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Undid revision 330390656 by 190.53.244.15 (talk) Zelaya's term is not over, he is still recognized as President of Hondu
his term is over, PLEASE see talk page and discuss there
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|term_end = 28 June 2009
|term_end = 28 June 2009
|predecessor = [[Ricardo Maduro]]
|predecessor = [[Ricardo Maduro]]
|successor = [[Roberto Micheletti]] <small>(de facto)</small>
|successor = [[Roberto Micheletti]] <small>(Interim)</small>
|birth_date = {{bda|1952|09|20|df=y}}
|birth_date = {{bda|1952|09|20|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Catacamas]], [[Honduras]]
|birth_place = [[Catacamas]], [[Honduras]]
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'''José Manuel Zelaya Rosales''' (born September 20, 1952) is a [[Honduras|Honduran]] politician. A son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel" and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's ranch, logging and timber businesses. His term as [[President of Honduras]] was set to last from January 27, 2006 until January 27, 2010, but he was deposed on June 28, 2009 in an event that has been condemned internationally as a coup d'etat. No nation has officially recognized the current government in Honduras.
'''José Manuel Zelaya Rosales''' (born September 20, 1952) is a [[Honduras|Honduran]] politician. He was [[President of Honduras]] between January 27, 2006 and June 28, 2009. A son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel" and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's ranch, logging and timber businesses.


During his presidency, Zelaya was perceived as moving sharply to the political left, forging an alliance with the [[Hugo Chávez]] linked [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas|ALBA]].<ref>[http://en.mercopress.com/2009/06/28/president-zelaya-voted-in-as-liberal-turned-into-ally-of-chavez-alba President Zelaya voted in as Liberal turned into ally of Chavez’ ALBA]</ref> On June 28, 2009, in the [[2009 Honduran constitutional crisis]], he was detained by the [[military of Honduras|military]], acting on a secret arrest order of a Honduran Supreme Court Judge, but the military exiled him to Costa Rica in an event that has been [[International reaction to the 2009 Honduran military coup|condemned internationally]] as a [[coup d'état]].<ref name="Americas group suspends Honduras">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8134699.stm|title=Americas group suspends Honduras|date=2009-07-05|accessdate=2009-07-05|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> On September 21, 2009 he returned to Honduras clandestinely and resurfaced in the [[Brazil]]ian [[embassy]] in [[Tegucigalpa]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8267775.stm Ousted leader returns to Honduras]</ref>
During his presidency, Zelaya was perceived as moving sharply to the political left, forging an alliance with the [[Hugo Chávez]] linked [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas|ALBA]].<ref>[http://en.mercopress.com/2009/06/28/president-zelaya-voted-in-as-liberal-turned-into-ally-of-chavez-alba President Zelaya voted in as Liberal turned into ally of Chavez’ ALBA]</ref> On June 28, 2009, in the [[2009 Honduran constitutional crisis]], he was detained by the [[military of Honduras|military]], acting on a secret arrest order of a Honduran Supreme Court Judge, but the military exiled him to Costa Rica in an event that has been [[International reaction to the 2009 Honduran military coup|condemned internationally]] as a [[coup d'état]].<ref name="Americas group suspends Honduras">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8134699.stm|title=Americas group suspends Honduras|date=2009-07-05|accessdate=2009-07-05|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> On September 21, 2009 he returned to Honduras clandestinely and resurfaced in the [[Brazil]]ian [[embassy]] in [[Tegucigalpa]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8267775.stm Ousted leader returns to Honduras]</ref>

Revision as of 04:37, 8 December 2009

Manuel Zelaya
President of Honduras
In office
27 January 2006 – 28 June 2009
Vice PresidentElvin Santos
Arístides Mejía
Preceded byRicardo Maduro
Succeeded byRoberto Micheletti (Interim)
Personal details
Born (1952-09-20) 20 September 1952 (age 72)
Catacamas, Honduras
Political partyLiberal Party
SpouseXiomara Castro
Alma materNational Autonomous University of Honduras (Incomplete)
Manuel Zelaya was deposed on 28 June 2009 and the National Congress swore-in Roberto Micheletti.

José Manuel Zelaya Rosales (born September 20, 1952) is a Honduran politician. He was President of Honduras between January 27, 2006 and June 28, 2009. A son of a wealthy businessman, he inherited his father's nickname "Mel" and, before entering politics, was involved in his family's ranch, logging and timber businesses.

During his presidency, Zelaya was perceived as moving sharply to the political left, forging an alliance with the Hugo Chávez linked ALBA.[1] On June 28, 2009, in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, he was detained by the military, acting on a secret arrest order of a Honduran Supreme Court Judge, but the military exiled him to Costa Rica in an event that has been condemned internationally as a coup d'état.[2] On September 21, 2009 he returned to Honduras clandestinely and resurfaced in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa.[3]

Background

Zelaya was born to Manuel Zelaya Ordoñez and Hortensia Rosales Sarmiento.[4] Zelaya was born the oldest of four children in Juticalpa, Olancho. Two of his brothers remain alive: one is Carlos Armando and the other is Marco Antonio. Zelaya's mother, Ortensia Rosales de Zelaya, has been described as his best campaigner. His family first lived in Copán, then they moved east to Catacamas, Olancho.

