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{{Redirect|Low-energy light-bulb|other low-energy bulbs|LED lamp}}
[[File:Energiesparlampe 01 retouched.jpg|thumb|250px|The tubular-type compact fluorescent lamp is one of the most popular types in Europe]]
[[File:Compact fluorescent light bulb with GU24 connector.png|thumb|Compact fluorescent lamp with [[GU24 connector]]]]
[[File:Compact fluorescent light bulbs 105W 36W 11W.jpg|thumb|Comparison of compact fluorescent lamp with 105 W, 36 W, and 11 W power consumption]]

A '''compact fluorescent lamp''' ('''CFL'''), also called '''compact fluorescent light''', '''energy-saving light''', and '''compact fluorescent tube''', is a [[fluorescent lamp]] designed to replace an [[incandescent light bulb]]; some types fit into [[light fixture]]s designed for incandescent bulbs. The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an incandescent bulb, and a compact [[electronic ballast]] in the base of the lamp.

Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving the same [[luminous flux|amount of visible light]], CFLs use one-fifth to one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's lifetime.<ref>{{cite web| title=Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs | publisher=Energy Star | accessdate=2010-09-30 | url=http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls}}</ref> Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain toxic [[mercury (element)|mercury]]<ref>{{cite web| title=CFL Bulbs Have One Hitch: Toxic Mercury | publisher=National Public Radio | accessdate=2007-02-15 | url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7431198}}</ref> which complicates their disposal. In many countries, governments have banned the disposal of CFLs together with regular garbage. These countries have established special collection systems for CFLs and other hazardous waste.

The principle of operation remains the same as in other [[Fluorescent lamp#Principles of operation|fluorescent lighting]]: electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating (as well as into heat when absorbed by other materials such as glass).

CFLs radiate a [[Color temperature#Spectral power distribution|spectral power distribution]] that is different from that of incandescent lamps. Improved [[phosphor]] formulations have improved the perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs, such that some sources rate the best "soft white" CFLs as subjectively similar in color to standard incandescent lamps.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Best Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs: PM Lab Test |last=Masamitsu |first=Emily |date=May 2007 |periodical=Popular Mechanics |accessdate=2007-05-15 |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/home_journal/home_improvement/4215199.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426184034/http://www.popularmechanics.com/home_journal/home_improvement/4215199.html |archivedate=April 26, 2007 }}</ref>

White [[LED lamp]]s now compete with CFLs for high-efficiency house lighting,<ref name="popularmechanics.com">Amber Angelle, "Will LED Light Bulbs Best Your CFLs and Incandescents?" [http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/will-led-light-bulbs-best-cfls-and-incandescents ''Popular Mechanics'' August 4, 2010] accessed May 30, 2011</ref> and [[General Electric|GE]] is stopping production of domestic CFL lamps in favour of LEDs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Say Goodbye. Say Hello.|url=http://www.gereports.com/say-goodbye-say-hello-ge-stops-making-cfls-says-go-go-go-to-leds/|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref>

== History ==

The parent to the modern fluorescent lamp was invented in the late 1890s by [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]].<ref name="History of Fluorescent Lights">{{Cite news| title=The History of Fluorescent Lights | author=Mary Bellis | date=2007 | periodical=About.com | accessdate=2008-02-13 | url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_fluorescent.htm }}</ref> The Cooper Hewitt lamps were used for photographic studios and industries.<ref name="History of Fluorescent Lights"/>

[[Edmund Germer]], Friedrich Meyer, and Hans Spanner patented a high-pressure vapor lamp in 1927.<ref name="History of Fluorescent Lights"/> George Inman later teamed with [[General Electric]] to create a practical fluorescent lamp, sold in 1938 and patented in 1941.<ref name="History of Fluorescent Lights"/> Circular and U-shaped lamps were devised to reduce the length of fluorescent light fixtures. The first fluorescent light bulb and fixture were displayed to the general public at the [[1939 New York World's Fair]].

The spiral CFL was invented in 1976 by [[Edward E. Hammer]], an engineer with General Electric,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/20thcent/invent20.htm#in4|title=Inventing Six Modern Electric Lamps: Compact Fluorescent – The Challenge of Manufacturing |publisher=[[National Museum of American History]] |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cleveland.com/obituaries/index.ssf/2012/07/edward_e_hammer_of_nela_park_i.html |title=Edward E. Hammer of Nela Park invented compact fluorescent light bulbs: news obituary |last1=Segall |first1=Grant |date=20 July 2012 |website=Cleveland.com |publisher=[[Sun Newspapers]] |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> Although the design met its goals, it would have cost GE about $25 million to build new factories to produce the lamps, and thus the invention was shelved.<ref name="Kanellos2007_07_17">{{Cite news| title=Father of the compact fluorescent bulb looks back | author=Michael Kanellos |date = August 2007| periodical=CNet News | accessdate=2007-07-17 | url=http://www.news.com/Father-of-the-compact-fluorescent-bulb-looks-back/2100-11392_3-6202996.html}}</ref> The design was eventually copied by others.<ref name="Kanellos2007_07_17"/> In 1995, helical CFLs, manufactured in China, became commercially available.<ref name="lamptech">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Spec%20Sheets/Philips%20CFL%20Tornado.htm |title=Philips Tornado Asian Compact Fluorescent |publisher=Lamptech.co.uk |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> Since that time, their sales have steadily increased.

In 1980, [[Philips]] introduced its model SL, which was a screw-in lamp with integral magnetic ballast. The lamp used a folded T4 tube, stable tri-color phosphors, and a mercury [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]]. This was the first successful screw-in replacement for an incandescent lamp. In 1985, [[Osram]] started selling its model EL lamp, which was the first CFL to include an electronic ballast.<ref name=Kane2001>Raymond Kane, Heinz Sell ''Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress (2nd ed.)'', The Fairmont Press, Inc. 2001 ISBN 0-88173-378-4 pp.&nbsp;189–190.</ref>

Development of fluorescent lamps that could fit in the same volume as comparable incandescent lamps required the development of new, high-efficacy phosphors that could withstand more power per unit area than the phosphors used in older, larger fluorescent tubes.<ref name=Kane2001/>

In 2016, General Electric announced the phase out of CFL production. [[LED]] prices had dropped steadily, falling well below $5 for a basic bulb in 2015. As a result, customers had been migrating toward LEDs. CFLs were also having difficulty qualifying for the [[Energy Star]] rating under newer regulations.<ref>{{cite web
| url =http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/business/energy-environment/ge-to-phase-out-cfl-light-bulbs.html?_r=0
| title =G.E. to Phase Out CFL Bulbs
| last1 = Cardwell
| first1 = Diane
| date = 1 February 2016
| website = www.nytimes.com
| publisher = The New York Times
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160216044221/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/business/energy-environment/ge-to-phase-out-cfl-light-bulbs.html?_r=0
| archive-date = 16 February 2016
| dead-url = no
| access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Old compact fluorescent lamp.JPG|Philips SL, an early CFL
File:Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg|A helical integrated CFL, one of the most popular designs in North America, since 1995, when a Chinese firm, Shanghai Xiangshan, marketed the first successful design.<ref name="lamptech"/>
</gallery>

== Design ==
There are two types of CFLs: integrated and non-integrated lamps. Integrated lamps combine the tube and ballast in a single unit. These lamps allow consumers to replace incandescent lamps easily with CFLs. Integrated CFLs work well in many standard incandescent light fixtures, reducing the cost of converting to fluorescent. [[3-way lamp]]s and dimmable models with standard bases are available.

