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Getty Research Institute

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Getty Research Institute
Founded1985
FounderJ. Paul Getty
FocusDedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts
Location
MethodGrants, research
OwnerJ. Paul Getty Trust
Websitegetty.edu/research
USGS satellite image of the Getty Center. The circular building to the left is the Getty Research Institute. The two buildings at the top are the Getty Trust administrative offices and the rest is the Museum.

The Getty Research Institute (GRI), located at the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California, is "dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts".[1]

A program of the J. Paul Getty Trust, GRI maintains a research library, organizes exhibitions and other events, sponsors a residential scholars program, publishes books, and produces electronic databases (Getty Publications).[1]

History

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The GRI was originally called the "Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities", and was first discussed in 1983.[2] It was located in Santa Monica[3] and its first director (beginning in 1985) was Kurt W. Forster.[4] GRI's library had 30,000 volumes in 1983, but grew to 450,000 volumes by 1986.[5]

In a statement upon his departure in 1992, Forster summarized his tenure as "Beginning with the rudiments of a small museum library... the center grew... to become one of the nation's preeminent research centers for arts and culture...".[4] In 1994, Salvatore Settis, a professor of the history of classical art and archeology in Italy, became the director of the Center.[6] By 1996, the Center's name had been changed to "Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities",[7] and by 1999 it was known simply as "Getty Research Institute".[8]

When the Getty Information Institute (formerly the Art History Information Program, established in 1983) was dissolved in 1999 as a "result of a change of leadership at the Getty Trust",[9] GRI absorbed "many of its functions".[10][11]

In 2000, Thomas E. Crow was selected as GRI director to replace Settis who had resigned in 1999.[12] Crow announced in October 2006 that he would be leaving for New York University.[13] In November 2007 Thomas W. Gaehtgens became GRI's director;[14] he was previously (1985–86) a visiting scholar with the Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities.[5][13] He served in the position until 2019 when Mary Miller was appointed as the new GRI director.[15]

Programs

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Library

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Inside the Getty Research Institute Library

Among other holdings, GRI's research library contains over 1 million volumes of books, periodicals, and auction catalogs; special collections; and two million photographs of art and architecture.[16]

The library is located at the Getty Center, and does not circulate its collections, but does extend library privileges to any visitor.[17]

Exhibitions and other events

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GRI holds two public exhibitions per year in its two galleries which "focus primarily on the special collections of the Research Library or on work produced by artists in residence".[18] For example, in 2005–2006 GRI held an exhibition entitled "Julius Shulman, Modernity and the Metropolis".[19] The exhibition traveled to the National Building Museum[20] and to the Art Institute of Chicago.[21] Other GRI exhibitions have included "Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940-1990", co-organized with the museum in 2013,[22] "World War I: War of Images, Images of War" in 2015,[23] and "Cave Temples of Dunhuang: Buddhist Art on China's Silk Road", co-organized with Getty Conservation Institute in 2016.[24]

In addition to exhibitions, GRI organizes lectures (open to the public), colloquia (most open to the public), workshops (by invitation only), and screenings of films and videos (open to the public).[25]

GRI also holds online exhibitions. In 2017 it launched its first online-only exhibition, "The Legacy of Ancient Palmyra".[26] This exhibition was relaunched in 2021 as "Return to Palmyra" with new content and Arabic translations.[27] Its next online exhibition was "Bauhaus: Building the New Artist", which was launched in 2019 in tandem with its gallery exhibition "Bauhaus Beginnings".[28]

In 2013 the GRI gallery underwent a renovation that added an additional 2,000 square feet to its existing 800 square feet of space.[29]

Residential scholars program

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The residential scholars program seeks to "integrate the often isolated territory of art history into the wider sphere of the humanities".[5] The first class of scholars arrived in 1985–1986; they had their salaries paid for and their housing provided but were under "absolutely no obligation to produce".[5] Among the notable scholars was German writer Christa Wolf in 1992–1993, who wrote the novel Medea: a modern retelling during her year at GRI.[30][31][32]

Each year the scholars are invited to work on projects related to an annual theme.[33] The lengths of stay vary: Getty scholars are in residence for three, six or nine months,[34] visiting scholars for one to three months,[35] and predoctoral and postdoctoral fellows for a nine-month academic year.[36]