He attended Niño Jesús de Praga y Luis Landa elementary school and the Instituto Salesiano San Miguel. He studied civil engineering in The National University of Honduras (UNAH), but left after four years with 11 courses completed, in order to engage fully in the agri-forestry business sector.[4] He has engaged in various business activities, specifically timber and cattle, which were handed down to him by his late father. He is now a landowner in the department of Olancho. In 1987, Zelaya became manager of the Honduran Council of Private Enterprise (COHEP), as well as the National Association of Wood Processing Enterprises.[5] The COHEP occupies a particularly important role in Honduran politics, as the Constitution delineates that the organization elects 1 of the 7 members of the Nominating Board that proposes members of the Supreme Court of Honduras.[6]

Since January 1976, Zelaya has been married to Xiomara Castro de Zelaya. They have four children: Zoe, Héctor Manuel, Xiomara Hortensia ("La Pichu")[7] and Jose Manuel.

Political career

He joined the Liberal Party of Honduras (Partido Liberal de Honduras, PLH) in 1970 and became active a decade later. He was a deputy in the National Congress three consecutive times between 1985 and 1998. He held many positions within the PLH and was Minister for Investment in charge of the Honduran Social Investment Fund (FHIS) in a previous PLH government.

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In the 2005 presidential primaries, his faction was called Movimiento Esperanza Liberal (MEL). He received 52% of the 289,300 Liberal votes, to 17% for Jaime Rosenthal Oliva and 12% for Gabriela Núñez, the candidate of the Nueva Mayoría faction.[8]

Political crisis

Zelaya's order to hold a "poll" of public opinion[9][10] led to a political crisis and a Supreme Court order for his detention executed by the military, who then expatriated him.[11][12][13][14]

The poll, generally referred to as a referendum by international media, intended to assess the population's desire for a National Constituent Assembly. The Supreme Court of Honduras, Congress, the country's attorney general, and the supreme electoral tribunal opposed the poll.[15][16][17] Congress, including Zelaya's own party, discussed whether to impeach Zelaya.[18]

A first instance court in the Honduran capital Tegucigalpa deemed the poll unconstitutional, despite Zelaya's claims that it was a non-binding opinion poll, and not, as his opponents claimed, a binding referendum about forms of government, presidential periods, re-election, or Honduran territory. The Honduran Constitution forbids reforms to the articles in the Constitution that refer to these aspects, but it says nothing about the formation of a National Constituent Assembly, with a mandate to write a completely new constitution. Zelaya's opinion poll intended to ask Hondurans what they felt about including a fourth ballot box in the November 2009 elections, this ballot box asking Hondurans if they wanted to form such a National Constituent Assembly. The November referendum would have required a 2/3 majority vote in Congress in order to take place. This was the case Zelaya presented to the court, but his participation in the process was denied.

The president was removed by the Army on June 28, 2009 and expatriated to Costa Rica. Congress named its President, Roberto Micheletti, as President to replace Zelaya, but no country has recognized the change in office.[19][20][21]

Presidency

Manuel Zelaya in 2007.

Opinions polls consistently showed that Zelaya was one of the most disliked political leaders in Latin America. In April 2009, only one in four Hondurans approved Zelaya, the lowest approval rating of 18 regional leaders.[22] CID-Gallup surveys in February, June and October, 2008 showed his approval rating dropping from 38% to 25% and his disapproval rating rising from 31% to 36%.[23]

Political opponents have expressed their opposition to both his foreign policy, particularly his alliance with Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, friendship with Cuba's Raúl Castro. In his opaque dealings, Zelaya made Honduras a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas.

The Economist gave Zelaya mixed reviews for his first year in office, saying that "Despite success in fulfilling some of his campaign promises [...] Zelaya’s lack of a coherent programme has limited the government’s ability to address Honduras’s long-standing problems," and that "introducing far-reaching reforms will be difficult" in the face of vigorous opposition and "simmering social tensions."[24] At the time of his ouster, the newsmagazine said "Mr Zelaya's presidency has been marked by a rise in crime, corruption scandals and economic populism".[25]

Under Zelaya, government deficit increased to massive 5% of the GDP.[26] Hundreds of thousands Hondurans lost their jobs.[27] The purchasing power of Hondurans fell by 30% during the final year of Zelaya's government.

Financial irregularities

See also: Hondutel and Marcelo Chimirri

At least 20 corruption scandals came to alight during his first years. Zelaya administration refused to investigate most corruption cases. In February 2007, his administration had prosecuted only four cases, out of which three had been dismissed.[28]

After Zelaya became president, his nephew Marcelo Chimirri was appointed as the state-owned telecom Hondutel.

On September 8, 2007, Mexican newspaper El Universal noted that between 2005 and 2006, the first year of President Manuel Zelaya's administration, Hondutel's income strangely decreased 47%. Given that Hondutel is the only organization that can legally receive international calls, there was no logical reason why this had happened, raising questions where the money had went.[29] The FBI Criminal Division's Fraud Section revealed that Latin Node Inc., an American company, had illegal dealings with Chimirri. Chimirri had used so-called gray traffic (tráfico gris) to make million to Latin Node, which in return transferred money to Chimirri and a number of other people in Honduras.[30][31]

Alliance with Hugo Chávez

In 2008, Zelaya's popular approval dropped amid the 2007–2008 world food price crisis and worsening drug-related violence that gave Honduras one of the highest homicide rates in Latin America.[32] Zelaya attempted to blame the United States by calling on the United States to legalize drugs.[33]

On July 22, 2008, Zelaya revealed that he was seeking to incorporate the country into the ALBA. In fact, he said that the country had been "observer member" "four or more months".[34]

Zelaya refused file the budget to Congress by September 15, 2008, as required by the constitution. He claimed it was impossible to come up with numbers.[27] Zelaya's behavior received criticism even from his own ministers. Julio Raudales, Zelaya’s former deputy minister, said the budgetary black hole cost the country some $400 million (in external funding).[27]

Zelaya more than doubled military spending.[27]

Corruption investigations by the FBI and Honduran prosecutors

After Zelaya became president, his nephew Marcelo Chimirri was appointed as the state-owned telecom Hondutel.

