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Revision as of 01:14, 10 November 2021
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and it has seen several updates to its base operating system since the initial release.
Overview
The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[1] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.[2][3] The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[4][5] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[6] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.[7] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system.
The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.[8] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestone builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.[9]
The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.[10] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released September 2019.
In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.[11] Initially the minimum requirement was Android 8, released in the second half of 2017, for which support would be required for new apps by August 2018, and for updates to existing apps by November 2018. This pattern has continued in subsequent years.[12][13] In November 2020, Google announced new apps will need to target Android 10 by August 2021 and any updates to existing apps will need to target Android 10 by November 2021.[14]
Name | Internal codename | Version number(s) | Initial stable release date |
Supported (security fixes) |
API level | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Android 1.0 | — | 1.0 | September 23, 2008 | No | 1 | [9][15] |
Android 1.1 | Petit Four | 1.1 | February 9, 2009 | No | 2 | [9][15][16] |
Android Cupcake | Cupcake | 1.5 | April 27, 2009 | No | 3 | [15][17] |
Android Donut | Donut | 1.6 | September 15, 2009 | No | 4 | [15][18] |
Android Eclair | Eclair | 2.0 | October 27, 2009 | No | 5 | [15][19][20] |
2.0.1 | December 3, 2009 | No | 6 | |||
2.1 | January 11, 2010 | No | 7 | [21] | ||
Android Froyo | Froyo | 2.2 – 2.2.3 | May 20, 2010 | No | 8 | [15][22] |
Android Gingerbread | Gingerbread | 2.3 – 2.3.2 | December 6, 2010 | No | 9 | [15][23] |
2.3.3 - 2.3.7 | February 9, 2011 | No | 10 | |||
Android Honeycomb | Honeycomb | 3.0 | February 22, 2011 | No | 11 | [15][24] |
3.1 | May 10, 2011 | No | 12 | |||
3.2 - 3.2.6 | July 15, 2011 | No | 13 | |||
Android Ice Cream Sandwich | Ice Cream Sandwich | 4.0 – 4.0.2 | October 18, 2011 | No | 14 | [15][25] |
4.0.3 - 4.0.4 | December 16, 2011 | No | 15 | |||
Android Jelly Bean | Jelly Bean | 4.1 – 4.1.2 | July 9, 2012 | No | 16 | [15][26] |
4.2 - 4.2.2 | November 13, 2012 | No | 17 | |||
4.3 - 4.3.1 | July 24, 2013 | No | 18 | |||
Android KitKat | Key Lime Pie | 4.4 – 4.4.4 | October 31, 2013 | No | 19 | [15][27] |
4.4W - 4.4W.2 | June 25, 2014 | No | 20 | |||
Android Lollipop | Lemon Meringue Pie | 5.0 – 5.0.2 | November 4, 2014 | No | 21 | [15][28][29] |
5.1 - 5.1.1 | March 2, 2015 | No | 22 | [30] | ||
Android Marshmallow | Macadamia Nut Cookie | 6.0 – 6.0.1 | October 2, 2015 | No | 23 | [15][31][32] |
Android Nougat | New York Cheesecake | 7.0 | August 22, 2016 | No | 24 | [15][33][34][35][36] |
7.1 - 7.1.2 | October 4, 2016 | No | 25 | |||
Android Oreo | Oatmeal Cookie | 8.0 | August 21, 2017 | No | 26 | [15][37][38] |
8.1 | December 5, 2017 | No | 27 | [15][39] | ||
Android Pie | 9 | August 6, 2018 | Yes | 28 | [15][40] | |
Android 10 | Quince Tart | 10 | September 3, 2019 | Yes | 29 | [15][41][42][43] |
Android 11 | Red Velvet Cake | 11 | September 8, 2020 | Yes | 30 | [15][44] |
Android 12 | Snow Cone | 12 | October 4, 2021 | Yes | 31 | [15][45][46] |
Version history
The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.
