Flag of Syria: Difference between revisions
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==References== |
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===Bibliography=== |
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* {{cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946-1970 |last=Heydemann |first=Steven |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780801429323 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|title=Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946-1970 |last=Heydemann |first=Steven |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1999 |isbn=9780801429323 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Constructing International Relations in the Arab World |last=Lawson |first=Fred H. |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780804753722 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|title=Constructing International Relations in the Arab World |last=Lawson |first=Fred H. |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780804753722 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|title=The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic |last=Podeh |first=Elie |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781902210209 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|title=The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic |last=Podeh |first=Elie |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1999 |isbn=9781902210209 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914|last=Thomas |first=Martin |publisher=University of California Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780520251175 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book|title=Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914|last=Thomas |first=Martin |publisher=University of California Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780520251175 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book|title=Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s|last=Schumann |first=Cristoph |publisher= BRILL |year=2008 |isbn= 9789004165489 |ref=harv}} |
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{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 02:33, 21 November 2012
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| Use | National flag and ensign |
|---|---|
| Proportion | 2:3 |
| Adopted | 22 February 1958, abandoned on 28 September 1961;readopted on 30 March 1980[1] |
| Design | A horizontal tricolour triband of red, white, and black, with two green stars charged in the centre. |
The flag of Syria (Arabic: علم سوريا) is a red, white and black tricolour with two green stars. It was adopted in 1958 with the establishment of the United Arab Republic and abandoned in 1961 with dissolution of this state. On 30 March 1980 it was readopted by President Hafez al-Assad, to show Syria's commitment to the Arab unity.[2] It is the longest used flag of Syria. The flag of Syria is very similar to those of Iraq, Egypt, Sudan and Yemen.[1]
Each colour on the Syrian flag has significance. The red represents the blood and martyrs, the white is for the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) and the black is for the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258). The green colour of the stars represents the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661). The number of stars originates from the era of the United Arab Republic composed out of two countries, Egypt and Syria.[3]
Legislation
The Syrian flag is described in the Article 6 of the Syrian Constitution. The first paragraph of the Article states:
The flag of the Syrian Arab Republic consists of three colours: red, white and black, with twogreen stars, of five angles each. The flag is rectangular, with its width measuring two thirds of itslength. It is divided into three triangles of identical dimensions and have the same length as theflag. The upper one is red, the middle being white and the bottom one is black, white the twogreen stars in the middle of the white rectangle.
Syrian flags
Kingdom of Syria (1920)
.svg)
The first native Syrian flag was that of the short-lived Kingdom of Syria. The Ottoman flag had been used in Syria until Ottomans left the country on 18 September 1918. In 1918, the official flag of Syria was the Faysal flag, the flag of the Arab revolt between 1916 and 1918. It was officially adopted by Hashemite family on 30 September 1918 and remained in use until 8 March 1920. The Faysal flag was then redesigned with the 7-pointed white star and was in use until 24 July 1920. This flag was, however, adopted by Jordan somewhat later.[2] The kingdom lasted for just over 4 months in 1920 before being occupied by France and de jure incorporated into the French colonial empire for some 12 years. Due first to French stalling with regard to signing an independence treaty, then to the chaotic political environment of WWII, Syria continued to be de facto occupied to varying degrees.[5] The last French troops left Syria in August 1946.[6]
French Mandate flags (1920—1932)
The reason for the abandonment of the Faysal flag was the arrival of the French, as they made Syria their colony. French High Commissioner for Syria, General Henri Gouraud adopted the new flag of the French Mandate of Syria on 24 July 1920. Gouraud's flag was in use until 1 September 1920. Prime Minister of Syria under French Mandate, Jamil al-Ulshi adopted the new flag on 22 June 1920. This flag was in use until 1930. The third flag under the French Mandate was adopted by Prime Minister Taj al-Din al-Hasani in 1930 and was used until 1 January 1932.