On September 8, 2007, Mexican newspaper El Universal noted that between 2005 and 2006, the first year of President Manuel Zelaya's administration, Hondutel's income strangely decreased 47%. Given that Hondutel is the only organization that can legally receive international calls, there was no logical reason why this had happened, raising questions where the money had went.[35]

FBI Criminal Division's Fraud Section revealed that Latin Node Inc., an American company, had illegal dealings with Chimirri. Chimirri had used so-called gray traffic (tráfico gris) to make million to Latin Node, which in return transferred money to Chimirri and a number of other people in Honduras.[36][37]

Conflict with media

Many organizations, including the Organization of American States (OAS), accused Zelaya of continuing a form of censorship system in Honduras. The United Nations and the Inter-American Press Association condemned the murders of journalists.

Zelaya complained that the main media outlets in Honduras are biased against him and do not provide coverage of what his government is doing: "No one publishes anything about me. . . . what prevails here is censorship of my government by the big media."[38] Inter Press Service says that the vast majority of radio and TV stations and print publications are owned by just six families.[39]

According to a paper written by Manuel Orozco and Rebecca Rouse for the Inter-American Dialogue think tank in the United States, the Honduran media operate as arms of political parties.[40][dead link‍] Honduran journalists say that most of the news media there are unabashedly partisan, allied with political parties and local power brokers.[41]

On May 24, 2007, Zelaya ordered ten two-hour cadenas (mandatory government broadcasts) on all television and radio stations, "to counteract the misinformation of the news media."[42] The move, while legal, was fiercely criticized by the country's main journalists' union, and Zelaya was dubbed "authoritarian" by his opposition.[43] Ultimately, the broadcasts were scaled back to a one-hour program on the government's plans to expand telephone service, a half hour on new electrical power plants and a half-hour about government revenues. According to the University of New Mexico's electronic bulletin NotiCen, "Zelaya's contention that the media distort his efforts is not without merit," citing reports which gave the public the impression that murder rates were rising, when they actually fell by 3% in 2006.[42]

A journalist who often criticized Zelaya was murdered by unknown gunmen in 2007.[44] Inter-American Press Association (IAPA) and the United Nations criticized the threat to journalists in Honduras.[34] Other critical journalists, such as Dagoberto Rodriguez and Hector Geovanny Garcia, fled into exile because of constant murder threats.[45]

In 2008, The Organization of American States (OAS) accused Zelaya of imposing "subtle censorship" in Honduras. A study, "Censura sutil en Honduras: abuso de publicidad oficial y otras formas de censura indirecta", (Subtle Censorship in Honduras: Officially Public Abuse & Other Forms of Indirect Censorship) was released in September 2008.[46]

Attempts to modify the constitution

President Zelaya came to international attention in June 2009 when he was overthrown and sent into exile. The crisis that led to his ouster centered around his efforts to change the 1982 Honduran Constitution. Those efforts were strongly opposed by Congress, Supreme Court, the Opposing parties and even his own party (Partido Liberal) in Honduras; the forces behind his ouster justified their action on the grounds that Zelaya's efforts towards convening a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution were illegal. They alleged that his real motive was to increase his time in office; his term was due to end in January 2010 and the 1982 constitution prohibits presidents from serving a second term. Zelaya denied that his motive was to stay in office, stating that he intended to step down as scheduled in January 2010 and noting that his successor would be elected at the same time the vote on whether to convene a constituent assembly would occur.[47]

With congressional majority, President of Honduras can amend the constitution without any referendum. However, eight articles can't be amended. These include term limits, system of government that is permitted, and process of presidential succession.[48]

Because president can amend 368 of 375 articles without any constituent assembly, Zelaya's true intention appeared to be extending his rule.[48] Honduran political analyst Juan Ramon Martinez has argued that Zelaya is attempting to discredit democracy, "There appears to be a set of tactics aimed at discrediting institutions... he has repeated on several occasions that democratic institutions are worthless and that democracy has not helped at all".[48]

Debate over changing the constitution began early in Zelaya's presidency. Central America report of 4 August 2006 stated that proposals were being made to reform some articles of the constitution. It did not say whether Zelaya was behind those proposals. It said that the proposals were causing "tension."[49] Michael Shifter, a Latin American analyst, said that Zelaya seems to have "a very strong appetite for power" and that he was trying to be the victim. Shifter predicted that Zelaya wouldnt get much sympathy by defying the country's institutions.[50]

Referendum

Main article: Honduran fourth ballot box referendum

On November 11, 2008, following requests from many Honduran groups for the convening of a constituent assembly,[51] Zelaya issued a decree organizing a poll to determine if the electorate wanted a fourth ballot box installed at polling places for the upcoming November 29, 2009 general election – an addition to the usual three for Presidential, Congressional, and municipal candidates. The fourth ballot would be to ask voters whether they want to convene a National Constituent Assembly for the purpose of writing a new constitution. Later, in March 2009, Zelaya announced that first he wanted to have a preliminary poll – he suggested 28 June 2009 as a date – to ask voters whether they wanted the fourth ballot to be included in the November 2009 election. On 24 March 2009, Zelaya issued executive decree PCM-05-2009 for the National Statistical Institute to hold the national referendum by June 28, 2009.[citation needed]