Publications

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GRI publishes "Series Imprints" books in the categories of "Issues and Debates", "Texts & Documents", "Introduction To" (on "cultural heritage information in electronic form"), and "ReSources" (on the library's special collections).[37] In addition, GRI publishes exhibition catalogs and other materials in hardcopy form.[37]

In 2021, Käthe Kollwitz: Prints, Process, Politics (edited by Louis Marchesano, ISBN 978-1-60606-615-7), which accompanied an exhibition of the same name that ran at GRI and the Art Institute of Chicago between 2019 and 2020, won the College Art Association's Alfred H. Barr Jr. Award for distinguished catalogues in the history of art.[38]

GRI publishes a peer-reviewed academic journal, the Getty Research Journal, that presents work "related to the Getty's collections, initiatives, and research".[39] Started in 2009, the journal publishes one annual issue and is slated to begin biannual publication in 2021.[40]

Electronic databases

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Among the electronic databases from the former Getty Information Institute that GRI continues to produce are:

  • Getty Vocabulary Program databases (Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN), and Union List of Artist Names (ULAN))[41]
  • Bibliography of the History of Art (BHA)[42]
  • Getty Provenance Index which holds records of collections, auction sales and other information for researching the art market and the provenance of works.[43]
  • The Getty Research Portal provides free access to fully digitized art history texts in the public domain. The database launched in 2012 and is a collaboration with libraries that are digitizing art history books. Initial contributors include the Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library at Columbia University, the Biblioteca de la Universidad de Málaga, the Frick Art Reference Library, the Getty Research Institute, the Heidelberg University Library, the Institut national d'histoire de l'art, members of the New York Art Resources Consortium, and the Thomas J. Watson Library at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[44]

In 2006, GRI and the OCLC Online Computer Library Center announced that the Getty Vocabularies (Art & Architecture Thesaurus, Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names, and Union List of Artist Names) will be available as a Web service.[45]

Until July 1, 2009, the Getty Information Institute and later GRI co-produced the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals with the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library. On that date, GRI transferred the database back to Columbia University, which continues to maintain it.[46]

The Getty Research Institute also participates in the German/American Provenance Research Exchange Program (PREP), which trains researchers specializing in Holocaust-era provenance projects.[47]

Special collections

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GRI holds many important archives related to artists, architects, and art collectors. It also houses the institutional archives of past and current programs of Getty Trust.[48]

Already by 1985, the Getty had acquired the complete archive of the American sculptor Malvina Hoffman. In 2011, it acquired Harald Szeemann’s substantial archive, consisting of more than 1,000 boxes of correspondence, research files, drawings, and ephemera, as well as some 28,000 books and 36,000 photographs.[49] It also owns several art dealers' archives, including records for the Goupil & Cie and Boussod Valadon galleries, Knoedler Gallery, and the Duveen Brothers.[50] It also owns the papers of gallery owner Clara Diament Sujo and the records of Stendhal Art Galleries.[51]

The GRI’s Special Collections includes archives of major modern and contemporary artists and movements. In 2019 it acquired the complete archives of sculptor Claes Oldenburg and his wife Coosje van Bruggen.[52] It has collecting strengths in early twentieth-century European modern art movements including Dada and Surrealism, Italian Futurism, Russian Modernism, and Bauhaus.[53]

Additionally, the GRI's holdings in the field of experimental art includes archives related to many important mid-century 20th-century movements and groups, including the Japanese avant-garde, Fluxus, Experiments in Art and Technology (E.A.T.), and the Situationist International. It also holds papers relating to music, dance, and film media, including the papers of composer David Tudor, the archives of dancers Simone Forti and Yvonne Rainer, the Long Beach Museum of Art video archive, and the recordings of the New York performance space the Kitchen.

GRI has significant archives in feminist art, including the papers of the activist group Guerrilla Girls and feminist conceptual artist Mary Kelly. It also owns the video archives of the Woman's Building, a Los Angeles-based arts and education center. In 2018 GRI received a grant through the Save America's Treasures program to process and digitize 11 archives related to the Woman's Building, including the records of Feminist Art Workers, Sisters for Survival, Mother Art, the Waitresses, Barbara T. Smith, Faith Wilding, and Nancy Buchanan.[54]

In the field of performance art, the GRI collections include the papers of Allan Kaprow and Rachel Rosenthal, as well as Robert R. McElroy, who photographically documented many early “Happenings”. It also has the records of High Performance magazine and the Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) space.

