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The '''navel''' (clinically known as the '''umbilicus''', colloquially known as the '''belly button''', or '''tummy button''') is a [[scar]] on the [[abdomen]] at the attachment site of the [[umbilical cord]]. All [[Placentalia|placental]] [[mammal]]s have a navel, and it is quite conspicuous in humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellybutton Facts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/lint/facts.htm |publisher=[[ABC Online]] |first=Karl |last=Kruszelnicki}}</ref> Other animals' navels tend to be smoother and flatter, often nothing more than a thin line, and are often obscured by fur.<ref name="The Ins and Outs of Belly Buttons">{{cite web |url=http://www.divinecaroline.com/112925/75422-ins-outs-belly-buttons |title=The Ins and Outs of Belly Buttons |first=Allison |last=Ford |publisher=Divine Caroline |date=May 2009}}{{self-published inline|date=August 2015}}{{MEDRS|date=September 2014}}{{dead link|date=December 2015}}</ref>
The '''navel''' (clinically known as the '''umbilicus''', colloquially known as the '''belly button''', or '''tummy button''') is a [[scar]] on the [[abdomen]] at the attachment site of the [[umbilical cord]]. All [[Placentalia|placental]] [[mammal]]s have a navel, and it is quite conspicuous in humans.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bellybutton Facts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/lint/facts.htm |publisher=[[ABC Online]] |first=Karl |last=Kruszelnicki}}</ref> Other animals' navels tend to be smoother and flatter, often nothing more than a thin line, and are often obscured by fur.<ref name="The Ins and Outs of Belly Buttons">{{cite web|url=http://www.divinecaroline.com/112925/75422-ins-outs-belly-buttons |title=The Ins and Outs of Belly Buttons |first=Allison |last=Ford |publisher=Divine Caroline |date=May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20120612184258/http://www.divinecaroline.com/112925/75422-ins-outs-belly-buttons |archivedate=12 June 2012 }}</ref>


==Structure==
==Structure==

Revision as of 07:41, 5 January 2016

"Belly button" redirects here. For other uses, see Belly button (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Navel (disambiguation).
Navel
The human navel is a scar left after the umbilical cord detaches.
Details
PrecursorUmbilical cord
Ductus venosus[citation needed]
ArteryUmbilical artery
VeinUmbilical vein
Identifiers
LatinUmbilicus
MeSHD014472
TA98A01.2.04.005
TA2261
FMA61584
Anatomical terminology

The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button, or tummy button) is a scar on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord. All placental mammals have a navel, and it is quite conspicuous in humans.[1] Other animals' navels tend to be smoother and flatter, often nothing more than a thin line, and are often obscured by fur.[2]

Structure

See also: Umbilical vein and Umbilical artery

No one yet knows why some human navels are concave (an 'innie' belly button) or convex ('outie') without navel. It has nothing to do with how the umbilical cord is cut or clamped after birth. About 10% of people have outies which are usually just extra scar tissue. Some outies are hernias caused by the stomach muscles not fusing properly. [1]

The navel is the centre of the circle in this drawing of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci

The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants.[citation needed] The navel is the center of the circle enclosing the spread-eagle figure in Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man drawing. The navel is rarely the focus in contemporary art and literature.[3]

The umbilicus is a prominent mark on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent amongst humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome). The umbilicus itself typically lies at a vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae,[4] with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae.[5]

While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be the result of ascites.[6]

Clinical significance

Disorders

In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias, the navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is associated with umbilical endometriosis, a rare disorder.[7][8]

Other disorders

Surgery

To minimize scarring, the navel is a recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy,[9] gall bladder surgery,[10] and the umbilicoplasty[11] procedure itself.

Safety

The Heimlich Maneuver, a method of dislodging an object stuck in the throat, is performed just above the navel.[12]

Society and culture

See also: Navel in popular culture

The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel has been taboo at times in Western cultures, being considered immodest or indecent. It was banned in some jurisdictions, however the community perceptions have changed and exposure of female midriff and navel is more accepted today and in some societies or contexts, it is both fashionable and common, though not without its critics.[13]

While the West was relatively resistant to midriff-baring clothing until the 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women.[14] The Japanese have long had a special regard for the navel. During the early Jomon period in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolizes the center of where life begins.[15]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human navel.
Look up umbilicus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl. "Bellybutton Facts". ABC Online.
  2. ^ Ford, Allison (May 2009). "The Ins and Outs of Belly Buttons". Divine Caroline. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Hackett, Regina (30 May 2002). "Dunning's examination of torsos is a truly navel experience". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 19 March 2012.[unreliable medical source?]
  4. ^ Ellis, Harold (2006). Clinical Anatomy: Applied Anatomy for Students and Junior Doctors. New York: Wiley. ISBN 1-4051-3804-1.[page needed]
  5. ^ O'Rahilly, Ronan; Müller, Fabiola; Carpenter, Stanley; Swenson, Rand (2004). "Abdominal walls". Basic Human Anatomy: A Regional Study of Human Structure. Dartmouth Medical School. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Herrine, Steven K. "Ascites". Merck.
  7. ^ Bagade, Pallavi V; Guirguis, Mamdouh M (2009). "Menstruating from the umbilicus as a rare case of primary umbilical endometriosis: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 3: 9326. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-3-9326. PMC 2803849. PMID 20062755.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ D'Alessandro, Donna M. (2 June 2008). "What's Wrong With His Belly Button?".[self-published source?][unreliable medical source?]
  9. ^ Kaehler, G.; Schoenberg, M. B.; Kienle, P.; Post, S.; Magdeburg, R. (2013). "Transgastric appendicectomy". British Journal of Surgery. 100 (7): 911–5. doi:10.1002/bjs.9115. PMID 23575528. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "SRMC Surgeon Offers Gallbladder Removal through Belly Button Incision with da Vinci® System" (Press release). Southeastern Health. 9 December 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  11. ^ Bruekers, Sven E.; van der Lei, Berend; Tan, Tik L.; Luijendijk, Roland W.; Stevens, Hieronymus P. J. D. (2009). "'Scarless' Umbilicoplasty". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 63 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181877b60. PMID 19546666.
  12. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Abdominal thrusts
  13. ^ "New code may reveal navel". Mohave Daily Miner. 24 March 1985. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  14. ^ Banerjee, Mukulika & Miller, Daniel (2003) The Sari. Oxford; New York: Berg ISBN 1-85973-732-3[page needed]
  15. ^ Naumann, Nelly (2000). "First Indications of Symbolic Expression". Japanese Prehistory: The Material and Spiritual Culture of the Jōmon Period. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 114–5. ISBN 978-3-447-04329-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

Further reading

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