Zelaya refused to give money to the National Electoral Tribunal and the National Persons Registry, which oversee elections in Honduras. It is believed that the reason was to financially asphyxiate the electoral process.[48]

There has been considerable debate as to whether Zelaya's call for a poll about whether to organise a constituent assembly was legally valid according to the 1982 Constitution. Article 373 of the Constitution states that the Constitution can be amended by a two-thirds majority of the normal National Congress. Only eight articles can not be amended in this fashion; they are specified in Article 374 of the Constitution and include term limits, system of government that is permitted, and process of presidential succession.[citation needed] Because the congress can amend 368 of 375 articles without any constituent assembly, some observers charged that Zelaya's true intention of holding a referendum on convening a constitutional convention on the same date as his successor's election was to extend his term of rule.[citation needed]. In a newspaper interview shortly before his ouster, Zelaya stated that he had every intention of stepping down when his term ends in January 2010.[47] The Associated Press, citing Manuel Orozco of the Inter American Dialogue, said that "His [Zelaya's] campaign for changing the constitution has energized his support base of labour groups, farmers and civil organisations who have long felt marginalized in a country where a wealthy elite controls the media and much of politics."[52][dead link‍]

Zelaya violates Supreme Court rulings

The Supreme Court in Honduras ruled that a lower court ruling blocking the referendum was lawful[53][dead link‍]

The Supreme Court's ruling was supported by Congress, the country's attorney general, top electoral body, and the country's human rights ombudsman, who all said that Zelaya violated the law.[17] Despite the opposition of the other branches of the government, Zelaya moved forward with his plan to hold a consultative poll on 28 June 2009. In Honduras it is a function of the military to assist with election logistics; accordingly, in late May 2009, Zelaya issued a request to the military to distribute ballot boxes and other materials for the poll. The chief of the military, General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, refused to carry this out. In response, Zelaya dismissed Vásquez on 24 May. Subsequently, defense minister Edmundo Orellana and several other military commanders resigned in support of Vásquez. Both the Honduran Supreme Court and the Honduran Congress deemed the dismissal of Velásquez to be unlawful.[53][dead link‍][54] By 25 June, the the newspaper La Tribuna' reported that military had deployed hundreds of troops around Tegucigalpa, to prevent possible disturbances by organisations that support Zelaya and with the exception of leftist organizations, "all sectors are publicly opposed to the consultation, which has been declared illegal by the Prosecutor and the Supreme Court". The troops were deployed from the First Infantry Battalion, located 5 km East of the city, to the vicinity of the presidential residence in the West, and the airport, in the South.[55]

Zelaya signed two emergency executive decrees, both with the number 46-A-2208, which each authorized transfer of 30 million lempiras of public money to advertising of his poll. Auditors found that Zelaya administration's issued 29 advertising-related checks and spent total 29,995,887.62 lempiras. It is unclear whether another 30 million was withdrawn. The supposed advertisers paid no sales tax. The Supreme Audit Court's investigation raised concerns of squandering.[56][57][58][59]

There is some doubt, however, that Zelaya ever actually fired Vásquez. CNN news on 27 June reported that Zelaya on 24 June had said that he would fire Vásquez; but that on 26 June Zelaya said that he had never carried through on his threat and the general had not been fired. "I didn't do it," CNN quoted him as saying.[60]

The Congress, the attorney general, and the top electoral tribunal declared Zelaya's proposed referendum to be illegal.[16][dead link‍][17][18] Congress began to discuss means to impeach Zelaya.[61] On June 27 and again on June 30, 2009, thousands of protesters opposed to Zelaya's rule marched through the capital city.[61]

Zelaya seizes illegal ballots

Ballots arrived from Venezuela on a plane and the ballot boxes were kept at the Tegucigalpa airport. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal ordered the illegal ballots to be confiscated. Investigators from the Ministerio Público and the Honduran attorney general's office arrived at the airport.[62]

On 25 June 2009, Zelaya led a group of several hundred suppporters to the military base to take possession of the illegal ballots. t[60][63][64] On the 26th, according to the Associated Press, Zelaya's supporters began distributing ballots to the 15,000 voting stations around the country.[53]

Instead of official government agencies, Zelaya's supporters were going to both handle and count the votes. The Supreme Court, Congress, the National Human Rights Commissioner and others recommended that voters stay home because the poll would be neither fair nor safe for voters.[65][66]

Constitutional crisis

Main article: 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis
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On June 28, 2009, President Zelaya was seized by soldiers, acting on the orders of the Honduran Supreme Court.[67] he was then taken to the US Air Force base in Honduras,[68][69] and sent into exile to Costa Rica.[70]

The reason given for the arrest order were charges brought by the Attorney General and the order was to enable a atatement to be made to the Supreme Court. The decision to expatriate him was, however, taken by the military themselves, knowing full well that it violated the constitution.[71][72]

Following his ouster, Zelaya spoke to the media from his forced exile in San Jose and described the events as a coup and a kidnapping. He stated that soldiers pulled him from his bed and assaulted his guards. Zelaya stated that he will not recognize anyone named as his successor and that he wanted to finish his term in office.[73] He also stated that he would begin to meet with diplomats,[74] and attended the Summit of Central American Presidents held in Managua, Nicaragua, two days later (June 30, 2009).