GRI houses archives of several major mid-century, California-based architects, including Frank Gehry, Paul R. Williams, John Lautner, Ray Kappe, and William Krisel. In addition, it has the papers of architectural photographers Lucien Hervé and Julius Shulman. It also has the collections of architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable and architectural historian Thomas S. Hines.

GRI’s photography collections include the work of French darkroom pioneer Louis Rousselet and the 19th-century travel photographs of Honoré d’Albert, VIII Duc de Luynes. It owns collections of the work of German and Hungarian collaborators Shunk-Kender, German-Argentine photographer Grete Stern, and Venezuelan art critic and photographer Alfredo Boulton. Additionally, it also has archives of American photographers Robert Mapplethorpe and Allan Sekula, as well as those of magazine editor Alexander Liberman.

GRI owns over 27,000 prints from as early as the 16th century.[55] These include a complete set of the oeuvre of Giovanni Battista Piranesi and the Speculum romanae magnificentiae of Antonio Lafreri. It also has significant prints from China during the Qing dynasty, including Complete Map of the World by Ferdinand Verbiest, Battles of the Emperor of China, and Garden of Perfect Clarity. It also has a collection of rare botanical books and woodblocks from the 16th through 19th centuries belonging to Tania Norris.

The GRI collections also possess sketchbooks of many important artists, including Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Jacques-Louis David, Charles Percier, Adolph Menzel, Félix Bracquemond, Edmond Aman-Jean, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Malvina Hoffman, Diego Rivera, and Mark Rothko.

Research projects and initiatives

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Among GRI's special projects was "L.A. as Subject: The Transformative Culture of Los Angeles Communities" conducted between 1995 and 1999, whose purposes included "enhanc[ing] existing resources and develop new resources that support new research scholarship on LA and also encourag[ing] the preservation, conservation, and display of local material culture".[56]

In collaboration with local organizations, GRI published Cultural Inheritance/L.A.: A Resource Directory of Less Visible Archives and Collections in the Los Angeles Region in 1999.[57] In 2000, the L.A. as Subject project was transferred to the University of Southern California, which continues to update and expand an online version of the resource directory.[58]

Pacific Standard Time, one of Getty's most ambitious and important ongoing projects, began as a 2002 initiative between GRI and Getty Foundation meant to preserve postwar Los Angeles art history that risked being lost or inaccessible. It grew out of an oral history project at GRI and was initially called "On the Record."[59][60] At first the initiative consisted of grants to local museums and libraries as well as GRI acquiring "papers, videos, photographs, and other records from the period."[61]

The first set of Pacific Standard Time exhibitions, called "Pacific Standard Time: Art in L.A., 1945-1980," was coordinated between Getty and other Los Angeles museums between 2011 and 2012. Over 60 institutions who were awarded grants totaling about $10 million participated by presenting exhibitions and programs on California art history.[62] The second iteration of Pacific Standard Time was "Modern Architecture in L.A." in 2013. The third set of exhibitions was "Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA" in 2017-2018, which sought to place Los Angeles and Latin American art in dialogue. This iteration extended beyond modern and contemporary art to include exhibitions on the ancient and pre-modern eras.[63] The Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation's Institute for Applied Economics found that LA/LA "created over 4,000 jobs, added $430 million in economic output [to] the regional economy, and supported labor income (wages) of nearly $188 million."[64]

One of the major impacts of Pacific Standard Time was that it established Los Angeles and the west coast, not just New York City, as a major center of art production in the postwar United States.[65] ARTnews named Pacific Standard Time as the most important art exhibition of the 2010s.[66]

In 2011 GRI acquired Ed Ruscha's Streets of Los Angeles archive, which includes "thousands of negatives, hundreds of photographic contact sheets, and related documents and ephemera."[67] In 2020 GRI launched the website "12 Sunsets: Exploring Ed Ruscha's Archive," which compiles over 65,000 photographs that Ruscha took of buildings along Sunset Boulevard between 1965 and 2007.[68]

In 2018 GRI announced the African American Art History Initiative, which seeks to "strengthen its African-American holdings through key archival acquisitions,"[69] beginning with the acquisition of the archive of assemblage artist Betye Saar.

