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{{about|a people of ancient South West Asia|an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri|Toucouleur people}}
{{about|a people of ancient South West Asia|an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri|Toucouleur people}}


The '''Turukkaeans''' were a [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] people of [[Zagros Mountains]]. Their [[endonym]] has sometimes been [[language reconstruction|reconstructed]] as '''Tukri'''.
The '''Turukkaeans''' were a [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] people of [[Zagros Mountains]]. Their [[endonym]] has sometimes been [[language reconstruction|reconstructed]] as '''Tukri'''.

The race of Turukkaeans is disputed among historians.While some historians saying they had [[Turkic people|Turkic root]]<ref name=Russian>Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.</ref><ref name=Russian2>Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6</ref><ref name=SinanMeydan>Meydan,Sinan.Türklerin Saklı Tarihi.İnkılap Yayınevi.</ref><ref>
A. Akif Poroy,Ön-Türkler.Bilge Karınca Yayınları,p.26 </ref><ref>F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006, p. 40-46</ref><ref name=BEYER>BEYER, D.- D. Charpin, 1990, “Le sceau de Zaziya, roi des Turukkéens,” MARI 6, Paris p. 625-628.</ref>,while another historians say they are hurrian<ref name=Jørgen>Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24). [
https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=WRMcBQAAQBAJ&q=turukkaean+origin&pg=PT85&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=turukkaean%20origin&f=false People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317602613.]</ref> or Iranian.


==History==
==History==
Line 17: Line 21:
''Tukru'' or ''Turukkum'' was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the [[Lake Urmia]] basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient [[Lullubi]], and at least one [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" <small>(VAT 8006)</small>.
''Tukru'' or ''Turukkum'' was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the [[Lake Urmia]] basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient [[Lullubi]], and at least one [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Neo-Assyrian]] (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" <small>(VAT 8006)</small>.


==Hurrians?==
==Their race==
In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri. They are described by their contemporaries as a semi-[[nomad]]ic, mountain tribe, who wore animal skins. Some scholars believe they may have been [[Hurrian]]-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRMcBQAAQBAJ&q=turukkaean+origin&pg=PT85|title=People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence|last=Læssøe|first=Jørgen|date=2014-10-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317602613|language=en}}</ref>
In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri.Their race is disputed by historians. The most popular theories are:
=== Hurrian ===
Some scholars believe they may have been [[Hurrian]]-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.<ref name=Jørgen>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRMcBQAAQBAJ&q=turukkaean+origin&pg=PT85|title=People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence|last=Læssøe|first=Jørgen|date=2014-10-24|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317602613|language=en}}</ref>

⚫
On the other hand, the Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city of Mardaman.According to the Jørgen læssøe,most of Turukkaean name is similar to the Hurrian language.

===Iranian===
Some historians believe that they are an Iranian people<ref>[https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=HkMrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=turukkaeans&hl=tr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOgMrk_rKGAxUCQvEDHZZRAq8Q6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=turukkaeans&f=false Early Mesopotamia:Society and Economy at the Dawn of History],2017.</ref> .The fact that they live near to the Iran strenghes this claim.

=== Turkic people ===

There is a lot of historians that say Turukkaeans were a [[Turkic people|Turkic tribe]].<ref name=Russian/><ref name=Russian2/> According to Charpin Beyer, Turukkaeans were Turkic.<ref name=BEYER/> The [[Germans|German]] archelogists who worked in Iran also agreed with that.<ref>Archaeologiste Mitteliungen aus Iran,p. 90:"... Tribes known under the same Su,Turukkaean and Lulubeans were differently... and problaby belonged to the Altaic-Turkish language community."</ref>

The French historians also agreed with this.<ref> Revue des Etudes Sud-Est Europennes,Tome XXXVII (nos 1-2.)- XXXVIII (nos 1-2.) 1999-2000:


" The name 'Turk' in Mari texts ":


"B. Landberger's thesis is confirmed by the fact that in 1800 B. C. name of Turuk (Türk) was mentioned several times in the tablets discovered in the Mari excavation."</ref> One of the kings they had was ilshu-nail. The word "İl" means "city" in the old Turkic. That fact also strenghes this claim.
⚫
On the other hand, the Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city of Mardaman. Thus, they may have been an Iranian group.


{{AncientNearEast-stub}}
{{AncientNearEast-stub}}

Revision as of 17:21, 1 June 2024

This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see Toucouleur people.

The Turukkaeans were a Bronze and Iron Age people of Zagros Mountains. Their endonym has sometimes been reconstructed as Tukri.

The race of Turukkaeans is disputed among historians.While some historians saying they had Turkic root[1][2][3][4][5][6],while another historians say they are hurrian[7] or Iranian.

History

Middle Bronze

Turukku was regarded by the Old Assyrian Empire as a constant threat, during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor Ishme-Dagan (1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad.

The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of Mardaman, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE.[8] Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).

A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named Tukriš (UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4), alongside Gutium, Subartu and another name that is usually reconstructed as Elam. Other texts from the same period refer to the kingdom as Tukru.

Iron Age

By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as Turukkum, Turukku and ti-ru-ki-i are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".

A map of Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.

Tukru or Turukkum was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the Lake Urmia basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient Lullubi, and at least one Neo-Assyrian (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" (VAT 8006).

Their race

In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri.Their race is disputed by historians. The most popular theories are:

Hurrian

Some scholars believe they may have been Hurrian-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.[7]

On the other hand, the Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city of Mardaman.According to the Jørgen læssøe,most of Turukkaean name is similar to the Hurrian language.

Iranian

Some historians believe that they are an Iranian people[9] .The fact that they live near to the Iran strenghes this claim.

Turkic people

There is a lot of historians that say Turukkaeans were a Turkic tribe.[1][2] According to Charpin Beyer, Turukkaeans were Turkic.[6] The German archelogists who worked in Iran also agreed with that.[10]

The French historians also agreed with this.[11] One of the kings they had was ilshu-nail. The word "İl" means "city" in the old Turkic. That fact also strenghes this claim.

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See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  2. ^ a b Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6
  3. ^ Meydan,Sinan.Türklerin Saklı Tarihi.İnkılap Yayınevi.
  4. ^ A. Akif Poroy,Ön-Türkler.Bilge Karınca Yayınları,p.26
  5. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006, p. 40-46
  6. ^ a b BEYER, D.- D. Charpin, 1990, “Le sceau de Zaziya, roi des Turukkéens,” MARI 6, Paris p. 625-628.
  7. ^ a b Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24). [ https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=WRMcBQAAQBAJ&q=turukkaean+origin&pg=PT85&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=turukkaean%20origin&f=false People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317602613.] Cite error: The named reference "Jørgen" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ Pfälzner, Peter, (2018). "Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman". uni-tuebingen.de. University of Tubingen.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Early Mesopotamia:Society and Economy at the Dawn of History,2017.
  10. ^ Archaeologiste Mitteliungen aus Iran,p. 90:"... Tribes known under the same Su,Turukkaean and Lulubeans were differently... and problaby belonged to the Altaic-Turkish language community."
  11. ^ Revue des Etudes Sud-Est Europennes,Tome XXXVII (nos 1-2.)- XXXVIII (nos 1-2.) 1999-2000: " The name 'Turk' in Mari texts ": "B. Landberger's thesis is confirmed by the fact that in 1800 B. C. name of Turuk (Türk) was mentioned several times in the tablets discovered in the Mari excavation."

Bibliography

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