The National Congress unanimously voted to accept what they said was Zelaya's letter of resignation, but Zelaya said he did not write the letter.[75][dead link‍]

National Congress President Roberto Micheletti, the next person in the presidential line of succession, assumed the presidency following Zelaya's removal from office.[76] The event was greeted with applause in Congress, which had denounced Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution and the law and disregard of orders and judgments of the institutions.[77]

The world—including international bodies like the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the European Union—publicly condemned the events. U.S. President Barack Obama said, "We believe that the coup was not legal and that President Zelaya remains the President of Honduras."[78][79] Hugo Chávez threatened to invade Honduras if the Venezuelan embassy or ambassador were attacked.[80] Venezuela has said it would suspend oil shipments, and Honduras's neighbors—El Salvador, Guatemala and Nicaragua—suspended overland trade for two days.[81] A one-page United Nations resolution, passed by acclamation in the 192-member body, condemned the events and demanded Zelaya's “immediate and unconditional restoration” as president.[82] The resolution calls "firmly and categorically on all states to recognise no government other than that" of Mr. Zelaya.[83]

During the first five days out of country, Zelaya spent 80,000 dollars of Honduran public money on luxury goods, including hotels, food for the government in exile.[84][85][86]

Zelaya's wife, Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, charged that the exiling of her husband was a violation of the Honduran Constitution.[87] Article 102 of the Honduran Constitution forbids expatriating or handing over of Hondurans to foreign countries.[88][89][90]

According to Greenberg Quinlan Rosner poll, on October 9-13, Hondurans opposed the coup 60% to 38% were evenly divided on restoration of Zelaya's presidency 49% to 50% (with limited powers) or 26% to 51% (with full powers). The approval rating of Micheletti's interm presidency was 47% while Zelaya's presidency had an approval rating of 67%. [91]

Return to Honduras

On September 21, 2009, Zelaya and his wife arrived at the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. Zelaya stated that to reach the embassy he travelled through mountains for fifteen hours, and took back roads to avoid checkpoints. Zelaya refused to state from which country he entered Honduras. Hundreds of Zelaya's supporters surrounded the Brazilian embassy. Zelaya chanted "Restitution, Fatherland or Death!" to his supporters, raising fears that Zelaya was attempting a violent confrontation.[92][93][94][95]

Zelaya said his throat is sore from "toxic gases" and "Israeli mercenaries" are torturing him with "high-frequency radiation". Even Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim found Zelaya's rherotic excessive.[96] Blaming the Jews has been common pro-Zelaya rhetoric; a Venezuelan-financed radio station blamed Jews for damaging Honduras and asked "why didn't we let Hitler carry out his historic mission".[97]

Michelleti initially denied Zelaya had returned, but later admitted Zelaya's return, stating that it "changes nothing of our reality." Michelleti later issued a curfew and asked the Brazilian government to put Zelaya in Honduran custody to be put on trial. Brazilian foreign minister Celso Amorim stated that Brazil did not aid Zelaya's return. Security Vice Minister Mario Perdomo ordered checkpoints to be placed on highways leading to Tegucigalpa, to "stop those people coming to start trouble." Defense Minister Lionel Sevilla suspended all air flights to Tegucigalpa.[92][93][94]

Costa Rican President Oscar Arias and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton urged both sides to begin a dialogue toward a peaceful solution[92] and Eulogio Chavez, leader of a 60,000-member teachers union, announced that his organization would go on strike to back Zelaya.[92] Shortly thereafter, Zelaya said that "Israeli mercenaries" were torturing him with high-frequency radiation and mind-altering gas[98] and that Israeli mercenaries had installed a mobile phone jammer.[99][100]

On 27 September, 2009 Honduras gave Brazil a ten-day deadline. Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva said that he would ignore the deadline, stating that "Brazil will not comply with an ultimatum from a government of coup-mongers".[citation needed] Honduran interim president Roberto Micheletti warned that his government would take action if Brazil did not determine Zelaya's status soon. President Lula demanded an apology.

Hundreds of Honduran soldiers and Police Officers have surrounded the Brazilian embassy, where protests against the coup continue.

On October 29th, 2009, the government of de facto president Roberto Micheletti signed what Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called a "historic agreement" to let Manuel Zelaya serve the remaining three months of his term. "If Congress agrees," according to Elisabeth Malkin reporting for the New York Times, "control of the army would shift to the electoral court, and the presidential election set for Nov. 29 would be recognized by both sides. Neither Mr. Zelaya nor Mr. Micheletti will be candidates."[101]

When Micheletti announced he had, unilaterally, formed the unity government without input from Zelaya, Zelaya declared the agreement "dead" early on 6 November.[102] The United States sent diplomats to help to resurrect the pact,[103] but Zelaya insisted that he would not accept any deal to restore him to office if it meant he must recognize the elections of 29 November.[104]

Presidential Election of 29 November 2009

Main article: Honduran general election, 2009

On 29 November 2009, a presidential election was held, according to the Honduran constitution, and under a state of emergency declared in Decree PCM-M-030-2009.[105][106][107] According to the decree, the Secretary of State of the de facto government was expected to participate in the military command for this state of emergency.[105] Five of the six presidential candidates retained their candidacies, while Carlos H. Reyes had withdrawn his candidacy on 9 November in protest at what he perceived as illegitimacy of the election.[108][109][110] Some Hondurans interviewed by Associated Press said that they "sought to move past the crisis with the elections," which had been scheduled previous to Zelaya's ouster.[111] Early returns indicate that conservative Porfirio Lobo was elected with around 55% of the votes.[112] Official numbers for the turnout of the election place it at around 60%,[113][114], but subsequently revised the numbers to 49% turnout.[115]

Organisations and individuals in Honduras, including the National Resistance Front against the coup d'Etat in Honduras[116], Marvin Ponce of the Democratic Unification Party[116], and Bertha Oliva of COFADEH[117], and internationally, including Mercosur[118], President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina[118] and the Union of South American Nations[119], said that elections held on 29 November under Micheletti would not be legitimate.