Non-integrated CFLs have the ballast permanently installed in the luminaire, and usually only the fluorescent tube is changed at its end of life. Since the ballasts are placed in the light fixture, they are larger and last longer compared to the integrated ones, and they don't need to be replaced when the tube reaches its end-of-life. Non-integrated CFL housings can be both more expensive and sophisticated. They have two types of tubes: a bi-pin tube designed for conventional ballast, and a quad-pin tube designed for an electronic ballast or a conventional ballast with an external starter. A bi-pin tube contains an integrated starter, which obviates the need for external heating pins but causes incompatibility with electronic ballasts.
Non-integrated CFLs can also be installed to a conventional light fixture using an adapter containing a built-in magnetic ballast. The adapter consists of a regular bulb screw, the ballast itself and a clip for the lamp's connector.

[[File:Kompaktleuchtstofflampe.jpeg|thumb|upright|left|Non-integrated bi-pin double-turn CFL]]

[[File:Elektronstarterp.jpg|thumb|An electronic ballast and permanently attached tube in an integrated CFL]]

CFLs have two main components: a magnetic or electronic ballast and a gas-filled tube (also called bulb or burner). Replacement of magnetic [[Electrical ballast|ballast]]s with electronic ballasts has removed most of the flickering and slow starting traditionally associated with fluorescent lighting, and has allowed the development of smaller lamps directly interchangeable with more sizes of incandescent light bulb.

Electronic ballasts contain a small circuit board with a [[bridge rectifier]], a filter [[capacitor]] and usually two switching [[transistor]]s. The incoming AC current is first [[rectification (electricity)|rectified]] to DC, then converted to high frequency AC by the transistors, connected as a resonant series DC to AC [[inverter (electrical)|inverter]]. The resulting high frequency is applied to the lamp tube. Since the resonant converter tends to stabilize lamp current (and light produced) over a range of input voltages, standard CFLs do not respond well in dimming applications and will experience a shorter lifespan and sometimes catastrophic failure. Special electronic ballasts (integrated or separate) are required for dimming service.

CFL light output is roughly proportional to phosphor surface area, and high output CFLs are often larger than their incandescent equivalents. This means that the CFL may not fit well in existing light fixtures.
To fit enough phosphor coated area within the approximate overall dimensions of an incandescent lamp, standard shapes of CFL tube are a helix with one or more turns, multiple parallel tubes, circular arc, or a butterfly.

Some CFLs are labeled not to be run base up, since heat will shorten the ballast's life. Such CFLs are unsuitable for use in [[pendant]] lamps and especially unsuitable for [[recessed light]] fixtures. CFLs designed for use in such fixtures are available.<ref>[http://members.misty.com/don/cfapp.html#r What Compact Fluorescents to Use Where]. Accessed 1 January 2008.</ref> Current recommendations for fully enclosed, unventilated light fixtures (such as those recessed into insulated ceilings), are either to use "reflector CFLs" (R-CFL),<ref name="DealerGuide">{{cite web| url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/small_business/BM31jan22.pdf | title=A Dealer Guide to Energy Star: Putting Energy into Profits | format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CFL Reflector Products |publisher=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory |date=2007-10-02 |accessdate=2007-12-24 |url=http://www.pnl.gov/rlamps/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221002446/http://www.pnl.gov/rlamps/ |archivedate=December 21, 2007 }}</ref> [[cold-cathode fluorescent lamp|cold-cathode CFL]]s or to replace such fixtures with those designed for CFLs.<ref name="DealerGuide"/> A CFL will thrive in areas that have good airflow, such as in a table lamp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pr_story.asp?id=162 |title=Press Releases &#124; LRC Newsroom |publisher=Lrc.rpi.edu |date=2009-03-16 |accessdate=2012-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724011821/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pr_story.asp?id=162 |archivedate=2012-07-24 |df= }}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

=== Spectrum of light ===
[[Image:Simple spectroscope.jpg|thumb|188px|right|Emitted visible light spectrum of an incandescent lamp (mid) and a CFL (bottom)]]
[[File:Spectral Power Distributions.png|thumb|Characteristic spectral power distributions (SPDs) for an incandescent lamp (left) and a CFL (right). The horizontal axes are in [[nanometer]]s and the vertical axes show relative intensity in arbitrary units. Significant peaks of UV light are present for CFL even if not visible]]
[[File:CFBulbs.jpg|thumb|upright|A photograph of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature differences. From left to right:— Compact Fluorescent: General Electric, 13&nbsp;W, 6,500&nbsp;K; Incandescent: Sylvania 60&nbsp;W Extra Soft White; Compact Fluorescent: Bright Effects, 15&nbsp;W, 2,644&nbsp;K; Compact Fluorescent: Sylvania, 14&nbsp;W, 3,000&nbsp;K]]

CFLs emit light from a mix of [[phosphor]]s, each emitting one band of colour with some bands still in the [[ultraviolet]] range as can be seen on the light spectrum. This is the reason why additional UV filtering, for example double-envelope, is required to reduce damage to the retina. Modern [[fluorescent lamp#Phosphor composition|phosphor designs]] balance the emitted light color, energy efficiency, and cost. Every extra phosphor added to the coating mix improves color rendering but decreases efficiency and increases cost. Good quality consumer CFLs use three or four phosphors to achieve a "white" light with a [[color rendering index]] (CRI) of about 80, where the maximum 100 represents the appearance of colors under daylight or other sources of [[black-body radiation]] such as an [[incandescent light bulb]] (depending on the [[correlated color temperature]]).

[[Color temperature]] can be indicated in [[kelvin]]s or [[mired]]s (1 million divided by the color temperature in kelvins). The color temperature of a light source is the temperature of a [[black body]] that has the same [[chromaticity]] (i.e. color) of the light source. A notional temperature, the [[correlated color temperature]], the temperature of a black body which emits light of a hue which to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp, is assigned.

A true colour temperature is characteristic of black-body radiation; a fluorescent lamp may approximate the radiation of a black body at a given temperature, but will not have an identical spectrum. In particular, narrow bands of shorter-wavelength radiation are usually present even for lamps of low color temperature ("warm" light).<ref>[http://www.palagems.com/gem_lighting2.htm Buying and Selling Gems:What Light is Best? Part II: Artificial Light – The Options Available] See figures 6 and 7</ref>

As color temperature increases, the shading of the white light changes from red to yellow to white to blue. Color names used for modern CFLs and other tri-phosphor lamps vary between manufacturers, unlike the standardized names used with older halophosphate fluorescent lamps. For example, Sylvania's Daylight CFLs have a color temperature of 3,500&nbsp;K, while most other lamps called ''daylight'' have color temperatures of at least 5,000&nbsp;K.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2 | Name
! colspan=2 | Color temperature
|-
! (K)
! ([[Mired]])
|-
| Warm/soft white
| ≤&nbsp;3,000
| ≥&nbsp;333
|-
| (Bright) white
| 3,500
| 286
|-
| Cool white
| 4,000
| 250
|-
| Daylight
| ≥&nbsp;5,000
| ≤&nbsp;200
|}

=== Lifespan ===
CFLs typically have a rated [[service life]] of 6,000–15,000 hours, whereas standard [[Incandescent light bulb#Voltage, light output, and lifetime|incandescent lamps have a service life]] of 750 or 1,000 hours.<ref>General Electric ''Incandescent lamps TP110'', technical pamphlet published in 1976, no ISBN or Library of Congress number, page 8</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=Osram Dulux EL Energy-Saving Lamps | publisher=Osram | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-12-24 | url=http://www.osram.com/pdf/products/general/duluxsortiment.pdf | archivedate=2006-07-22 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060722104807/http://www.osram.com/pdf/products/general/duluxsortiment.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=IEC 60969 - Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services&nbsp;— Performance requirements | publisher=Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Program | accessdate=2007-12-24 | url=http://www.clasponline.org/teststandard.php?no=82|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226083943/http://www.clasponline.org/teststandard.php?no=82|archivedate=Feb 26, 2008}}</ref> However, the actual lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to [[voltage spike]]s, [[Shock (mechanics)|mechanical shock]], frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient [[operating temperature]], among other factors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Damir|first=B|title=Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer|url=http://www.robaid.com/gadgets/longevity-of-light-bulbs-and-how-to-make-them-last-longer.htm|publisher=RobAid|accessdate=4 January 2013|date=2012}}</ref>

