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Raman amplification /ˈrɑːmən/ is based on the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) phenomenon, when a lower frequency 'signal' photon induces the inelastic...

Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), also known as Fourier modal method (FMM), is a semi-analytical method in computational electromagnetics that is...

The Bethe formula or Bethe–Bloch formula describes the mean energy loss per distance travelled of swift charged particles (protons, alpha particles, atomic...