Public opinion

Main article: Public opinion on the 2009 Honduran coup d'état
Polling organization:
Dates of polling:
MOE and sample size: 		CID-Gallup[120][121]
Aug 2008 – Jul 2009
+/– 3.3% (>1000 adults) 		COIMER & OP[122]
23–29 Aug.
+/− 4% (1,470 surveys) 		Greenberg Quinlan Rosner[123]
9–13 Oct. 2009
(621 individuals)
Do you favor Zelaya's expatriation? Yes 41% / No 46% / NR 13% Yes 17.4% / No 52.7% / NR 29.9% Yes 38% / No 60% / NR 3%
Did Zelaya's actions justify his removal from office? Yes 41% / No 28% / NR 31%
Favor constitutional convention to resolve crisis? Yes 54% / No 43% / NR 11%
Favorable opinion of Manuel Zelaya? Favorable 46% / Unfavorable 44% Favorable 44.7% /
Unfavorable 25.7% /
"Regular" 22.1% / NR 7.5% 		Warm 37% / Cool 39% (Personal opinion)
Approve 67% / Disapprove 31% (Government actions)
Favorable opinion of Roberto Micheletti? Favorable 30% / Unfavorable 49% Favorable 16.2% /
Unfavorable 56.5% /
"Regular" 17.1% / NR 10.2% 		Warm 28% / Cool 57% (personal opinion)
Approve 48% / Disapprove 50% (Government actions)
Favorable opinion of Hugo Chávez? Warm 10% / Cool 83% (personal opinion)
Zelaya should be restored? Yes 51.6% / No 33% / NR 15.4% Yes 46% / No 52% / NR 2% (Full powers)
Yes 49% / No 50% / NR 1% (Limited powers)
Elections should go forward even if crisis unresolved? Yes 66.4% / No 23.8% / NR 2.9% Legitimate 54% / Illegitimate 42% / NR 4%