The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of some CFLs may be reduced to that of incandescent light bulbs. The U.S. [[Energy Star]] program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to mitigate this problem.<ref name="energysavers-turn-off">{{cite web | title=When to turn off your lights | url=http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12280 | work=Energy Savers | publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] | date=2009-02-24 | accessdate=2009-07-03}}</ref> CFLs produce less light later in their lives than when they are new. The light output decay is [[exponential decay|exponential]], with the fastest losses being soon after the lamp is first used. By the end of their lives, CFLs can be expected to produce 70–80% of their original light output.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Guan |first1=Fumin |last2=Reynolds |first2=Dale |date=May 2005 |title=Topic and Discussions on the Performance Standard and Inspection Methods of CFL |url=http://www.rightlight6.org/english/proceedings/Session_8/Performance_Standard_and_Inspection_Methods_of_CFL/f013guan.doc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923124410/http://www.rightlight6.org/english/proceedings/Session_8/Performance_Standard_and_Inspection_Methods_of_CFL/f013guan.doc |archivedate=September 23, 2007 |conference=Right Light 6: 6th International Conference on Energy-Efficient Lighting |conferenceurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708071826/http://www.rightlight6.org/english}}</ref> The response of the human eye to light is [[Logarithmic scale|logarithmic]]. That is, while the human eye is highly sensitive to changes in the intensity of faint light sources, it is less sensitive to changes in the intensity of brighter light sources since the pupils compensate by dilating or constricting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crompton.com/wa3dsp/light/lumin.html |title=Brightness, Luminance, and Confusion |accessdate=2007-10-07 |author=Charles P. Halsted |date=March 1993 |work=Information Display |publisher=Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster, PA |quote=If the luminance of a viewed light source is increased 10 times, viewers do not judge that the brightness has increased 10 times. The relationship is, in fact, logarithmic: the sensitivity of the eye decreases rapidly as the luminance of the source increases. It is this characteristic that allows the human eye to operate over such an extremely wide range of light levels. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922063502/http://www.crompton.com/wa3dsp/light/lumin.html |archivedate=September 22, 2007 }}</ref> So, presuming the illumination provided by the lamp was ample at the beginning of its life, and the light output of a bulb gradually decreases by 25%, viewers will perceive a much smaller change in light intensity.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/theses/matkovic/node15.html | title=Colour Science Basics: Human Vision | accessdate=2007-10-07 | author=Krešimir Matković |date=December 1997 | work=Tone Mapping Techniques and Color Image Difference in Global Illumination | publisher=Institut für Computergraphik eingereicht an der Technischen Universität Wien | quote=It is interesting, that despite that incoming light can have a dynamic range of nearly 14 log units, the neural units can transfer the signal having the dynamic range of only about 1.5 log units. It is obvious that there is some adaptation mechanism involved in our vision. It means that we adapt to some luminance value, and then we can perceive data in a certain dynamic range near the adaptation level. One of the most important characteristics that changes with different adaptation levels is the just noticeable difference.}}</ref>

Fluorescent lamps get dimmer over their lifetime,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rightlight6.org/english/proceedings/Session_8/Performance_Standard_and_Inspection_Methods_of_CFL/s08-2p013guan.pdf |format=PDF |title=Topic and Discussions on the Performance Standard and Inspection Methods of CFL |accessdate=2007-04-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202538/http://www.rightlight6.org/english/proceedings/Session_8/Performance_Standard_and_Inspection_Methods_of_CFL/s08-2p013guan.pdf |archivedate=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> so what starts out as an adequate luminosity may become inadequate. In one test by the U.S. Department of Energy of "Energy Star" products in 2003–04, one quarter of tested CFLs no longer met their rated output after 40% of their rated service life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/881039-K5YRuT/881039.PDF|format=PDF|title=Energy Star Lighting Verification Program (Program for the Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting) Semi-annual report For the period of October 2003 to April 2004|accessdate=2007-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail.mtprog.com/CD_Layout/Day_2_22.06.06/1400-1545/ID133_Banwell_final.pdf |format=PDF |title=Quality Assurance in Energy Star Residential Lighting Programmes |accessdate=2007-04-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209005450/http://mail.mtprog.com/CD_Layout/Day_2_22.06.06/1400-1545/ID133_Banwell_final.pdf |archivedate=December 9, 2006 }}</ref>

=== Energy efficiency ===
[[File:Electricity use by lightbulb type.svg|thumb|Energy usage for different types of light bulbs operating at different light outputs. Points lower on the graph correspond to lower energy use]]
{{Details|Luminous efficacy}}

Because the eye's sensitivity changes with the wavelength, the output of lamps is commonly measured in [[lumen (unit)|lumens]], a measure of the power of light as perceived by the human eye. The [[luminous efficacy]] of lamps is the number of lumens produced for each watt of electrical power used. The [[luminous efficacy]] of a typical CFL is 50–70 lumens per watt (lm/W) and that of a typical incandescent lamp is {{nowrap|10–17 lm/W}}.<ref name=doelighting/> Compared to a theoretical 100%-efficient lamp ({{nowrap|680 lm/W}}), CFL lamps have lighting efficiency ranges of 7–10%,<ref>50/680 = 7%; 70/680 = 10%</ref> versus 1.5–2.5%<ref>10/680 = 1.5%; 17/680 = 2.5%</ref> for incandescents.<ref name="Keefe2007">{{cite web|last=Keefe |first=T. J. |title=The Nature of Light |url=http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm |publisher=Community College of Rhode Island |accessdate=18 September 2010 |date=2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612002847/http://www.ccri.edu/physics/keefe/light.htm |archivedate=June 12, 2010 }}</ref>

Because of their higher efficacy, CFLs use between one-seventh and one-third of the power of equivalent incandescent lamps.<ref name=doelighting>{{cite web |author=US Department of Energy |authorlink=United States Department of Energy |title=Lighting |work=Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy |publisher=US Department of Energy |url=http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buildings/lighting.html |accessdate=2 October 2011 |dead-url=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015092547/http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/buildings/lighting.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011}}</ref> Fifty to seventy percent of the world's total lighting market sales were incandescent in 2010.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Multibillion dollar benefits of global switch to energy-efficient lighting | url=http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=651&ArticleID=6847&l=en&t=long | publisher=United Nations Environment Programme | accessdate=2 October 2011 | author=United Nations Environment Programme | authorlink=United Nations Environment Programme | date=1 Dec 2010}}</ref> Replacing all inefficient lighting with CFLs would save {{convert|409|TWh|EJ|abbr=off|link=on}} per year, 2.5% of the world's electricity consumption. In the US, it is estimated that replacing all the incandescents would save 80 TWh yearly.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |url=http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portal/CountrySupport/CountryLightingAssessments/tabid/79083/Default.aspx |work=en.lighten |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |accessdate=2 October 2011 |author=en.lighten |date=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402032922/http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portal/CountrySupport/CountryLightingAssessments/tabid/79083/Default.aspx |archivedate=April 2, 2012 }}</ref> Since CFLs use much less energy than incandescent lamps (ILs), a phase-out of ILs would result in less [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) being emitted into the atmosphere. Exchanging ILs for efficient CFLs on a global scale would achieve annual {{CO2}} reductions of 230 Mt (million tons), more than the combined yearly {{CO2}} emissions of the Netherlands and Portugal.<ref>[http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portal/CountrySupport/CLAs/ClimateChangeMitigationBenefits/tabid/79155/Default.aspx] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802043445/http://www.enlighten-initiative.org/portal/CountrySupport/CLAs/ClimateChangeMitigationBenefits/tabid/79155/Default.aspx |date=August 2, 2013 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Electrical power equivalents for differing lamps<ref name="estar">{{cite web|url=http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls_lumens |title=Learn About Light Output : ENERGY STAR |publisher=Energystar.gov |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Minimum [[luminous power|light <br/>output]] (lumens)
! colspan=3 | Electrical power consumption (watts)
|-
! [[Incandescent Lamp|Incandescent]]
! Compact fluorescent
! [[Light-emitting diode|LED]]
|-
| 450
| 40
| 9–11
| 6–8
|-
| 800
| 60
| 13–15
| 9–12
|-
| 1,100
| 75
| 18–20
| 13–16

