Jump to content

COVID-19: Difference between revisions

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
cleanup
adding information from 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak
Line 4: Line 4:


In its advanced stages, infection by [[2019-nCoV]] can cause [[pneumonia]] and [[kidney failure]].
In its advanced stages, infection by [[2019-nCoV]] can cause [[pneumonia]] and [[kidney failure]].

== Signs and symptoms ==
[[File:Symptoms of Wuhan coronavirus.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Symptoms of 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus). There are reports that it may spread even without symptoms.<ref name="Naftulin26Jan2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/wuhan-coronavirus-can-be-infectious-before-people-show-symptoms-official-claims |title=Wuhan Coronavirus Can Be Infectious Before People Show Symptoms, Official Claims |last=Julia Naftulin, Business Insider |date=26 January 2020 |website=sciencealert.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127072016/https://www.sciencealert.com/wuhan-coronavirus-can-be-infectious-before-people-show-symptoms-official-claims |archive-date=27 January 2020 |access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>]]

Those infected may be asymptomatic or have mild to severe [[symptoms]], like fever, cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea.<ref name=Hessen27Jan2020/><ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/symptoms.html|title=Coronavirus About Symptoms and Diagnosis|date=30 January 2020|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|location=United States|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-01/coronavirus-lurking-in-feces-may-reveal-hidden-risk-of-spread|title=Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread|last=Gale|first=Jason|date=1 February 2020|accessdate=2 February 2020|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> The [[incubation period|time from exposure to onset of symptoms]] is estimated at 2 to 10 days by the World Health Organization,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200126-sitrep-6-2019--ncov.pdf|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 6 26 January 2020|accessdate=2 February 2020}}</ref> and 2 to 14 days by the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC).<ref name="CDC symptoms" /> Upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, a [[rhinorrhoea|runny nose]] or sore throat are less frequent.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /><ref name="Joseph24Jan2020" />

Cases of severe infection can result in [[pneumonia]], kidney failure, and death.<ref name="Hui14Jan20202">{{vcite journal|authors=Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E|title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China|journal=Int J Infect Dis|year=2020 Jan 14|volume=91|pages=264–266|pmid=31953166|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009}}{{open access}}</ref><ref name="WHOQ&A27Jan202">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |title=Q&A on coronaviruses |website=who.int |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> Among the first 41 confirmed cases admitted to hospitals in Wuhan, 13 (32%) individuals required intensive care, and 6 (15%) individuals died.<ref name="Huang24Jan2020" /> Many of those who died had other conditions such as [[hypertension]], [[diabetes]], or [[cardiovascular disease]] that impaired their immune systems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-the-advice-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus |title=WHO Director-General's statement on the advice of the IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus |website=who.int}}</ref> As of 5 February 2020, the number of severe cases is 3,223 (13%)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/|title=Coronavirus cases|work=Worldometers|url-status=live}}</ref> out of 24,567 with 990 having recovered.<ref name="bno1" />


== Treatment research ==
== Treatment research ==

Revision as of 13:32, 5 February 2020

2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), first seen during the 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak. The name "2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease" is a temporary designation from the World Health Organization (WHO).[1]

No specific treatment verified by medical research standards (in the sense of systematic reviews of peer reviewed randomized controlled clinical trials) is available as of February 2020,[2] so treatment is focused on alleviation of symptoms,[3] which may include fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath.[4][5]

In its advanced stages, infection by 2019-nCoV can cause pneumonia and kidney failure.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus). There are reports that it may spread even without symptoms.[6]

Those infected may be asymptomatic or have mild to severe symptoms, like fever, cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhoea.[7][8][9] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is estimated at 2 to 10 days by the World Health Organization,[10] and 2 to 14 days by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[11] Upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, a runny nose or sore throat are less frequent.[12][13]

Cases of severe infection can result in pneumonia, kidney failure, and death.[14][15] Among the first 41 confirmed cases admitted to hospitals in Wuhan, 13 (32%) individuals required intensive care, and 6 (15%) individuals died.[12] Many of those who died had other conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease that impaired their immune systems.[16] As of 5 February 2020, the number of severe cases is 3,223 (13%)[17] out of 24,567 with 990 having recovered.[18]

Treatment research

Treatments for 2019-nCoV at Wuhan
Jinyintan Hospital, 2020 January[19] (
)
Oxygen therapy 75 76%
Antivirals 75 76%
Antibiotics 70 71%
Intravenous immunoglobulin 27 27%
Glucocorticoids 19 19%
Mechanical ventilation 17 17%
Antifungals 15 15%
CRRT 9 9%
ECMO 3 3%
Patients n=99. "Treatment" refers to palliative care
intended to ease symptoms and fight complications.