Independence flag
French Mandate and independence (1932—1958, 1961—1963)
.svg)
The flag of the newly established Syrian Republic, under the French mandate was determined by the 1930 constitution. The constitution was drafted by a parliamentary committee led by nationalist leader Ibrahim Hananu.[7] The French authorities refused to allow the constituent assembly to ratify the constitution at first, and Henri Ponsot, the High Commissioner, dissolved the assembly on 5 February 1929. After a public uproar, the French authorities rescinded their decision and decided to approve the draft with some changes. [8] On May 14, 1930 the High Commissioner, Henri Ponsot, issued decree number 3111 that would put the Constitution of the State of Syria, and in Article IV of Part I : "Syrian flag will be as follows: length double width, and is divided into three parallel and equal colors, the highest green, white then black, that the white section contains in a straight line three red five-pointed stars".[9] The flag was used when Syria gained its independence on 17 April 1946.[2] The official symbolism of the flag, according to an official 1932 decree, is that the colors represent Syria's past; white represents the Umayyads, black represents the Abbasids, and green represents the Rashidun caliphs of Islam. The three stars represent the three major revolts against French colonial rule.[7] It was officially hoisted in Damascus on 11 June 1932, but previously was flown in Aleppo on 1 January 1932.[10] The flag was used as a symbol for Syrians to rally around when France reneged on its agreement to leave the country, due to the outbreak of World War II.[11] It was used until the creation of the United Arab Republic, a state union of Syria and Egypt in 1958. After the union collapsed Syria used the UAR's flag until 28 September 1961, when it was replaced by the independence flag to disassociate Syria from the failed union of the UAR.[2]
Civil war (2011—present)
During the ongoing civil war, the Syrian opposition represented by the Free Syrian Army,[12] the Syrian National Council[13] use the Independence flag first used in 1932. The independence flag began to be used by protesters in late 2011.[13] The opposition wanted to distinguish themselves from the current Syrian government and favoured the use of the flag used when Syria gained its independence from France. Khaled Kamal, the official from the Syrian National Council, now believes this flag to also represent the independence and the end of Bashar al-Assad's government. The use of the independence flag parallels the Libyan rebels use of the pre-Gaddafi flag from the era of the Kingdom of Libya instead of Muammar Gaddafi's green flag.[14] The Syrian National Council initially used the red-white-black version of the flag and still doesn't have an official flag.[15]
Ba'athist flags
.svg)
.svg)
The current flag of Syria was adopted by Gamal Abd al-Nasser, president of Egypt and president of the United Arab Republic. The flag was changed from the former independence flag in April 1958, along with associated laws designed to create a greater Arab identity such as the abolishment of Syrian independence day, traditionally held on 17 April.[16] After Syria left the UAR, President Nazim al-Kudsi continued to use this flag until 28 September 1961, when it was replaced by the independence flag to disassociate Syria from the failed union. The first flag of Syria to be adopted by its Revolutionary Command Council — after a Ba'athist counter coup[17] — was adopted on 8 March 1963 and was in use until 1 January 1972. This flag was not much different from the flag of the UAR; its only difference from it was three stars instead of two.[2] Those three stars represented the unity of three Arab countries, Egypt, Syria and Iraq as well as three pilars of Ba'athism: unity, freedom and socialism.[9] President Hafez al-Assad adopted the new flag on 1 January 1972, as Syria joined Egypt and Libya in the Federation of Arab Republics. The green stars were replaced by the eagle of Quarish (the symbol of Prophet Muhammad's tribe). The eagle held the ribbon with name of the Federation, but unlike Egypt and Libya, Syria didn't included its name on the coat of arms.[10] This flag was an official flag during the Yom Kippur War in 1973.[2] The Federation was dissolved in 1977, but Syria continued to use the flag for the next three years.[10] This flag was abrogated on 29 March 1980,[2] and replaced by the current flag.[9]
List of flags of Syria
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- Flags of head of state
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Mandate of Syria
Each of the states in the French Mandate of Syria had its own flag. The Sanjak of Alexandretta, which was a part of Aleppo from 1920 to 1923 and then a part of the Alawite State from 1923 to 1938, did not have its own flag until it became independent as the State of Hatay. Greater Lebanon was also recognized as the independent Lebanese Republic in 1943.
Template:Begin flag gallery Template:Flag entry Template:Flag entry Template:Flag entry Template:New flag row Template:Flag entry Template:Flag entry Template:Flag entry Template:New flag row Template:Flag entry Template:Flag entry Template:End flag gallery
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b Ipavec, Eugene (17 March 2012). "Syria". Flagspot. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Syrian Flag". History of Syria. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ "National Symbols". Come to Syria. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ "English Translation of the Syrian Constitution". Qordoba. 15 Feberuary 2012. p. 8. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Thomas 2007, p. 276-278.
- ^ Heydemann 1999, p. 33.
- ^ a b Moubayed, Sami (06 August 2012). "Capture The Flag". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Schumann, 2008, p. 204.
- ^ a b c "العلم السوري" (in Arabic). Discover Syria. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
- ^ a b c Ipavec, Eugene; Martins, António; Heimer, Željko; Dotor, Santiago (10 June 2011). "Historical flags since 1932". Flags of the World. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ Lawson 2006.
- ^ "Kidnapped Iranians are Revolutionary Guards, FSA says in Al Arabiya video". Al Arabiya. 05 August 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b "Syria halts Homs siege as Arab monitors arrive". CBS News. 27 December 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
- ^ Daraghi, Borzou (30 December 2011). "Syrian rebels raise a flag from the past". Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ Ipavec, Eugene (17 March 2012). "National Salvation Council (Syria)". Flagspot. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ Podeh 1999, p. 120.
- ^ King 2009, p. 41.
Bibliography
- Heydemann, Steven (1999). Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, 1946-1970. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801429323.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Lawson, Fred H. (2006). Constructing International Relations in the Arab World. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804753722.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - King, Stephen J. (2009). The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253353979.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Podeh, Elie (1999). The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 9781902210209.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Thomas, Martin (2007). Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520251175.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Schumann, Cristoph (2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s. BRILL. ISBN 9789004165489.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
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| National flags | |
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| National coats of arms | |