|-
| 1,600
| 100
| 23–28
| 15–22
|-
| 2,400
| 150
| 30–52
| 24–28
|-
| 3,100
| 200
| 49–75
| 30
|-
| 4,000
| 300
| 75–100
| {{n/a|{{abbr|N/A|Not available}}}}
|}
{{anchor|Heating and cooling}}
If a building's indoor incandescent lamps are replaced by CFLs, the heat produced due to lighting is significantly reduced. In warm climates or in office or industrial buildings where [[air conditioning]] is often required, CFLs reduce the load on the cooling system when compared to the use of incandescent lamps, resulting in savings in electricity in addition to the energy efficiency savings of the lamps themselves. However, in cooler climates in which buildings require heating, the [[central heating|heating system]] needs to replace the reduced heat from lighting fixtures. In [[Winnipeg]], Canada, it was estimated that CFLs would only generate 17% savings in energy compared to incandescent bulbs, as opposed to the 75% savings that could have been expected without space heating considerations.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/efficient-lighting-equals-higher-heat-bills-study-1.856047 | publisher=[[CBC News]] | title=Efficient lighting equals higher heat bills: study | date=2009-03-04}}</ref>

=== Cost ===

While the purchase price of a CFL is typically 3–10 times greater than that of an equivalent incandescent lamp, a CFL lasts 8–15 times longer and uses two-thirds to three-quarters less energy. A U.S. article stated "A household that invested $90 in changing 30 fixtures to CFLs would save $440 to $1,500 over the five-year life of the bulbs, depending on your cost of electricity. Look at your utility bill and imagine a 12% discount to estimate the savings."<ref>[http://www.usnews.com/articles/business/economy/2007/12/19/faq-the-end-of-the-light-bulb-as-we-know-it.html FAQ: The End of the Light Bulb as We Know It]. ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'', 19 December 2007.</ref>

CFLs are extremely cost-effective in commercial buildings when used to replace incandescent lamps. Using average U.S. commercial electricity and gas rates for 2006, a 2008 article found that replacing each 75 W incandescent lamp with a CFL resulted in yearly savings of $22 in energy usage, reduced [[HVAC]] cost, and reduced labour to change lamps. The incremental capital investment of $2 per fixture is typically paid back in about one month. Savings are greater and payback periods shorter in regions with higher electric rates and, to a lesser extent, also in regions with higher than U.S. average cooling requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=1655 |title=The Cost-Effectiveness of Compact Fluorescents in Commercial Buildings |date=2008-01-23 |author=Chernoff, Harry |work=EnergyPulse |accessdate=2008-03-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220200101/http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_display.cfm?a_id=1655 |archivedate=February 20, 2008 }}</ref> However, frequent on-off cycling (turning on and off) of CFLs greatly reduces their lifespan.

The current price of CFLs reflects the manufacturing of nearly all CFLs in China, where labour costs less. In September 2010, the [[Winchester, Virginia]], [[General Electric]] plant closed,<ref name=Rourke>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/07/AR2010090706933.html|title=Light bulb factory closes; End of era for U.S. means more jobs overseas|last=Whoriskey|first=Peter|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2010-09-08|accessdate=2011-06-02}}</ref> leaving [[Osram Sylvania]] and the tiny American Light Bulb Manufacturing Inc. the last companies to make standard incandescent bulbs in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42312925/ns/|title=SC lawmakers take dim view of new light bulbs|date=28 March 2011|author=Jim Davenport|work=MSNBC}}</ref> At that time, Ellis Yan, whose Chinese company made the majority of CFLs sold in the United States, said he was interested in building a United States factory to make CFL bulbs, but wanted $12.5 million from the U.S. government to do so. General Electric had considered changing one of its bulb plants to make CFLs, but said that even after a $40 million investment in converting a plant, wage differences would mean costs would be 50% higher.<ref name=Rourke/>

According to an August 2009 newspaper report, some manufacturers claimed that CFLs could be used to replace higher-power incandescent lamps than justified by their light output.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/6110547/Energy-saving-light-bulbs-offer-dim-future.html Energy saving light bulbs offer dim future], The Telegraph, August 29, 2009</ref> Equivalent wattage claims can be replaced by comparison of actual light output produced by the lamp, which is measured in lumens and marked on the packaging.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/113 |title=Section III.3 |publisher=Europa.eu |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>
[[File:Compact fluorescent lamp wall mounted.JPG|thumb|compact fluorescent lamp with holder wall mounted]]

=== Failure ===

In addition to the wear-out failure modes common to all fluorescent lamps, the electronic ballast may fail, since it has a number of component parts. Ballast failures are usually due to overheating and may be accompanied by discoloration or distortion of the ballast enclosure, odors, or smoke.<ref>[http://www.halifax.ca/fire/documents/CFL.pdf Compact Fluorescent Lights], Halifax Regional Fire & Emergency {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910174456/http://www.halifax.ca/fire/documents/CFL.pdf |date=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The lamps are internally protected and are meant to fail safely at the end of their lives. Industry associations are working toward advising consumers of the different failure modes of CFLs compared to incandescent lamps, and to develop lamps with inoffensive failure modes.<ref>National Electrical Manufacturer's Association NEMA, ''[http://www.nema.org/stds/LSD40.cfm Failure Modes for Self-Ballasted Compact Fluorescent Lamps] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322051655/http://www.nema.org/stds/LSD40.cfm |date=March 22, 2012 }}'', white paper no. LSD 40, retrieved 2008-06-26. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322051655/http://www.nema.org/stds/LSD40.cfm |date=March 22, 2012 }}</ref> New North American technical standards aim to eliminate smoke or excess heat at the end of lamp life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.ca/cm/ca/en/news/article/new-household-light-standard-addresses-consumer-concerns |title=New household lamp standards, discusses co-ordinated U.S., Mexico and Canada standard UL 1993, retrieved 2009 Dec 3 |publisher=Csa.ca |accessdate=2012-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315092721/http://www.csa.ca/cm/ca/en/news/article/new-household-light-standard-addresses-consumer-concerns |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df= }}</ref>

=== Dimming ===
[[File:Dimmable CFL.jpg|thumb|upright|Dimmable integrated helical CFL that dims 2–100%, comparable to standard light bulb dimming properties]]

