Turkish Croatia: Difference between revisions
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{{Neologism|date=June 2018| article - based on term which never took hold outside the scope of academic and political fringe circles, and was characteristic for romanticized historiography and phantasmagoric politics of awakening & "National Integration" since late 18th to early 20th century Croatia; neologizm started appearing in unconventional colloquial usage among few Austria-Hungarian military and political map-makers in correlation to Ottoman retreat, and from here it found its way into narrative of peculiar Croatian right-wing ideological movement based on a construct of so-called "Croatian state rights" ([[Party of Rights|Hrvatsko državno pravo]]) and was typically exploited to transpose that right on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, not just in late 19th and early 20th century but every time the demons of nationalism and violence took over: from romantic sloganeering of Nedeljko Mihanovic, to journalistic and political elaboration in regard to Bosnia and Herzegovina by Frano Milobar, geopolitically contemplated by Ivo Pilar and Filip Lukas, and politically operationalized by Starcevic, Frank and Ante Pavelić, and more recently Tuđman, among few others -}} |
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[[File:Map of Croatia in 1791 by Reilly 002.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<center>Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly]] |
[[File:Map of Croatia in 1791 by Reilly 002.jpg|right|thumb|300px|<center>Turkish Croatia (marked by green border line and words "Türkisch Kroatien") on a map from 1791 made by Austrian cartographer Franz J.J. von Reilly]] |
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Revision as of 07:00, 11 June 2018
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Turkish Croatia or Ottoman Croatia (Croatian: Turska Hrvatska, German: Türkisch Kroatien, Italian: Croazia turca, French: Croatie turque) was a part of the territory of the Croatian Kingdom occupied by the Ottoman Empire during the 15th and 16th century. By the 19th century, with the Croatian population mostly displaced, the name Turkish Croatia was replaced by cartographers in favor of Bosanska Krajina (Bosnian Frontier).
The territory of Turkish Croatia comprised the land area between three rivers – Vrbas in the east, Sava in the northeast, Una in the northwest – as well as Dinara mountain in the south, and including the Cazinska krajina pocket in the far west. This area is a part of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
History
During the Middle Ages and the very beginning of the Early modern period, the territory of Turkish Croatia was situated in the central and eastern part of the independent medieval Croatian state (from 925 known as Kingdom of Croatia), which lasted until the beginning of the 12th century, when the country, following the Pacta conventa agreement, entered into a personal union with Hungary in 1102. At that time the term „Bosnia“ was used for a relatively small area alongside the upper part of the Bosna river that barely reached the Drina. It was only in the 14th century, when Croatia was weakened, that the medieval Bosnian state under King Stjepan Tvrtko I grew in both, size and power, and eastern and southern parts of Croatia were subjected to Bosnian domination.
The fall of Bosnia to the Ottomans in 1463 resulted in increasing pressure on Croatian borders and continual losses of the territory, little by little moving the border line to the west. Permanent warfare during the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493-1593) drastically reduced Croatian population in affected southeastern regions. Until the end of the 16th century the whole area of Turkish Croatia was occupied by the mighty sultanate. The remaining Croats were either murdered or captured, converted to Islam and recruited as devsirme (blood tax). A part of the Croatian population managed to flee though, settling down in the northwestern regions of the country or abroad, in the neighbouring Hungary or Austria. Catholic churches were destroyed by the Ottoman soldiers or reconstructed into mosques; some priests and bishops were killed, some of them succeeded in escaping.
From the 16th to 19th century Turkish Croatia bordered Croatian Military Frontier (Croatian: Hrvatska vojna Krajina, German: Kroatische Militärgrenze), a Habsburg Empire-controlled part of Croatia, which was administered directly from Vienna's military headquarters. In the 19th century, following the Habsburg-Ottoman war in 1878 and the fall of the Bosnia Vilayet, Turkish Croatia remained within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who 1908 became a new Crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the (recently renamed) old Croatian territory was liberated, there were very few Croatian population left, i.e. population who actually lived in it registered as Catholics and Croats.
Maps
 of King Petar Krešimir IV (11th century): Turkish Croatia was in the center of the Kingdom |
 Bosnia in the 14th century (included parts of Croatia) |
 on an 1813 map of the Illyrian provinces |
 upper left part) on an 1827 map of the Ottoman conquest in Europe according to American cartographer A. Finley |
See also
- Ottoman period in the history of Croatia
- Timeline of Croatian history
- Donji Kraji
- Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bosnia Eyalet
- Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
External links
- Ottoman period in the history of Croatia
- Geographic history of Croatia
- Military history of Croatia
- 16th century in Croatia
- 17th century in Croatia
- 18th century in Croatia
- 19th century in Croatia
- Ottoman period in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- History of the Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- History of Croatia by location