References

Wikiquote has quotations related to Manuel Zelaya.
  1. ^ President Zelaya voted in as Liberal turned into ally of Chavez’ ALBA
  2. ^ "Americas group suspends Honduras". BBC. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  3. ^ Ousted leader returns to Honduras
  4. ^ a b "Manuel Zelaya, en un sainete bananero". ABC.es. 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-07-05.
  5. ^ "Manuel Zelaya", Encyclopaedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1108289/Jose-Manuel-Zelaya-Rosales {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ^ Constitution of Honduras, Article 301
  7. ^ William Finnegan, Letter from Honduras, “An Old-Fashioned Coup,” The New Yorker, November 30, 2009, p. 38
  8. ^ "Honduras Election Results 1998-2007". U.C. San Diego Library. 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  9. ^ ""Mel" publica decreto de encuesta en la Gaceta". Diario La Tribuna. 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  10. ^ "Zelaya's 'poll' more than that". Miami Herald. 2009-07-02. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  11. ^ "Honduras Lurches Toward Crisis Over Election". Wall Street Journal. 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  12. ^ "Honduran leader forced into exile". BBC. 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  13. ^ Zissis, Carin (2009-06-28). "Honduran President Ousted by Military". Council of the Americas. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  14. ^ "Honduran leader defies top court". BBC. 2009-06-26. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  15. ^ "Honduran president seeks exile". Al Jazeera. 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
  16. ^ a b "ALBA bloc leaders' main obsession: indefinite rule". Miami Herald.[dead link‍] Cite error: The named reference "alba" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  17. ^ a b c de Cordova, José (2009-06-28). "Honduras Lurches Toward Crisis Over Election". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-08-12. Cite error: The named reference "wsj1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b "Honduras Crisis Opens Regional Rift". Wall Street Journal. 2009-06-27. Cite error: The named reference "wsj2" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ "Honduran Congress names provisional president". CNN. 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
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  22. ^ Honduran President Ousted by Military
  23. ^ AngusReid, President Zelaya Drops to 25% in Honduras
  24. ^ "Honduras politics: Mixed report card for Zelaya". Economist Intelligence Unit. May 10, 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
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  26. ^ Zelaya Legacy: Corruption and Deficits
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  28. ^ "CORRUPTION-HONDURAS: A Murky Transparency Law". Interpress Service. 2007-02-23.
  29. ^ "Revelan en EU presunto fraude en Honduras". El Universal. 2007-09-08.
  30. ^ Hondutel investigation almost complete
  31. ^ Department of Justice Press Release
  32. ^ Weissert, Will (June 27, 2009). "Honduran leader pushes ahead with divisive vote". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2009.[dead link‍]
  33. ^ "Zelaya sugiere a EUA legalizar drogas". La Prensa (in Spanish). February 23, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  34. ^ a b "Manuel Zelaya Rosales". Centro de Estudios Internacionales de Barcelona. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  35. ^ "Revelan en EU presunto fraude en Honduras". El Universal. 2007-09-08.
  36. ^ Hondutel investigation almost complete
  37. ^ Department of Justice Press Release
  38. ^ IPS, October 2008, op cit., about 2/3 of the way down. Retrieved July 2009.
  39. ^ "Honduras: Government advertising allocation as 'subtle censorship'", IPS via Soros Foundation and Open Society Justice Initiative, October 2008; retrieved July 2009.
  40. ^ "Honduras new government is censoring journalists", Miami Herald, 1 July 2009; retrieved July 2009
  41. ^ "In Honduras, One-sided News of Crisis", Washington Post, 9 July 2009; retrieved July 2009.
  42. ^ a b "HONDURAS' PRESIDENT TAKES ON MEDIA MOGULS FOR ACCESS TO THE PEOPLE". Access my library. 2007-06-28. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
  43. ^ Grant, Will (May 25, 2007). "Honduras TV gets government order". BBC News. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  44. ^ "Journalist murdered following threats, government harassment of critical radio station". International Freedom of Expression Exchange. 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  45. ^ "Honduras". US State Department. 2008-03-11.
  46. ^ Honduras: Government advertising allocation as 'subtle censorship'
  47. ^ a b "Honduran President Ousted by Military", Carin Zissis, Council of the Americas, 28 June 2009; the interview was conducted with the newspaper El País.
  48. ^ a b c d 21st Century Socialism Comes to the Honduran Banana Republic. Council on Hemispheric Affairs
  49. ^ Central America Report, excerpted in University of California at San Diego libraries, "Latin American elections statistics", start of 2006 section; retrieved July 2009.
  50. ^ Honduras Lurches Toward Crisis Over Election
  51. ^ Dangl, Benjamin (2009-09-21). "The Road to Zelaya's Return: Money, Guns and Social Movements in Honduras". Upside Down World. Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2009-09-23. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "Honduras heads toward crisis over referendum", AP via Yahoo, 26 June 2009; retrieved July 2009.
  53. ^ a b c Cuevas, Freddy (June 26, 2009). "Honduras heads toward crisis over referendum". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  54. ^ "Honduran leader defies top court". BBC News. June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  55. ^ The quote and other material are from [htp://www.latribuna.hn/web2.0/?p=12187 "Militares se despliegan en capital hondureña en medio de agitación politica"], La Tribuna, 25 June 2009; retrieved July 2009.
  56. ^ "Aparecen acuerdos para saquear el FHIS". El Heraldo. 2009-09-20.
  57. ^ Deducirán responsabilidad civil a ex director del FHIS
  58. ^ "Deducirán responsabilidad civil a ex director del FHIS". El Heraldo.
  59. ^ "Saqueo de arcas en Fhis paralizó 300 proyectos". La Prensa. 2009-09-20.
  60. ^ a b "Honduras president: Nation calm before controversial vote" CNN, 27 June 2009; retrieved July 2009.
  61. ^ a b Luhnow, David (June 27, 2009). "Honduras crisis opens regional rift". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  62. ^ "The People of Honduras v. President Zelaya". SperoNews. June 26, 2009.
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  64. ^ [3]
  65. ^ "Honduran leader pushes ahead with divisive vote". AP. 2009-06-27. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  66. ^ Honduran leader pushes ahead with divisive vote
  67. ^ "Leader's Ouster Not a Coup, Says the Honduran Military".
  68. ^ Flores, Alex (June 28, 2009). "Presencia de nicas y venezolanos en Honduras aceleró captura de Zelaya". El Heraldo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  69. ^ "Secretary: Soldiers arrest Honduran president". Yahoo News. Associated Press. June 28, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  70. ^ Cuevas, Freddy (June 28, 2009). "Honduran military sends president into exile". Toronto Star. Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  71. ^ Spanish Interview with the legal counsel of the Honduran armed forces, Colonel Herberth Bayardo Inestroza, Template:Es Dada, Carlos (2009-07-02). "Cometimos un delito al sacar a Zelaya, pero había que hacerlo (". El Faro.net. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-09-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  72. ^ English summary of interview with the legal counsel of the Honduras armed forces, Robles, Frances (2009-07-03). "Top Honduran military lawyer: We broke the law". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-09-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  73. ^ "Exiled Zelaya insists he is rightful Honduran president". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse. June 28, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  74. ^ "Honduran president calls arrest a 'kidnapping'". The Washington Post. Associated Press. June 28, 2009. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