Only some CFLs are labeled for [[Dimmer|dimming]] control. Using a dimmer with a standard CFL is ineffective and can shorten bulb life and void the warranty.<ref>[http://www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/ask_us/faq_compact.htm GE Lighting FAQ for CFL] retrieved 12 March 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626145829/http://www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/ask_us/faq_compact.htm |date=June 26, 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_cfls_warranty CFL Warranty : ENERGY STAR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Dimmable CFLs are available. The dimmer switch used in conjunction with a dimmable CFL must be matched to its power consumption range;<ref>[http://www.lutron.com/en-US/Education-Training/Pages/LCE/DimmingCFLsandLEDs.aspx Dimming CFLs and LEDs<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> many dimmers installed for use with incandescent bulbs do not function acceptably below 40&nbsp;W, whereas CFL applications commonly draw power in the range 7–20&nbsp;W. Dimmable CFLs have been marketed before suitable dimmers are available. The dimming range of CFLs is usually between 20% and 90%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dimmablecfls.com/ |title=Dimmable CFLs |publisher=Dimmable CFLs |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>{{Verify credibility|failed=y|date=October 2011}} but many modern CFLs have a dimmable range of 2% to 100%, more akin to that of incandescent lights. There are two types of dimmable CFL on the market: Standard dimmable CFLs, and "switch-dimmable" CFLs. The latter use a standard light switch, and the on-board electronics chooses the light output level based on the number of times the switch is turned on and off quickly. Dimmable CFLs are not a 100% replacement for incandescent fixtures that are dimmed for "mood scenes" such as [[Sconce (light fixture)|wall sconce]]s in a dining area. Below the 20% limit, the lamp may remain at 20% or flicker or the starter circuitry may stop and restart.<ref name=Yau2001>{{Cite book | last1 = Yau | first1 = E. K. F. | last2 = Wing-Hung Ki | last3 = Mok | first3 = P. K. T. | last4 = Sin | first4 = J. K. O. | chapter = Phase-controlled dimmable CFL with PPFC and switching frequency modulation | title = 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37230) | volume = 2 | page = 951 | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7803-7067-8 | doi = 10.1109/PESC.2001.954241}}</ref> Above 80%, the bulb may operate at 100%. However, recent products have solved these problems so that they perform more like incandescent lamps. Dimmable CFLs are more expensive than standard CFLs due to the additional circuitry.

[[cold-cathode fluorescent lamp|Cold-cathode CFL]]s can be dimmed to low levels, making them popular replacements for incandescent bulbs on dimmer circuits.

When a CFL is dimmed, its color temperature (warmth) stays the same. This is counter to most other light sources (such as the sun or incandescents) where color gets redder as the light source gets dimmer. The [[Kruithof curve]] from 1934 described an empirical relationship between intensity and color temperature of visually pleasing light sources.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

=== Power factor ===

The input stage of a CFL is a rectifier, which presents a non-linear load to the power supply and introduces [[harmonic distortion]] on the current drawn from the supply.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Ph. N. |last=Korovesis |title=Influence of Large-Scale Installation of Energy Saving Lamps on the Line Voltage Distortion of a Weak Network Supplied by Photovoltaic Station |journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=1787–1793 |year=2004 |doi=10.1109/TPWRD.2004.835432 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=J. |last=Cunill-Solà |first2=M. |last2=Salichs |title=Study and Characterization of Waveforms from Low-Watt (<25 W) Compact Fluorescent Lamps with Electronic Ballasts |journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=2305–2311 |year=2007 |doi=10.1109/TPWRD.2007.899551 }}</ref> The use of CFLs in homes has no appreciable effect on [[power quality]], but significant quantities of them in a large facility can have an impact. The [[power factor]] of CFLs does not significantly affect their energy-saving benefits for individual consumers, but their use in large numbers—such as in commercial applications or across millions of homes in a distribution system—could require infrastructure upgrades. In such cases, CFLs with low (below 30 percent) [[Harmonics (electrical power)|total harmonic distortion]] (THD) and power factors greater than 0.9 should be selected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mge.com/business/saving/madison/pa_2.html |title=Compact Fluorescent Lamps |publisher=Mge.com |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref><ref>Anibal T. De Almeida: ''[http://www.homeenergy.org/archive/hem.dis.anl.gov/eehem/93/931113.html Understanding Power Quality]'', ''Home Energy Magazine''</ref><ref>[http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007_energypolicy/documents/2007-06-19_workshop/comments/1-Fernstrom_PGE_Residential-Lighting-Improvement-Opportunities.pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723091715/http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007_energypolicy/documents/2007-06-19_workshop/comments/1-Fernstrom_PGE_Residential-Lighting-Improvement-Opportunities.pdf |date=July 23, 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:CFL Positive power.png|thumb|right| Voltage and current for a 120 V 60 Hz 30-watt compact fluorescent lamp. Because the current is heavily distorted, the [[power factor]] of this lamp is only 0.61. The lamp takes 29 watts but 39 [[volt-ampere]]s due to this distortion.]]

===Infrared signals===
Electronic devices operated by [[infrared remote control]] can interpret the infrared light emitted by CFLs as a signal; this may limit the use of CFLs near televisions, radios, remote controls, or [[mobile phone]]s. [[Energy Star]] certified CFLs must meet FCC standards, and so are required to list all known incompatibilities on the package.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://blogs.consumerreports.org/home/2007/11/cfl-problems.html Can CFLs interfere with electronic equipment?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161424/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/home/2007/11/cfl-problems.html |date=October 29, 2010 }} at ConsumerReports.org. Accessed 1 January 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161424/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/home/2007/11/cfl-problems.html |date=October 29, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cfls.pr_crit_cfls |title=Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs Key Product Criteria : ENERGY STAR |publisher=Energystar.gov |date=2008-12-02 |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref>

=== Outdoor use ===
[[File:A CFL Light Bulb on a wall in a black lantern in South Carolina.PNG|thumb|upright|A CFL used outside of a building]]

CFLs are generally not designed for outdoor use and some will not start in cold weather. CFLs are available with cold-weather ballasts, which may be rated to as low as −28.8&nbsp;°C (−20&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleanairpartnership.org/cleanairguide/terms_definitions.htm|title=Coming to Terms with Energy Efficiency and the Environment|publisher=The Clean Air Partnership|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011064253/http://cleanairpartnership.org/cleanairguide/terms_definitions.htm|archivedate=Oct 11, 2007}}</ref> Light output in the first few minutes drops at low temperatures.<ref>U.S. Dept. of Energy, Greening Federal Facilities, 2nd Edition, '[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/29267-5.4.3.pdf Compact Fluorescent Lighting] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132153/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/29267-5.4.3.pdf |date=May 11, 2011 }}'. DOE/GO=102001-1165 page 87. Retrieved 22 February 2007. "Even when low-temperature ballasts are used, lamps will not reach full brightness for several minutes in cold weather." {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511132153/http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/29267-5.4.3.pdf |date=May 11, 2011 }}</ref> [[cold-cathode fluorescent lamp|Cold-cathode CFL]]s will start and perform in a wide range of temperatures due to their different design.

=== Starting time ===

Incandescents reach full brightness a fraction of a second after being switched on. {{As of|2009}}, CFLs turn on within a second, but many still take time to achieve full brightness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/ask_us/faq_compact.htm#flicker |title=Why does my compact fluorescent light bulb flicker or appear dim when I first turn it on? |work=Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb (CFL) FAQs |publisher=GE Lighting |accessdate=2009-06-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228044819/http://www.gelighting.com/na/home_lighting/ask_us/faq_compact.htm |archivedate=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> The light color may be slightly different immediately after being turned on.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/faqs/cfl.htm |title=GE Lighting Frequently Asked Questions&nbsp;— Compact Fluorescent (CFL): 4. Can I use a CFL in applications where I will be turning the lights on/off frequently? |accessdate=2007-04-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329191437/http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/faqs/cfl.htm |archivedate=March 29, 2007 }}</ref> Some CFLs are marketed as "instant on" and have no noticeable warm-up period,<ref name="EnergyStarFaq-WarmUp">{{cite web | url=http://energystar.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/energystar.cfg/php/enduser/popup_adp.php?p_faqid=2571&p_created=1148316147 | title=I've noticed some CFLs need a few minutes to warm up, or reach full brightness&nbsp;... | work=Customer Help FAQ | publisher=Energy Star | accessdate=2009-06-15 }}{{dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref> but others can take up to a minute to reach full brightness,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcgov.com/conservation/lighting-faq.php |title=Why does it take time for CFL bulbs to come up to full brightness? |work=Efficient Lighting FAQs |publisher=City of Fort Collins |accessdate=2009-06-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210045249/http://www.fcgov.com/conservation/lighting-faq.php? |archivedate=December 10, 2008 }}</ref> or longer in very cold temperatures. Some that use a mercury [[amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] can take up to three minutes to reach full output.<ref name="EnergyStarFaq-WarmUp"/> This and the shorter life of CFLs when turned on and off for short periods may make CFLs less suitable for applications such as motion-activated lighting. Hybrid lamps, combining a halogen lamp with a CFL, are available where warm up time is unacceptable.<ref name="Karheim Hybrid CFL">{{cite web | url=http://karheim.de/hybrid.html | title=Karheim Hybrid CFL }}</ref><ref name="GE Hybrid CFL">{{cite web|url=http://www.genewscenter.com/Press-Releases/GE-Unveils-Unique-Hybrid-Halogen-CFL-Light-Bulb-Coming-in-2011-2bf3.aspx |title=GE Hybrid CFL |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818114055/http://www.genewscenter.com/Press-Releases/GE-Unveils-Unique-Hybrid-Halogen-CFL-Light-Bulb-Coming-in-2011-2bf3.aspx |archivedate=August 18, 2014 }}</ref> The halogen lamp lights immediately, and is switched off once the CFL has reached full brightness.