Android 1.0
Android 1.0 (API 1) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.0 | September 23, 2008 |
|
Android 1.1
Android 1.1 (API 2) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.1 | February 9, 2009 |
|
Android 1.5 Cupcake
Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.5 | April 27, 2009[53] |
|
Android 1.6 Donut
Android 1.6 Donut (API 4) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
1.6 | September 15, 2009[56] |
|
Android 2.0 Eclair
Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.0 | October 27, 2009[20] |
|
Android 2.0.1 Eclair
Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API 6) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.0.1 | December 3, 2009[60] |
|
Android 2.1 Eclair
Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.1 | January 11, 2010[61][21] |
|
Android 2.2 Froyo
Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.2 | May 20, 2010 |
|
2.2.1 | September 27, 2010[69] |
|
2.2.2 | January 21, 2011[70] | |
2.2.3 | November 21, 2011[72] |
|
Android 2.3 Gingerbread
Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.3 | December 6, 2010[73] |
|
2.3.1 | December 22, 2010[76] |
|
2.3.2 | January 21, 2011[77] |
|
Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread
Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread (API 10) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
2.3.3 | February 9, 2011[78] |
|
2.3.4 | April 28, 2011[80] |
|
2.3.5 | July 25, 2011[85] |
|
2.3.6 | September 2, 2011[87] |
|
2.3.7 | September 21, 2011 |
|
Android 3.0 Honeycomb
Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.0 | February 22, 2011[90] |
|
Android 3.1 Honeycomb
Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API 12) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.1 | May 10, 2011[94] |
|
Android 3.2 Honeycomb
Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
3.2 | July 15, 2011[97] |
|
3.2.1 | September 20, 2011 |
|
3.2.2 | September 30, 2011 |
|
3.2.4 | December 15, 2011 |
|
3.2.6 | February 15, 2012 |
|
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich
Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.0 | October 18, 2011[99] |
|
4.0.1 | October 19, 2011 |
|
4.0.2 | November 28, 2011 |
|
Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich
Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.0.3 | December 16, 2011[105] |
|
4.0.4 | March 28, 2012 |
|
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean
Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.1 | July 9, 2012 |
|
4.1.1 | July 9, 2012[112] |
|
4.1.2 | October 9, 2012[113] |
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.2 | November 13, 2012[116] |
|
4.2.1 | November 27, 2012[121][122] | |
4.2.2 | February 11, 2013[124] |
|
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean
Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API 18) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.3 | July 24, 2013[126] |
|
4.3.1 | October 3, 2013[135] |
|
Android 4.4 KitKat
Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.4 | October 31, 2013[137][138] |
|
4.4.1 | December 5, 2013[153][154] |
|
4.4.2 | December 9, 2013[155] | |
4.4.3 | June 2, 2014[157][158] | |
4.4.4 | June 19, 2014[161] |
|
Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions
Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
4.4W[163] | June 25, 2014[164] |
|
4.4W.1 | September 6, 2014[165] |
|
4.4W.2 | October 21, 2014[166] |
|
Android 5.0 Lollipop
Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
5.0[167] | November 04, 2014[28] |
|
5.0.1 | December 2, 2014[182] |
|
5.0.2 | December 19, 2014[183] |
|
Android 5.1 Lollipop
Android 5.1 Lollipop (API 22) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
5.1 | March 2, 2015[30] |
|
5.1.1 | April 20, 2015[188][189] |
|
Android 6.0 Marshmallow
Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 23) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
6.0 | October 2, 2015[31][191] |
|
6.0.1 | December 7, 2015[209] |
|
Android 7.0 Nougat
Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
7.0 | August 22, 2016[211] |
|
Android 7.1 Nougat
Android 7.1 Nougat (API 25) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
7.1 | October 4, 2016[219] |
|
7.1.1[221] | December 1, 2016[222] |
|
7.1.2[223][224] | April 2, 2017[225] |
|
Android 8.0 Oreo
Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
8.0[226] | August 21, 2017 |
|
Android 8.1.0 Oreo
Android 8.1.0 Oreo (API 27) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
8.1.0[228][229] | December 5, 2017[230][231] |
|
Android 9 Pie
Android 9 Pie (API 28) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
9 | August 6, 2018 |
|
Android 10
Android 10 (API 29) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
10 | September 3, 2019 |
|
Android 11
Android 11 (API 30) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
11 | September 8, 2020 |
|
Android 12
Android 12 (API 31) | ||
---|---|---|
Version | Release date | Features |
12 | October 4, 2021 |
|
Hardware requirements
The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86[c] and MIPS[d] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android, but MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.[271]
Android 1.0 through 1.5 required a 2 megapixel camera with autofocus camera. This was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera with Android 1.6.[272]
In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[273] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[274][275] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.
Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[276][e] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[277] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[278] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor,[279] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[280] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices[281]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[280] In 2021, Android was ported to RISC-V.[282] In 2021, Qualcomm said it will support more updates.[283]
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.[88][89]
- ^ For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.[103][104]
- ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[269]
- ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[270] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[269]
- ^ Disk-based memory (hard drives), solid state disk devices such as USB drives, DVD-based storage, bit rates, bus speeds, and network speeds, are specified using decimal meanings for k (10001), M (10002), G (10003), etc.
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{{cite web}}
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