  75. ^ Weissert, Will (June 28, 2009). "Honduran military ousts president ahead of vote". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Retrieved June 29, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  76. ^ Bremer, Catherine (June 28, 2009). "Q+A: Honduras president ousted in military coup". Reuters. Retrieved June 29, 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  77. ^ New Honduran leader sworn in
  78. ^ "Obama says coup in Honduras is illegal". Reuters. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-30. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  79. ^ "Obama Says Coup in Honduras Would Set a "Terrible Precedent"". ABC News. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-06-30. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  80. ^ Venezuela's Chavez threatens invasion of Honduras
  81. ^ "Two Hondurans Headed for Clash". Washington Post. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-30. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  82. ^ "U.N. Backs Ousted Honduran Leader". The New York Times. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
  83. ^ "UN backs Honduras leader's return". BBC News. 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-06-30.
  84. ^ "Manuel Zelaya gastó L 1.5 millones en 5 días". La Prensa. 2009-07-04.
  85. ^ "Government Removes Zelaya's Perks". Honduras News. 2009-07-04.
  86. ^ "Asustados costarricenses por lujos de Zelaya". El Heraldo. 2009-07-13.
  87. ^ "National Exclusive…Xiomara Castro de Zelaya, Wife of Ousted Honduran President, Calls on US to Aid Her Husband's Return Home: "We Want Justice, We Want Peace, We Demand the Return to Democracy"" (in English). 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2009-07-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  88. ^ Honduran Constitution "Republic of Honduras: Political Constitution of 1982 through 2005 reforms; Article 102", Political Database of the Americas (in Spanish), Georgetown University {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  89. ^ ""Un regreso al país en este momento podría desatar un baño de sangre": Rodríguez hizo enfásis que hasta el día de hoy no ha muerto ni un solo hondureño". LaPrensa.hn (in Spanish). 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  90. ^ "Honduran Episcopal Conference's Communiqué" (PDF). ElHeraldo.hn (in English). 2009-07-04. Retrieved 2009-07-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  91. ^ http://www.greenbergresearch.com/repository/documents/1574.pdf
  92. ^ a b c d Honduras coup
  93. ^ a b Google hosted news
  94. ^ a b New York Times, 22nd Sept 09
  95. ^ Crisis in Honduras - What was really behind the removal of President Manuel Zelaya, and is he likely to be reinstated?
  96. ^ Blaming Israeli Mercenaries, Surviving on Biscuits, Zelaya Looks for an Endgame
  97. ^ Zelaya Blames Jews and Israel as Scapegoats In Honduras
  98. ^ Robles, Frances (2009-09-24). "They're torturing me, Honduras' Manuel Zelaya claims". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2009-09-25.
  99. ^ Ordaz, Pablo (2009-09-24). "Mercenarios israelíes, ultrasonidos y suicidios fingidos" (in Spanish). El Pais. Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-26. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  100. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/world/americas/25honduras.html
  101. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/31/world/americas/31honduras.html?_r=1&hp
  102. ^ "Deal over Honduran crisis 'dead'". BBC. 2009-1-06. Retrieved 2009-1-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  103. ^ "US diplomat in Honduras trying to revive pact". AP via Yahoo News. 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
  104. ^ "Ousted Honduran president won't recognize vote". AP via Yahoo News. 2009-11-15. Retrieved 2009-11-27.
  105. ^ a b Centro de Investigación y Promocion de los Derechos Humanos (2009-11). "Gaceta No 21,069 Decreto estado de emergencia nacional proceso electoral 2009". Plataforma Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, Democracia y Desarrollo. Archived from the original on 2009-12-02. Retrieved 2009-12-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  106. ^ "Honduran Presidential Elections November 29th: Basic Conditions for Free and Fair Elections Do Not Exist". Latin America Working Group. 2009-11. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2009-12-01. Retrieved 2009-12-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  107. ^ Giordano, Al (2009-11-24). "Honduras Coup Regime Declares New State of Emergency Prior to Sunday "Election"". Narco News. Archived from the original on 2009-11-28. Retrieved 2009-11-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  108. ^ Honduras: piden boicotear las elecciones
  109. ^ "Carlos H. Reyes anuncia su retiro de los comicios" (in Spanish). La Tiempo (Honduras). 2009-11-08. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  110. ^ "Carlos H. Reyes oficializa su renuncia" (in Spanish). La Tribuna (Honduras). 2009-11-09. Archived from the original on 2009-11-11. Retrieved 2009-11-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  111. ^ "Honduras hopes to move past coup with election (Version 1)". AP via Yahoo News. 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  112. ^ [4]
  113. ^ "Honduras voting for new president". BBC News. 29 Nov 2009. Retrieved 29 Nov 2009.
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  115. ^ "Honduras revises down participation in disputed polls". AFP. 05 Dec 2009. Retrieved 07 Dec 2009. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  116. ^ a b "Pro-Zelaya organization issues ultimatum for Zelaya's restitution". Xinhua News Agency. 2009-11-06. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  117. ^ "Honduras' Most Prominent Human Rights Expert Calls on Obama Administration to Denounce "Grave Human Rights Violations"". Center for Economic and Policy Research. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2009-11-06. Retrieved 2009-11-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  118. ^ a b "Mercosur warns it rejects any attempt to call new elections in Honduras". Mercopress. 2009-07-25. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-08-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  119. ^ "Union of South American Nations rejects elections under Honduran de facto regime". Guelph Mercury/AP/The Canadian Press. 2009-08-10. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  120. ^ Brown, Ian T.; Rios, Jesus (30 October 2009). "In Honduras, Instability, Fear of Civil War Preceded Deal". United States: Gallup. Results are based on face-to-face interviews with at least 1,000 adults, aged 15 and older, conducted in Aug. 24-Sept. 2008, and July 11-25, 2009, in Honduras. ...maximum margin of sampling error is ±3.3 percentage points....
  121. ^ Boz (10 July 2009). "Poll Numbers!!! Divided in Honduras". Bloggings by Boz. Retrieved 13 July 2009. ...these numbers come from interviews done from 30 June-4 July....[unreliable source?]
  122. ^ COIMER & OP (Consultores en Investigación de Mercados y Opinión Pública) (2009). "Estudio de Opinión Pública – Nivel Nacional" [Public opinion survey - National Level] (PDF) (in Spanish). United States: Narco News. Retrieved 7 October 2009. Para la realización del estudio se levantaron 1470 encuestas en 16 de los 18 departamentos del pais.... La encuesta se comenzó a levantar el 23 de agosto y finalizó el jueves 29 de agosto. El margen de error se estima en 4.0%.
  123. ^ "Honduras Frequency Questionnaire, October 9–13, 2009" (PDF). United States: Greenberg Quinlar Rosler Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2009. October 9-13, 2009; 621 Respondents
Political offices
Preceded by President of Honduras
2006–2009 		Succeeded by
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