'''Flashing when off'''

Some CFLs will flash every few seconds even when the room light switch is off. This caused by a small amount of current bypassing the switch either through a switch pilot light or through the capacitance of the two conductor cable connected between the switch and the CFL or the capacitance between this cable and other mains wiring. A few tens of microamps of current is enough to charge the storage in the CFL power supply up to a voltage sufficient for the CFL to light briefly, discharging the storage and starting the process again.

== Health and environmental impact ==
{{Main|Fluorescent lamps and health}}
[[File:Closed double envelope compact fluorescent lamp.jpg|thumb|right|Closed double-envelope CFL]]

=== General ===

According to the European Commission [[Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks]] (SCENIHR) in 2008, CFLs may pose an added health risk due to the [[ultraviolet]] and blue light emitted. This radiation could aggravate symptoms in people who already suffer skin conditions that make them exceptionally sensitive to light. The light produced by some single-envelope CFLs at distances of less than {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} could lead to ultraviolet exposures approaching the current workplace limit set to protect workers from skin and retinal damage. However, industry sources claim the UV radiation received from CFLs is too small to contribute to skin cancer and the use of double-envelope CFLs "largely or entirely" mitigates any other risks.<ref name="GreenFacts">{{cite web| title=Energy-Saving Lamps & Health| publisher=GreenFacts site | accessdate=2009-06-10 | url=http://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/energy-saving-lamps/index.htm}}</ref>

Tests have shown that radiation exposure from CFLs is negligible at 150 centimeter distance from the source. At closer distances, comparisons show that CFLs emit less UVA (long wavelength) radiation than incandescent light bulbs. They do, however, emit higher levels of UVB (short wavelength) radiation.<ref name="PubMed">{{cite journal|title=Ultraviolet light output of compact fluorescent lamps: comparison to conventional incandescent and halogen residential lighting sources | pmid=19395458 | doi=10.1177/0961203309103052 | volume=18 | journal=Lupus | pages=556-60 | last1 = Nuzum-Keim | first1 = AD | last2 = Sontheimer | first2 = RD}}</ref> UVA can penetrate deep into the skin while sufficient levels of UVB can burn superficial layers. Closed (double-envelope) CFLs are shielded and emit a lower total UV radiation compared to incandescent or halogen bulbs of a similar wattage.

For the average user, UV radiation from indoor lights does not appear to be a concern. For those with skin sensitivity long term indoor exposure may be a concern, in which case they may want to use a bulb with lower UV radiation output. There seems to be more variability within bulb types than between them, but the best option is shielded CFLs.

A 2012 study comparing cellular health effects of CFL light and incandescent light found statistically significant cell damage in cultures exposed to CFL light. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the presence of significant UVA and UVC radiation, which the study's authors conjectured was attributable to damage in the bulbs' internal phosphor coatings. No cellular damage was observed following exposure to incandescent light of equivalent intensity. The study's authors suggest that the ultraviolet exposure could be limited by the use of "double-walled" bulbs manufactured with an additional glass covering surrounding the phosphor-coated layer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mironava |first1=T. |last2=Hadjiargyrou |first2=M. |last3=Simon |first3=M. |last4=Rafailovich |first4=M. H. |date=20 Jul 2012 |title=The Effects of UV Emission from Compact Fluorescent Light Exposure on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes In Vitro |journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology |doi=10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01192.x |volume=88 |pages=1497–1506}}</ref>

When the base of the bulb is not made to be flame-retardant, as required in the voluntary standard for CFLs, overheating of the electrical components in the bulb may create a fire hazard.<ref>[http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005.html CPSC, Teng Fei Trading Inc. Announce Recall of Energy Saving Light Bulbs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108185759/http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005.html |date=January 8, 2013 }}. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission press release. Accessed 1 January 2008. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108185759/http://www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml05/05005.html |date=January 8, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Mercury content ===
[[File:Mercury emissions by light source EPA 2008.svg|thumb|upright|Net mercury emissions for CFL and incandescent lamps, based on EPA FAQ sheet, assuming average U.S. emission of 0.012 mg of mercury per kilowatt-hour and 14% of CFL mercury contents escapes to environment after land fill disposal]]

CFLs, like all [[fluorescent lamps]], contain [[Mercury (element)|mercury]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.informinc.org/fact_P3NJlampcontract.php | title=Mercury Content Information Available for Lamps on the 2003 New Jersey Contract T-0192 | accessdate=2007-05-15 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20051230010537/http://www.informinc.org/fact_P3NJlampcontract.php |archivedate = 2005-12-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc_lamp_standard_e.pdf |format=PDF |title=Canada-Wide Standard for Mercury-Containing Lamps |accessdate=2007-03-23 |date=2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060812071611/http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/merc_lamp_standard_e.pdf |archivedate=August 12, 2006 }}</ref> as vapor inside the glass tubing. Most CFLs contain 3–5&nbsp;mg per bulb, with the bulbs labeled "eco-friendly" containing as little as 1&nbsp;mg.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf | title=Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury June 2008 | accessdate=2008-08-31 | date=2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps | url=http://www.efi.org/factoids/mercury.html | publisher=Energy Federation Incorporated | work=FAQ | accessdate=2009-07-02 }}</ref> Because [[Mercury poisoning|mercury is poisonous]], even these small amounts are a concern for [[landfill]]s and [[Incinerator|waste incinerators]] where the mercury from lamps may be released and contribute to air and water [[pollution]]. In the U.S., lighting manufacturer members of the [[National Electrical Manufacturers Association]] (NEMA) have voluntarily capped the amount of mercury used in CFLs.<ref name=NEMAHgCap>{{cite web|url=http://www.nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm |title=NEMA Lamp Companies Announce Commitment to Cap CFL Mercury Content |accessdate=2007-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715223143/http://nema.org/media/pr/20070313a.cfm |archivedate=July 15, 2007 }}</ref> In the EU the same cap is required by the [[RoHS]] law.

In areas with coal-fired power stations, the use of CFLs saves on mercury emissions when compared to the use of incandescent bulbs. This is due to the reduced electrical power demand, reducing in turn the amount of mercury released by coal as it is burned.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf|format=PDF|title=Frequently Asked Questions, Information on Proper Disposal of Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs)|accessdate=2007-03-19}}</ref> In July 2008 the U.S. EPA published a data sheet stating that the net system emission of mercury for CFL lighting was lower than for incandescent lighting of comparable lumen output. This was based on the average rate of mercury emission for U.S. electricity production and average estimated escape of mercury from a CFL put into a landfill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf |title='&#39;Frequently Asked Questions Information on Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs (CFLs) and Mercury July 2008'&#39;, accessed 2009 Dec 22 |format=PDF |accessdate=2012-07-15}}</ref> Coal-fired plants also emit other heavy metals, sulfur, and carbon dioxide.