Multiple lines of exploratory research into potential treatments for the disease were initiated in January 2020.[20] The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention started testing existing pneumonia treatments for efficacy in treating coronavirus-related pneumonia in late January.[21] Investigations into the effectiveness of existing antivirals,[22] including protease inhibitors like indinavir, saquinavir and lopinavir/ritonavir also started in late January.[23][24] Examination of the RNA polymerase inhibitor remdesivir,[25][26][27] interferon beta,[27] and previously identified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as possible treatments also started around the same period.[28] Researchers from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) have created a database with 120 safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents and identified 31 drug candidates for treatment of 2019-nCoV.[29]

In late January 2020, Chinese medical researchers expressed an intent to start clinical testing on remdesivir, chloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir, all of which seemed to have "fairly good inhibitory effects" on 2019-nCoV at the cellular level in exploratory research.[30] On 2 February 2020, doctors in Thailand claimed to have treated a patient successfully with a combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and the influenza drug oseltamivir.[31][32]

References

  1. ^ Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Situation Report - 10 (30 January 2020) (PDF) (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). 30 January 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020. {{cite report}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Georgiadis, Philip. "WHO plays down reports of virus treatment". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  3. ^ "Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  4. ^ Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 14;91:264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166.Open access icon
  5. ^ "Q&A on coronaviruses". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  6. ^ Julia Naftulin, Business Insider (26 January 2020). "Wuhan Coronavirus Can Be Infectious Before People Show Symptoms, Official Claims". sciencealert.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hessen27Jan2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ "Coronavirus About Symptoms and Diagnosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  9. ^ Gale, Jason (1 February 2020). "Coronavirus Lurking in Feces May Reveal Hidden Risk of Spread". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  10. ^ "Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report – 6 26 January 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference CDC symptoms was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Huang24Jan2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference Joseph24Jan2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, Ippolito G, Mchugh TD, Memish ZA, Drosten C, Zumla A, Petersen E. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health – The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 14;91:264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009. PMID 31953166.Open access icon
  15. ^ "Q&A on coronaviruses". who.int. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
  16. ^ "WHO Director-General's statement on the advice of the IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus". who.int.
  17. ^ "Coronavirus cases". Worldometers.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference bno1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Chen, Nanshan; Zhou, Min; Dong, Xuan; Qu, Jieming; Gong, Fengyun; Han, Yang; Qiu, Yang; Wang, Jingli; Liu, Ying; Wei, Yuan; Xia, Jia'an; Yu, Ting; Zhang, Xinxin; Zhang, Li (30 January 2020). "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study". The Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
  20. ^ Lu H. Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 28 Jan 2020. doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01020
  21. ^ "China CDC developing novel coronavirus vaccine". Xinhua. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  22. ^ "WHO says new China coronavirus could spread, warns hospitals worldwide". Reuters. 14 January 2020. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  23. ^ "China Testing HIV Drug as Treatment for New Coronavirus, AbbVie Says". The New York Times. 26 January 2020. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  24. ^ "Flu and HIV Drugs Show Efficacy Against Coronavirus | The Scientist Magazine®". www.the-scientist.com.
  25. ^ "Anti-novel coronavirus drug under clinical trial: official". Xinhuanet. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  26. ^ Xu, Zhijian; Peng, Cheng; Shi, Yulong; Zhu, Zhengdan; Mu, Kaijie; Wang, Xiaoyu; Zhu, Weiliang (28 January 2020). "Nelfinavir was predicted to be a potential inhibitor of 2019 nCov main protease by an integrative approach combining homology modelling, molecular docking and binding free energy calculation". bioRxiv: 2020.01.27.921627. doi:10.1101/2020.01.27.921627 – via www.biorxiv.org.
  27. ^ a b Paules, Catharine I.; Marston, Hilary D.; Fauci, Anthony S. (23 January 2020). "Coronavirus Infections—More Than Just the Common Cold". JAMA. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.0757. PMID 31971553.
  28. ^ "Coronavirus: Vir Biotechnology and Novavax announce vaccine plans-GB". Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  29. ^ Andersen PI, Ianevski A, Lysvand H, Vitkauskiene A, Oksenych V, Bjoras M, Telling K, Lutsar I, Dumpis U, Irie Y, Tenson T. "Discovery and Development of Safe-in-Man Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents". Preprints. 0 (0): null. doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0144.v4. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  30. ^ Zhao, Yuning (2020-01-30). "Three drugs fairly effective on novel coronavirus at cellular level". China News Service. Archived from the original on 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2020-02-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Coronavirus: Thailand has apparent treatment success with antiviral drug cocktail". South China Morning Post. 2 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  32. ^ "Cocktail of flu, HIV drugs appears to help fight coronavirus: Thai doctors". Reuters. 2020-02-03. Retrieved 2020-02-05.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19&oldid=939278614"