GRI is funding a digitization of "The General History of the Things of New Spain", also known as the Florentine Codex, a 16th-century illuminated manuscript written in Nahuatl and Spanish describing Aztec life in what is now Mexico City at the time of the Spanish conquest.[70]

Employees and budget

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During the period July 2006 – June 2007, GRI had approximately 200 full-time and part-time employees, and a budget of $63.7 million.[71] Between July 2017 – June 2018, its budget was $68.6 million.[72]

References

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  1. ^ a b About the Research Institute (Research at the Getty) Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  2. ^ Isenberg, Barbara. Manuscripts rated top Getty acquisition. Los Angeles Times, p. H1, March 10, 1983.
  3. ^ Getty Center acquires sculptor's archive. New York Times, April 23, 1985. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  4. ^ a b Muchnic, Suzanne. Getty Center's Kurt Forster resigns post. Los Angeles Times, p. 6, March 20, 1992.
  5. ^ a b c d Muchnic, Suzanne. Getty's visiting guinea pig scholars. Los Angeles Times, p. 98, August 10, 1986.
  6. ^ Briefing - Italian professor to join Getty. Daily News of Los Angeles, March 9, 1993.
  7. ^ Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities Announces 1996-97 Getty Scholars. Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  8. ^ The Getty Research Institute Announces 1999-2000 Getty Scholars. Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine September 7, 1999. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  9. ^ Fink, Eleanor E. The Getty Information Institute. A retrospective. Archived 2022-02-02 at the Wayback Machine D-Lib Magazine, March 1999, Volume 5, Issue 3. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  10. ^ "Getty Research Institute. Records, 1991-1999". Library Catalog Entry. Getty Trust. Retrieved June 18, 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Johnson, Reed (October 6, 1998). "Getty Trust Plans Moves to Cut Costs, Raise Funds". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  12. ^ Encore - short subjects. Getty's choice. Orange County Register, February 20, 2000.
  13. ^ a b Thomas W. Gaehtgens named director of the Getty Research Institute. Archived 2011-06-25 at the Wayback Machine August 14, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  14. ^ Associated Press. "German art historian to head Getty's research institute in LA." International Herald Tribune, August 14, 2007.
  15. ^ "J. Paul Getty Trust Report 2018" (PDF). p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  16. ^ Research Library Overview (Research at the Getty). Archived 2006-01-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  17. ^ "Library Access and Reader Privileges". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  18. ^ "Exhibitions". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  19. ^ Getty Research Institute. Julius Shulman, modernity and the metropolis. October 11, 2005 - January 22, 2006. Archived October 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  20. ^ National Building Museum. Julius Shulman: modernity and the metropolis. April 1, 2006 - July 30, 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  21. ^ Art Institute of Chicago. Julius Shulman: modernity and the metropolis. Archived 2006-12-01 at the Wayback Machine September 2, 2006 - December 3, 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  22. ^ "Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940-1990". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  23. ^ "World War I: War of Images, Images of War". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  24. ^ "Cave Temples of Dunhuang". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  25. ^ Getty Research Institute. Colloquia, lectures, and workshops. Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  26. ^ Farago, Jason (17 February 2017). "The Ancient Syrian City ISIS is Destroying, Preserved Online". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  27. ^ "Return to Palmyra". Apollo The International Art Magazine. February 5, 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  28. ^ Gelt, Jessica (2 July 2019). "Get your Bauhaus on with interactive art in the Getty's new online exhibition". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  29. ^ Stephan, Annelisa. "Gallery at the Getty Research Institute Undergoing Dramatic Expansion". Getty Iris. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  30. ^ Gitlin, Todd. "I did not imagine that I lived in truth". New York Times, April 4, 1993. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  31. ^ Wolf, Christa. Medea: a modern retelling. New York: Nan A. Talese, 1998. ISBN 0-385-49060-7
  32. ^ Slavitt, David R. Revenge fantasy. Christa Wolf puts a late-20th-century spin on the story of Jason and Medea. Archived 2017-03-16 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, June 14, 1998. Retrieved September 2, 2008. (paid site)
