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{{Further|Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages}}
{{Further|Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages}}
[[Image:Phillanguages.jpg|right|thumb|Map of the dominant [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines]]]]
[[Image:Phillanguages.jpg|right|thumb|Map of the dominant [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines]]]]
The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the [[island country|archipelagic country]] - comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean - which [[history of the Philippines|trace back 30,000 years]] before becoming a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony in the 16th century and later occupied by the [[United States]], which led to the outbreak of the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902).<ref name="uslc-3">{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991-3}}{{cnf|date=June 2015}}</ref>{{Citation not found}} The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theatre]] of the [[Second World War]] had ended.<ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |title=General information |publisher=Government of the Philippines |accessdate=2007-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20070930155742/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }} &nbsp; {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph |title=Official Website |publisher=Government of the Philippines |accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. In 1939, then-president [[Manuel L. Quezon]] renamed the [[Tagalog language]] as the ''Wikang Pambansa'' ("national language").<ref name=Gonzalez1998>{{Cite journal |author=Andrew Gonzalez |year=1998 |month= |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-24 |pages=487 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}</ref> The language was further renamed in 1959 as ''Filipino'' by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a [[national language]] to be known as [[Filipino language|Filipino]]. Since then, the two official languages are [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and English.<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{Cite document |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |title=World Factbook &mdash; Philippines |publisher=CIA |accessdate=2008-07-24 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}</ref>
The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the [[island country|archipelagic country]] - comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean - which [[history of the Philippines|trace back 30,000 years]] before becoming a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony in the 16th century and later occupied by the [[United States]], which led to the outbreak of the [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902).<ref name="uslc-3">{{Harvnb|Dolan|1991-3}}{{cnf|date=June 2015}}</ref>{{Citation not found}} The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theatre]] of the [[Second World War]] had ended.<ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |title=General information |publisher=Government of the Philippines |accessdate=2007-10-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20070930155742/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }} &nbsp; {{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph |title=Official Website |publisher=Government of the Philippines |accessdate=2007-10-01}}</ref> The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]]. In 1939, then-president [[Manuel L. Quezon]] renamed the [[Tagalog language]] as the ''Wikang Pambansa'' ("national language").<ref name=Gonzalez1998>{{Cite journal |author=Andrew Gonzalez |year=1998 |month= |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-24 |pages=487 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |ref=harv |postscript=.}}</ref> The language was further renamed in 1959 as ''Filipino'' by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a [[national language]] to be known as [[Filipino language|Filipino]]. Since then, the two official languages are [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and English.<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{Cite document|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |title=World Factbook &mdash; Philippines |publisher=CIA |accessdate=2008-07-24 |ref=harv |postscript=. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070218/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=January 11, 2010 }}</ref>


As of 2003 there are more than eleven million [[overseas Filipino]]s worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the [[Philippines]].<ref name=PRB2003>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines |author=Yvette Collymore |date=June 2003 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |quote=An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad |accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref>
As of 2003 there are more than eleven million [[overseas Filipino]]s worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the [[Philippines]].<ref name=PRB2003>{{cite web |url=http://www.prb.org/Articles/2003/RapidPopulationGrowthCrowdedCitiesPresentChallengesinthePhilippines.aspx |title=Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines |author=Yvette Collymore |date=June 2003 |publisher=Population Reference Bureau |quote=An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad |accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:31, 2 July 2016

Pinoy (/ˈpinɔɪ/) is an informal demonym referring to some of the Filipino people in the Philippines and overseas Filipinos around the world.[1][2]

An unspecified number of Filipinos refer to themselves as Pinoy or sometimes the feminine Pinay.[1] The word is formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino and adding the diminutive suffix -y in the Tagalog language (the suffix is commonly used in Filipino nicknames: "Ninoy" or "Noynoy" for Benigno (Jr. and III respectively), "Totoy" for Augusto, etc.). [3] Pinoy was used for self-identification by the first wave of Filipinos going to the continental United States before World War II and has been used both in a pejorative sense as well as a term of endearment similar to Chicano.[4][5] Although Pinoy and Pinay are regarded as derogatory by some younger Filipino-Americans, the terms are widely used and gaining mainstream usage particularly among members of the masses.[6]