In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimated that if all 270&nbsp;million CFLs sold in 2007 were sent to landfill sites, around 0.13 metric tons of mercury would be released, 0.1% of all U.S. emissions of mercury (around 104 metric tons that year).<ref>[http://energystar.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/energystar.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=5411&p_created=1220627774 ''What are the mercury emissions caused by humans? Do CFLS that wind up in a landfill contribute to these emissions?'']{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} retrieved January 5, 2009</ref>
The graph assumes that CFLs last an average of 8,000 hours regardless of manufacturer and premature breakage. In areas where coal is not used to produce energy, the emissions would be less for both types of bulb.<ref>http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/promotions/change_light/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Mercury.pdf</ref>

Special handling instructions for breakage are not printed on the packaging of household CFL bulbs in many countries. The amount of mercury released by one bulb can temporarily exceed U.S. federal guidelines for chronic exposure.<ref>{{ cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/26/mercury_leaks_found_as_new_bulbs_break/?page=1 | title=Mercury leaks found as new bulbs break | work=The Boston Globe | last=Daley | first=Beth | date=February 26, 2008 | accessdate=2009-03-07 | publisher=NY Times Co }}</ref><ref name="maine.gov">{{cite web | url=http://maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm | title=Maine Compact Fluorescent Lamp Breakage Study Report | date=February 2008 | accessdate=2009-03-07 | publisher=State of Maine, Dept of Environmental Protection}}</ref> ''Chronic'', however, implies exposure for a significant time, and it remains unclear what the health risks are from short-term exposure to low levels of elemental mercury.<ref name="maine.gov"/> Despite following EPA best-practice clean-up guidelines on broken CFLs, researchers were unable to remove mercury from carpet, and agitation of the carpet&nbsp;— such as by young children playing&nbsp;— created localized concentrations as high as 0.025&nbsp;mg/m<sup>3</sup> in air close to the carpet, even weeks after the initial breakage.<ref name="maine.gov"/>

The [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has published best practices for cleanup of broken CFLs, as well as ways to avoid breakage, on its web site.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www2.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning-broken-cfl | title= Cleaning Up a Broken CFL | date=6 June 2013 |accessdate=18 June 2013 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> It recommends airing out the room and carefully disposing of broken pieces in a jar. A Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) study of 2008 comparing clean-up methods warns that using plastic bags to store broken CFL bulbs is dangerous because vapors well above safe levels continue to leak from the bags. The EPA and the Maine DEP recommend a sealed glass jar as the best repository for a broken bulb.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maine.gov/dep/rwm/homeowner/cflreport.htm | title= Maine Compact Fluorescent Light Breakage Study Report | date=February 2008 | accessdate=2011-07-18 | publisher= Maine Department of Environmental Protection }}</ref>

=== Recycling ===
{{See also|Fluorescent lamp recycling}}

Health and environmental concerns about mercury have prompted many jurisdictions to require spent lamps to be properly disposed of or recycled, rather than being included in the general waste stream sent to landfills. Safe disposal requires storing the bulbs unbroken until they can be processed.

In the [[United States]], most states have adopted and currently implement the federal [[Hazardous waste in the United States#Universal wastes|Universal Waste Rule]] (UWR).<ref name="epa27"/> Several states, including [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], [[California]], [[Minnesota]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Maine]], [[Connecticut]] and [[Rhode Island]], have regulations that are more stringent than the federal UWR.<ref name="epa27">{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/universal/lamps/faqs.htm#27 |title=How are mercury-containing bulbs (called "lamps" in the regulations) regulated? |date=10 May 2013 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |accessdate=18 June 2013}}</ref> Home-supply [[chain store]]s make free CFL recycling widely available.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/business/24recycling.html?em&ex=1214625600&en=8ddbcb7023c75243&ei=5087%0A | accessdate=18 June 2013 | title=Home Depot Offers Recycling for Compact Fluorescent Bulbs | date=24 June 2008 |last=Rosenbloom |first=Stephanie |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In the [[European Union]], CFLs are one of many products subject to the [[Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive|WEEE]] recycling scheme. The [[Price|retail price]] includes an amount to pay for recycling, and manufacturers and importers have an obligation to collect and recycle CFLs.

According to the Northwest Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project, because household users in the U.S. Northwest have the option of disposing of these products in the same way they dispose of other solid waste, in Oregon "a large majority of household CFLs are going to municipal solid waste". They also note the EPA's estimates for the percentage of fluorescent lamps' total mercury released when they are disposed of in the following ways: municipal waste landfill 3.2%, recycling 3%, municipal waste incineration 17.55% and hazardous waste disposal 0.2%.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.zerowaste.org/cfl/IMAGES_A/phase_I_rpt.pdf | title=Compact Fluorescent Lamp Recycling Project Phase I Draft Report Background Research and Program Options | format=PDF }}</ref>

The first step of processing CFLs involves crushing the bulbs in a machine that uses negative pressure ventilation and a mercury-absorbing filter or [[cold trap]] to contain mercury vapor. Many municipalities are purchasing such machines.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} The crushed glass and metal is stored in drums, ready for shipping to recycling factories.

=== Greenhouse gases ===
In some places, such as [[Quebec]] and [[British Columbia]] in 2007, [[central heating]] for homes was provided mostly by the burning of [[natural gas]], whereas electricity was primarily provided by [[hydroelectric]] power. An analysis of the impacts of a ban on incandescent light bulbs at that time introduced the notion that in such areas, heat generated by conventional electric light bulbs may have been significantly reducing the release of greenhouse gases from natural gas heating.<ref>Ivanco, M., Karney, B.W., Waher, K.J. "To Switch, or Not to Switch: A Critical Analysis of Canada's Ban on Incandescent Light Bulbs," [[IEEE]] Electrical Power Conference, 25-26 Oct. 2007. pages&nbsp;550–555 {{DOI|10.1109/EPC.2007.4520391}}</ref> Ivanco, Karney, and Waher estimated that "If all homes in Quebec were required to switch from (incandescent) bulbs to CFLs, there would be an increase of almost 220,000 [[tonne]]s in CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the province, equivalent to the annual emissions from more than 40,000 automobiles."

== Use and adoption ==
{{Main|Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs}}

CFLs are produced for both [[alternating current]] (AC) and [[direct current]] (DC) input. DC CFLs are popular for use in [[recreational vehicle]]s and [[off-the-grid]] housing. There are various [[aid agency]] initiatives in [[developing countries]] to replace [[kerosene lamp]]s, which have associated health and safety hazards, with CFLs powered by batteries, [[photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s or wind generators.<ref name="Kerosene_replacement">200 0000+ solar powered kerosene-lamp replacements assisted by aid agencies: http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/mpgvm, http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/Dlight10, {{cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/esd/bazaar/documents/PPT-Sunlabob-LaoPDR.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-06-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172914/http://www.unescap.org/esd/bazaar/documents/PPT-Sunlabob-LaoPDR.pdf |archivedate=2011-05-12 |df= }}</ref>

CFLs in [[solar power]]ed [[street light]]s, use solar panels mounted on the [[utility pole|pole]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Due to the potential to reduce electric consumption and pollution, various organizations have encouraged the adoption of CFLs and other efficient lighting. Efforts range from publicity to encourage awareness, to direct handouts of CFLs to the public. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand (and so delaying additional investments in generation).

