hill. Starting from the sixties, the old course that flowed into the sea at Piazzale Kennedy was buried.]
  34. ^ a b c d Casadei, Claudio (16 March 2015). "Trenino biancazzurro San Marino - Rimini" [The white-blue train San Marino - Rimini]. RomagnaZone (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  35. ^ a b Turchi, Gian Guido (11 May 2023). "Due appuntamenti particolari nella Giornata delle Ferrovie delle Meraviglie in Emilia-Romagna" [Two particular appointments on the Day of Wonderful Railways in Emilia-Romagna]. Italia Nostra (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  36. ^ a b Fiorentino, Gennaro. "Rimini-San Marino: Una ferrovia internazionale di ieri" [Rimini-San Marino: An international railway of yesterday]. www.clamfer.it (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  37. ^ a b Pedretti, Alessio. "La ferrovia Rimini San Marino, 12 anni di esercizio e quasi 70 passati in galleria" [The Rimini San Marino railway: 12 years of operation and almost 70 spent in tunnels]. Associazione Torinese Tram Storici (in Italian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  38. ^ "I tecnici della Fondazione Fs al lavoro per il progetto di ripristino del Treno Bianco Azzurro" [The technicians of the Fondazione FS at work on the project to restore the Blue and White Train]. RiminiToday (in Italian). 8 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  39. ^ "Ferrovia Rimini Centrale-Novafeltria" [Rimini Centrale-Novafeltria railway]. www.ferrovieabbandonate.it. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  40. ^ a b c d "Rimini Marina: così risorgerà la stazione della ferrovia per San Marino" [Rimini Marina: And so the railway station for San Marino will be resurrected]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). 3 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  41. ^ a b c d "Approvata la rigenerazione della antica stazione ferroviaria di Rimini Marina" [The regeneration of the historic Rimini Marina railway station has been approved]. Comune di Rimini (in Italian). 3 January 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  42. ^ "Focus su ex casello ferroviario, ciclabili e sulla caserma Giulio Cesare. La giunta dialoga con i cittadini" [Focus on the former railway toll booth, cycle paths, and the Giulio Cesare barracks. The council communicates with citizens.]. RiminiToday (in Italian). 19 May 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  43. ^ "Ex Stazione ferroviaria di Cerasolo - Coriano". Google Maps. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  44. ^ Zaghini, Paolo (14 March 2021). "E per farci sognare bastava Casadei" [And Casadei was enough to make us dream]. Chiamami Città (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  45. ^ Torri, Tommaso (27 February 2018). "Mezzi pubblici in ginocchio per la neve, entroterra irraggiungibile" [Public transport on its knees for the snow: The hinterland is unreachable]. RiminiToday (in Italian). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Linea 7 ore estive 2023" [Route 7 Summer Timetable 2023] (PDF). Start Romagna SpA. 2023.
  47. ^ a b "La Genga festeggia i dieci anni dell'inaugurazione della sede" [La Genga celebrated ten years since the inauguration of its headquarters]. GiornaleSM (in Italian). 4 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  48. ^ a b ""La Genga" festeggia i dieci anni dall'inaugurazione della sede" [La Genga celebrates ten years since the inauguration of its headquarters]. San Marino RTV (in Italian). 9 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
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