Pinoy was created to differentiate the experiences of those immigrating to the United States but is now a slang term used to refer to all people of Filipino descent.[1] Mainstream usages tend to center on entertainment (Pinoy Big Brother) and music (Pinoy Idol) which has played a significant role in developing national and cultural identity. Pinoy music impacted the socio-political climate of the 1970s and was employed by both Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and the People Power Revolution that overthrew his regime. As of 2016, the term is extensively used by the government of the Philippines itself, with apparently no derogatory connotations.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] It is more positive than the slang term "flip".[attribution needed]

Origins

According to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon, the earliest appearance of the terms Pinoy and Pinay was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin. The article that featured the terms is titled "Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses: Invade Business, Politics."[14]

Motivations

Further information: Languages of the Philippines and Philippine languages
Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines

The desire to self-identify can likely be attributed to the diverse and independent history of the archipelagic country - comprising 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean - which trace back 30,000 years before becoming a Spanish colony in the 16th century and later occupied by the United States, which led to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899–1902).[15][citation not found] The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 with the country gaining its independence in 1946 after hostilities in the Pacific Theatre of the Second World War had ended.[16] The Philippines have over 170 languages indigenous to the area, most of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. In 1939, then-president Manuel L. Quezon renamed the Tagalog language as the Wikang Pambansa ("national language").[17] The language was further renamed in 1959 as Filipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Filipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a national language to be known as Filipino. Since then, the two official languages are Filipino and English.[18]

As of 2003 there are more than eleven million overseas Filipinos worldwide, equivalent to about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.[19]

Earliest usages

The earliest known usages of Pinoy/Pinay in magazines and newspapers date to the 1920s include taking on social issues facing Pinoy, casual mentions of Pinoys at events, while some are advertisements from Hawaii from Filipinos themselves.[20][21][22] The following are the more notable earliest usages:

United States

In the United States, the earliest published usage known is a Philippine Republic article written in January 1924 by Dr. J. Juliano, a member of the faculty of the Schurz school in Chicago - "Why does a Pinoy take it as an insult to be taken for a Shintoist or a Confucian?" and "What should a Pinoy do if he is addressed as a Chinese or a Jap?"[20][23]

Philippines

In the Philippines, the earliest published usage known is from December 1926, in History of the Philippine Press, which briefly mentions a weekly Spanish-Visayan-English publication called Pinoy based in Capiz and published by the Pinoy Publishing Company.[20][24] In 1930, the Manila-based magazine Khaki and Red: The Official Organ of the Constabulary and Police printed an article about street gangs stating "another is the 'Kapatiran' gang of Intramuros, composed of patrons of pools rooms who banded together to 'protect pinoys' from the abusive American soldados."[20][25]

Notable literature

Pinoy is first used by Filipino poet Carlos Bulosan, in his 1946 semi-autobiography, America Is in the Heart - "The Pinoys work every day in the fields but when the season is over their money is in the Chinese vaults."[20][26] The book describes his childhood in the Philippines, his voyage to America, and his years as an itinerant laborer following the harvest trail in the rural West.[26] It has been used in American Ethnic courses to illustrate the racism experienced by thousands of Filipino laborers during the 1930s and 40s in the United States.

