Illuminance

A lux meter for measuring illuminances in work environments

In photometry, illuminance is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area. It is a measure of how much the incident light illuminates the surface, wavelength-weighted by the luminosity function to correlate with human brightness perception. Similarly, luminous emittance is the luminous flux per unit area emitted from a surface. Luminous emittance is also known as luminous exitance.

Illuminance

In SI derived units these are measured in lux (lx) or lumens per square metre (cd·sr·m⁻²). In the CGS system, the unit of illuminance is the phot, which is equal to 10000 lux. The foot-candle is a non-metric unit of illuminance that is used in photography.

Illuminance was formerly often called brightness, but this leads to confusion with other uses of the word, such as to mean luminance. "Brightness" should never be used for quantitative description, but only for nonquantitative references to physiological sensations and perceptions of light.

The human eye is capable of seeing somewhat more than a 2 trillion-fold range: The presence of white objects is somewhat discernible under starlight, at 5×10⁻⁵ lux, while at the bright end, it is possible to read large text at 10⁸ lux, or about 1000 times that of direct sunlight, although this can be very uncomfortable and cause long-lasting afterimages.

Common illuminance levels

Lighting condition	Foot-candles	Lux
Full daylight	1,000	10,000
Overcast day	100	1,000
Very dark day	10	100
Twilight	1	10
Deep twilight	0.1	1
Full moon	0.01	0.1
Quarter moon	0.001	0.01
Starlight	0.0001	0.001

Astronomy

In astronomy, the illuminance stars cast on the Earth's atmosphere is used as a measure of their brightness. The usual units are apparent magnitudes in the visible band. V-magnitudes can be converted to lux using the formula

$E_{\mathrm {v} }=10^{(-14.18-M_{\mathrm {v} })/2.5}$,

where E_v is the illuminance in lux, and M_v is the apparent magnitude. The reverse conversion is

$M_{\mathrm {v} }=-14.18-2.5\log(E_{\mathrm {v} })$.

See also

• Irradiance
• Exposure value
• Luminance

External links

• Illuminance Converter
• Knowledgedoor, LLC (2005) Library of Units and Constants: Illuminance Quantity
• Kodak's guide to Estimating Luminance and Illuminance using a camera's exposure meter. Also available in PDF form.

SI photometry quantities

Quantity		Unit		Dimension	Notes
Name	Symbol	Name	Symbol
Luminous energy	Qv	lumen second	lm⋅s	T⋅J	The lumen second is sometimes called the talbot.
Luminous flux, luminous power	Φv	lumen (= candela steradian)	lm (= cd⋅sr)	J	Luminous energy per unit time
Luminous intensity	Iv	candela (= lumen per steradian)	cd (= lm/sr)	J	Luminous flux per unit solid angle
Luminance	Lv	candela per square metre	cd/m2 (= lm/(sr⋅m2))	L−2⋅J	Luminous flux per unit solid angle per unit projected source area. The candela per square metre is sometimes called the nit.
Illuminance	Ev	lux (= lumen per square metre)	lx (= lm/m2)	L−2⋅J	Luminous flux incident on a surface
Luminous exitance, luminous emittance	Mv	lumen per square metre	lm/m2	L−2⋅J	Luminous flux emitted from a surface
Luminous exposure	Hv	lux second	lx⋅s	L−2⋅T⋅J	Time-integrated illuminance
Luminous energy density	ωv	lumen second per cubic metre	lm⋅s/m3	L−3⋅T⋅J
Luminous efficacy (of radiation)	K	lumen per watt	lm/W	M−1⋅L−2⋅T3⋅J	Ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux
Luminous efficacy (of a source)	η	lumen per watt	lm/W	M−1⋅L−2⋅T3⋅J	Ratio of luminous flux to power consumption
Luminous efficiency, luminous coefficient	V			1	Luminous efficacy normalized by the maximum possible efficacy
See also: SI Photometry Radiometry