  33. ^ Getty Research Institute. Past Themes & Scholars. Archived 2011-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  34. ^ "Getty Scholar Grants". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  35. ^ "Library Research Grants". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  36. ^ "Pre- and Postdoctoral Fellowships". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  37. ^ a b Getty Research Institute. Publications Overview. Archived 2008-05-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 2, 2008.
  38. ^ "Awards for Distinction". CAA. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  39. ^ "Getty Research Journal". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  40. ^ "Getty Research Journal". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  41. ^ Getty Research Institute. Learn about the Getty Vocabularies. Archived 2010-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  42. ^ Getty Research Institute. Bibliography of the History of Art. Archived 2008-06-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  43. ^ "Collecting and Provenance Research, Retrieved August 26, 2011". Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  44. ^ "Getty Research Portal". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  45. ^ OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. Getty Vocabularies added to OCLC Terminologies Service. Archived 2008-10-26 at the Wayback Machine November 9, 2006. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  46. ^ "Avery Index Returns to Columbia University". Columbia University. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
  47. ^ "German/American Provenance Research Exchange Program (PREP) for Museum Professionals, 2017-2019". lootedart.com. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  48. ^ "Institutional Archives". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  49. ^ Kate Taylor (June 7, 2011), Getty Acquires Vast Archive of Post-War Art Documents Archived 2013-04-05 at the Wayback Machine New York Times.
  50. ^ Carol Vogel (October 18, 2012), Getty Institute Buys Knoedler Gallery Archive Archived 2017-03-14 at the Wayback Machine New York Times.
  51. ^ "Latin American Dealer Archives". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  52. ^ The Associated Press (April 9, 2019). "Getty Research Institute acquires Claes Oldenburg archives". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  53. ^ "Major Collecting Areas". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  54. ^ "Getty Research Institute Awarded a "Save America's Treasures" Grant to Process and Digitize Archives of the Woman's Building" (PDF). News from the Getty. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  55. ^ "Prints--Special Collections". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  56. ^ "L.A. as Subject. Overview". Getty Research Institute. 1999. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  57. ^ Johnson, Reed. Getty helping bring L.A. history together. Daily News of Los Angeles, June 8, 1999.
  58. ^ "L.A. as Subject. Home". Getty Research Institute. Archived from the original on December 16, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
  59. ^ Finkel, Jori (January 20, 2011). "Galleries join 'Pacific Standard Time'; The fall's big study of regional art history expands to include a mosaic of gallery contributions". Los Angeles Times.
  60. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne. "Getty grants unite SoCal arts; Organizations working on a regionwide historical project will share $3.1 million". Los Angeles Times.
  61. ^ Dobrzynski, Judith H. (January 20, 2009). "A Cultural Conversation With James N. Wood: Easing The Getty Into Young Adulthood". Wall Street Journal.
  62. ^ Smith, Roberta (November 13, 2011). "A New Pin On the Art Map". New York Times. No. Late Edition (East Coast).
  63. ^ "About PST: LA/LA". Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA. Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  64. ^ "Getty-led Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA Created Over 4,000 Jobs and Celebrated Latin American and Latino Art". Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  65. ^ Smith, Roberta (November 13, 2011). "A New Pin On the Art Map". New York Times. No. Late Edition (East Coast).
  66. ^ Durón, Maximilíano; Greenberger, Alex (December 17, 2019). "The Most Important Art Exhibitions of the 2010s". ARTnews. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  67. ^ "The Getty Acquires Ed Ruscha Photographs and Archives". Getty. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  68. ^ Vankin, Deborah (October 7, 2020). "65,000 photos of Sunset Boulevard: Take the ultimate road trip with Ed Ruscha". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  69. ^ Finkel, Jori (September 27, 2018). "African-American Art Is Focus of Getty Project". New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  70. ^ Miranda, Carolina A. (March 26, 2020). "How a vital record of Mexican indigenous life was created under quarantine". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2021-01-21. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  71. ^ "The J. Paul Getty Trust 2007 report" (PDF). p. 76. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  72. ^ "J. Paul Getty Trust Report 2018" (PDF). p. 144. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
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