Pinoy music

Further information: Pinoy rock, Pinoy hip-hop and Music of the Philippines

In the early 1970s, Pinoy music or "Pinoy pop" emerged, often sung in Tagalog - it was a mix of rock, folk and ballads - marking a political use of music similar to early hip hop but transcending class.[27] The music was a "conscious attempt to create a Filipino national and popular culture" and it often reflected social realities and problems.[27] As early as 1973, the Juan De la Cruz Band was performing "Ang Himig Natin" ("Our Music"), which is widely regarded as the first example of Pinoy rock.[28] "Pinoy" gained popular currency in the late 1970s in the Philippines when a surge in patriotism made a hit song of Filipino folk singer Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y mga Pinoy" ("We are Pinoys"). This trend was followed by Filipino rapper Francis Magalona's "Mga Kababayan Ko" ("My Countrymen") in the 1990s and Filipino rock band Bamboo's "Noypi" ("Pinoy" in reversed syllables) in the 2000s. Nowadays, "Pinoy" is used as an adjective to some terms highlighting their relationship to the Philippines or Filipinos. Pinoy rock was soon followed by Pinoy folk and later, Pinoy jazz.[27] Although the music was often used to express opposition to then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his use of martial law and the creating of the Batasang Bayan, many of the songs were more subversive and some just instilled national pride. Perhaps because of the cultural affirming nature and many of the songs seemingly being non-threatening, the Marcos administration ordered radio stations to play at least one - and later, three - Pinoy songs each hour.[27] Pinoy music was greatly employed both by Marcos and political forces who sought to overthrow him.[27]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c de Jesus, Melinda L. (2005). Pinay Power: Feminist Critical Theory : Theorizing the Filipina/American Experience. Routledge. ISBN 9780415949828. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  2. ^ Rodell, Paul A. (2001). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 218. ISBN 9780313304156. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  3. ^ Wiktionary: Pinoy
  4. ^ Posadas, Barbara Mercedes (1999). The Filipino Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 165. ISBN 9780313297427. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  5. ^ Coronadon, Marc (2004). Crossing Lines: Race and Mixed Race Across the Geohistorical Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. ISBN 9780970038418. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  6. ^ Leonard, George (1999). The Asian Pacific American Heritage: A Companion to Literature and Arts. Taylor & Francis. p. 484. ISBN 9780815329800. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  7. ^ Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank, Department of Agriculture & Philippine Rice Research Institute
  8. ^ Agri-Pinoy, Agricultural Training Institute, Department of Agriculture
  9. ^ Pinoy eMall, Philippine Postal Corporation
  10. ^ Pinggang Pinoy: Healthy good plate for Filipino adults, Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
  11. ^ Sayaw Pinoy: 2015 National Dance Conference & Competition, National Commission for Culture and the Arts
  12. ^ Batang Pinoy: the Philippine Youth Games, Department of Education (DepEd), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), and the Leagues of Provinces, Cities,/Municipalities and Barangays, in conjunction with the Philippine Olympic Committee and National Sports Associations
  13. ^ PinoyME Foundation, a Microfinance organisation founded by former Pres. Cory Aquino
  14. ^ Dawn Mabalon, Little Manila is in the Heart (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2013), 20, 37.
  15. ^ Dolan & 1991-3[citation not found]
  16. ^ "General information". Government of the Philippines. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)   "Official Website". Government of the Philippines. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  17. ^ Andrew Gonzalez (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5, 6): 487. doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Retrieved 2007-03-24. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  18. ^ "World Factbook — Philippines" (Document). CIA. {{cite document}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |archivedate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |archiveurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  19. ^ Yvette Collymore (June 2003). "Rapid Population Growth, Crowded Cities Present Challenges in the Philippines". Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 2007-08-14. An estimated 10 percent of the country's population, or nearly 8 million people, are overseas Filipino workers distributed in 182 countries, according to POPCOM. That is in addition to the estimated 3 million migrants who work illegally abroad
  20. ^ a b c d e Sundita, Christopher (12 March 2006). "Much Ado About Pinoy". Salita Blog. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  21. ^ "Pinoys search of The United States and its Territories, 1870 - 1925: The Age of Imperialism". University of Michigan. 1920s. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  22. ^ "Pinoy search of The United States and its Territories, 1870 - 1925: The Age of Imperialism". University of Michigan. 1920s. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  23. ^ Juliano, Dr. J. (January 1924). Reflections of a "Traveler": How Long Will I Stay In America? Will I Marry An American Girl?. Philippine Republic, University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 - 1925: The Age of Imperialism. p. 17. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  24. ^ Taylor, Carson (1927). History of the Philippine Press. University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 - 1925: The Age of Imperialism. p. 59. Retrieved 2008-08-18., Pinoy’s publication date is 27 December 1926. The publisher was Pinoy Publishing Company. Other than that, there's no further information.
  25. ^ Khaki and Red: The Official Organ of the Constabulary and Police. University of Michigan, Collection: The United States and its Territories, 1870 - 1925: The Age of Imperialism. October 1930, [Vol. 10, no. 10]. p. 6. Retrieved 2008-08-18. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ a b Bulosan, Carlos (January 1924). America is in the Heart: A Personal History. Harcourt, Brace and company. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  27. ^ a b c d e Lockard, Craig A. (1998). Dance of Life: Popular Music and Politics in Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 135–151. ISBN 9780824819187. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  28. ^ Rodell, Paul A. (2001). Culture and Customs of the Philippines. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 186. ISBN 9780313304156. Retrieved 2008-08-18.

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