In the United States, the ''Program for the Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting'' (PEARL) was created to be a watchdog program. PEARL has evaluated the performance and ENERGY STAR compliance of more than 150 models of CFL bulbs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/PEARL/index.asp |title=Program for Evaluation and Analysis of Residential Lighting (PEARL) &#124; Programs &#124; LRC |publisher=Lrc.rpi.edu |accessdate=2012-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724014244/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/PEARL/index.asp |archivedate=2012-07-24 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2007/PEARL8511.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-04-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613111134/http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/resources/newsroom/pdf/2007/PEARL8511.pdf |archivedate=2010-06-13 |df= }}</ref>

The UN Environment Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Facility (GEF) en.lighten initiative has developed "The Global Efficient Partnership Program" which focuses on country-led policies and approaches to enable the implementation of energy-efficient lighting, including CFLs, quickly and cost-effectively in developing and emerging countries.

In the United States and Canada, the [[Energy Star]] program labels lamps that meet a set of standards for efficiency, starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products.<ref>''[http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downloads/cfls/Criteria_CFLs_V4.pdf Energy Star Program Requirements for CFLS Partner Commitments]'', 4th edition, dated 3 July 2008, retrieved 2008-06-25.</ref> Those CFLs with a recent Energy Star certification start in less than one second and do not flicker. "Energy Star Light Bulbs for Consumers" is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps. There is ongoing work in improving the "quality" ([[color rendering index]]) of the light.{{cn|date=March 2016}}

In the United States, new standards proposed by the [[United States Department of Energy]] could result in [[LED lamp|LED bulbs]] replacing CFLs. In the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]], most CFL bulbs would not meet the standards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Be prepared to say goodbye to the lightbulbs you've loved|last=Wolverton|first=Troy|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|agency=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|date=2016-03-12|page=1C}}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], a similar program is run by the [[Energy Saving Trust]] to identify lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines.<ref name=est>{{cite web|url=http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Energy-saving-products/Energy-saving-lightbulbs-and-fittings |title=Energy saving lightbulbs |publisher=Energysavingtrust.org.uk |accessdate=2012-07-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726071543/http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Energy-saving-products/Energy-saving-lightbulbs-and-fittings |archivedate=2011-07-26 |df= }}</ref>

The G24 (624Q2) and [[GU24 socket]] systems were designed to replace the traditional lamp sockets, so that incandesecent bulbs are not installed in fixtures intended for energy efficient lamps only.

== Other CFL and lighting technologies ==

===LEDs (are not CFLs) ===
Many white-light [[light-emitting diode|LED]]s could technically be considered CFLs since they use fluorescent phosphors to produce white light but CFL refers to a type of gas discharge tube not any type of LED.

{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=Outdated Content}}
{{update-section|date=July 2014}}
[[Solid-state lighting]] using [[light-emitting diode]]s (LEDs) have for some time filled many specialist niches such as [[Traffic lights#Optics and lighting|traffic lights]]. White LED lights now compete with CFLs for high-efficiency house lighting.<ref name="popularmechanics.com"/>

Solid-state lighting has improved over several years; [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE) tests of commercial LED lamps designed to replace incandescent or CFLs showed that average efficacy was about 30&nbsp;lm/W in 2008 (tested performance ranged from 4&nbsp;lm/W to 62&nbsp;lm/W).<ref>{{ cite book | title=DOE Solid-State Lighting CALiPER Program Summary of Results: Round 6 of Product Testing. | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |date = September 2008| url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_round_6_summary_final.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> In June 2011 the eight products in the A-line bulb configuration that DOE tested<ref>{{Cite book | title=DOE Solid-State Lighting CALiPER Program Summary of Results: Round 12 of Product Testing. | publisher=U.S. Department of Energy | date = June 2011| url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/caliper_round12_summary.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> ranged from 50 to 97 lumens per watt, with an average of 62 lumens/watt.

The luminous efficacy of currently available [[LED lamp]]s is similar that of CFLs, though there have been LED lamps available for purchase with better than 90 lm/W overall luminous efficacy at least since early 2012, and higher efficiency LEDs, up to 200 lm/W, are under development.<ref>[http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/stories/should-i-buy-led-or-cfl-light-bulbs Should I buy LED or CFL light bulbs? | MNN - Mother Nature Network<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
{{hidden end}}

===Cold-cathode fluorescent lamps===
{{Multiple images
|align=right
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Cold-Cathode-CFL.jpg
|width1={{#expr: (140 * 4583 / 3286) round 0}}
|alt1=A photo of an unlit compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) of the cold-cathode variety
|image2=Cold-Cathode-CFL-illuminated.jpg
|width2={{#expr: (140 * 3264 / 4496) round 0}}
|alt2=A photo of an illuminated compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) of the cold-cathode variety
|footer=A cold-cathode CFL unlit (left) and illuminated (right)
}}[[Cold-cathode fluorescent lamp]]s (CCFLs) have been made available in the form of CFLs. CCFLs use electrodes without a filament. The voltage of CCFLs is about 5 times higher than CFLs, and the current is about 10 times lower. CCFLs have a diameter of about 3 millimeters. CCFLs were initially used for document scanners and also for back-lighting [[LCD]] displays, and later manufactured for use as lamps. The efficacy (lumens per watt) is about half that of CFLs{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}. Their advantages are that they are instant-on, like incandescent lamps, and have a long life of approximately 50,000 hours. CCFLs are an effective and efficient replacement for lighting that is turned on and off frequently with little extended use (for example, in a bathroom or closet).

==Efficiency comparison ==
{{multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Splitsection|date=November 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2015}}
}}

{|class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 | Incandescent
| rowspan=2 | Halogen
| rowspan=2 | Fluorescent
| colspan=4 | LED
|-
| Generic
| Philips
| Philips [[L Prize]]<ref name="philwinPDF">{{cite web|url=http://www.lightingprize.org/pdfs/LPrize-winner_media-kit.pdf |title=LPrize-winner_media-kit.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/60jSDijaj?url=http://www.lightingprize.org/pdfs/LPrize-winner_media-kit.pdf |archivedate=6 August 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
| Daylight (TCP)
|-
! Electrical power ([[Watt|W]])
| 60
| 42
| 14
| 10
| 12.5
| 9.7
| 9.8
|-
! Light output ([[Lumen (unit)|lm]])
| 860
| 650
| 800
| 800
| 800
| 910
| 950
|-
! [[Luminous efficacy]] (lm/W)
| {{Formatnum:{{#expr: 860/60 round 1}}}}
| 14.42
| 57.14
| 80
| {{Formatnum:{{#expr: 800/12.5 round 1}}}}
| 93.4
| 96.94
|-
! [[Color temperature]] ([[Kelvin|K]])
| 2700
| 3100<ref>3100°K is typical; individual bulbs vary. See [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/ElaineDevora.shtml Temperature of a Halogen Light Bulb], The Physics Factbook, Glenn Elert, ed., (Retrieved 2012-05-12)</ref>
| 2700
| 3000
| 2700
| 2727
| 5000
|-
! [[Color rendering index|CRI]]
| 100
| 100
| >75
| >85
| 85
| 93
| Not listed
|-
! Lifespan ([[hour|h]])
| 1,000
| 2,500
| 8,000
| 25,000
| 25,000
| 30,000
| 25,000
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Compact fluorescent light bulbs}}
* [http://www.superiorlighting.com/BULB_REFERENCE_GUIDE_s/218.htm#cfl CFL Bulb and Base Reference Guide]
* [http://www.elightful.ca/pages/cfl-plug-ins Plug-In Plug-in CFL (PL Type) Lamps / Non-integrated Bulbs] - cross reference listing of non-integrated CFL bulbs
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070315115858/http://www.nxp.com/acrobat_download/applicationnotes/AN00048_1.pdf A technical description of a typical CFL circuit]

{{Artificial light sources|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Energy-saving lighting]]
[[Category:Fluorescence]]
[[Category:Gas discharge lamps]]

Revision as of 11:52, 23 January 2017

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