Nitro Express

The Nitro Express (NE) series of cartridges are used in large-bore hunting rifles, also known as elephant guns or express rifles, but later came to include smaller bore high velocity (for the time) British cartridges.

Name

The term "Express" was coined by James Purdey the younger in 1856 to publicise his double rifles, from express train, and became common parlance many rifle cartridges. The addition of the word “Nitro” stemmed from the propellant used in these cartidges, cordite, which is composed of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.

Evolution

Early developments

The unveiling of the .450 Nitro Express by John Rigby & Company in 1898 heralded the beginning of the modern big game cartridge. Created from loading the already popular .450 Black Powder Express with cordite, the .450 NE was a fast and accurate cartridge capable of taking all African and Indian dangerous game.

Early extraction problems with the .450 NE was the catalyst for Holland & Holland to develop the .500/450 Nitro Express and Eley Brothers the .450 No 2 Nitro Express both with very similar ballistics and performance to the original. Rigby soon solved the problems with the .450 NE which quickly became the standard big-game cartridge used throughout Britain’s African colonies and India.

With the success of the .450 NE, someone (it is not clear who) decided to follow Rigby’s example and load the old .500 Black Powder Express cartridge with cordite, someone else the old .577 Black Powder Express, creating the .500 Nitro Express and the .577 Nitro Express, the former being offered in 3 inch and 3.5 inch case lengths, both offering greater power than the .450s, at the expense of greater rifle weight and recoil. In 1903 Jeffery & Co decided to outdo them all, creating the .600 Nitro Express, the most powerful sporting cartridge commercially available for over half a century.

Whilst more powerful, the .500, .577 and .600 NE were all too powerful for everyday use and remained specialist tools for the professional hunter, the .450s remained the most popular, but political events were to soon change this.

1907 British ban

In the late 1890s, the British Empire was facing a series of internal insurrections in India and the Sudan, and the .450 calibre .577/450 Martini–Henry rifle was the most widely distributed firearm in the hands of the anti-British forces. In 1907 the British Army banned all .450 calibre sporting rifles and ammunition from importation into India and East Africa, the two major destinations for .450 NE rifles and ammunition. Whist the .450 cartridges could not be loaded into a Martini–Henry rifle, it was feared the bullets could be pulled and used to reload expended .577/.450 cartridges.

What resulted was a rush by British rifle and ammunition makers to develop a substitute, Holland & Holland created the .500/465 Nitro Express, Joseph Lang the .470 Nitro Express, someone else (no-one is sure who) the .475 Nitro Express, Eley Brothers the .475 No. 2 Nitro Express and Westley Richards the .476 Nitro Express, the .470 NE becoming the most popular.

Rise of the Mauser

In 1899 Rigby approached the engineers at Mauser to make a special Gewehr 98 bolt action to handle their .400/350 Nitro Express. The introduction of this rifle in 1900 was the birth of the magnum length bolt action, paving the way for such cartridges as the .375 H&H and .416 Rigby and subsequently such dangerous game cartridges as the .458 Winchester.

The term Nitro Express came to be applied to many of these rimless cartridges also.

List of Nitro Express cartridges

• .242 Rimless Nitro Express
• .26 Rimless Nitro Express
• .280 Jeffery Rimless Nitro Express
• .318 Rimless Nitro Express
• .333 Rimless Nitro Express
• .350 Rigby Nitro Express
• .400/350 Nitro Express
• .360 Nitro Express
• .360 No 2 Nitro Express
• .369 Nitro Express
• .375 Belted Rimless Nitro Express
• .375 Flanged Nitro Express
• .400/375 Belted Nitro Express
• .400 Jeffery Nitro Express
• .450/400 Nitro Express
• .404 Rimless Nitro Express
• .450 Nitro Express
• .450 No 2 Nitro Express
• .500/450 Nitro Express
• .500/465 Nitro Express
• .470 Nitro Express
• .475 Nitro Express
• .475 No. 2 Nitro Express
• .476 Nitro Express
• .500 Nitro Express
• .510 Nitro Express
• .577 Nitro Express
• .600 Nitro Express
• .700 Nitro Express

References

Bibliography

• Barnes, Frank C. & Amber, John T., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books, Northfield, 1972, ISBN 0-695-80326-3.
• Grizzaffi, Leo, The 375 Flanged (Magnum) Nitro Express, African Expedition Magazine, retrieved 01 Jan 15.
• John Rigby & Co, History, johnrigbyandco.com, retrieved 31 Dec 14.
• Kynoch Ammunition, Big Game Cartridges kynochammunition.co.uk (Archived 2015-01-01), retrieved 31 Dec 14.
• Haley, Charlie, The .450 Nitro Express, retrieved 31 Dec 14.
• Wieland, Terry, Nitro Express: The Big Bang of the Big Bang, retrieved 31 Dec 14.