Masurian dialects: Difference between revisions
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|ksiácie! |
|ksiácie! |
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|ksiátÿ! |
|ksiátÿ! |
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== The verb "to be" == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! |
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! colspan="2" |"To be" in present tense<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/po.mazursku/photos/a.405082386257890.1073741828.404732462959549/779612795471512/?type=3&theater|title=Mazurskie słówko na dziś - Timeline {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> |
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!masurian general |
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pronouns |
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!Masurian |
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!Polish |
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|- |
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|Já |
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|Em je |
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|Ja jestem |
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|- |
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|Tÿ |
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|Tÿś je |
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|Ty jesteś |
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|- |
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|Ón/Óna |
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|Ón/Óna jes |
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|On/Ona jest |
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|- |
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|Mÿ |
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|Em só/Mÿ jest |
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|My jesteśmy |
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|- |
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|Wÿ |
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|Wyśta só/Wÿ jeśteśta |
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|Wy jesteście |
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|- |
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|Óni/Óne |
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|Óni/Óne só |
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|Oni/One są |
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|} |
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|Dobr'''ém''' |
|Dobr'''ém''' |
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|Dobr'''ym''' |
|Dobr'''ym''' |
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|- |
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|- |
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|Adjective (in genitive, |
|Adjective (in genitive, |
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|Stare |
|Stare |
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|szpaki |
|szpaki |
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|- |
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|durowač |
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|bestehen |
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|trwać |
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|- |
|- |
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|dÿšlo |
|dÿšlo |
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|Röhrling |
|Röhrling |
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|borowik |
|borowik |
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|- |
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|prÿnc |
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|Prinz |
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|książę |
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|- |
|- |
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|psiwo, bir |
|psiwo, bir |
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|Geschirrtuch |
|Geschirrtuch |
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|ścierka |
|ścierka |
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|- |
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|wej lo! |
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|sieh mal! |
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|spójrz tylko! |
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|- |
|- |
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|wéla |
|wéla |
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|Saft |
|Saft |
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|sok |
|sok |
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|- |
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|za šiła |
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|ziemlich viel |
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|zbyt wiele |
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|- |
|- |
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|zäusnik |
|zäusnik |
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|Morgen |
|Morgen |
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|poranek |
|poranek |
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|- |
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|zÿcher ze jo |
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|selbstverständlich |
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|oczywiście |
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|} |
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== Example - Lord's Prayer == |
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<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lexicographus.blogspot.com.es/2016/08/ojcze-nasz-po-mazursku-i-ukad.html|title=Linguae in statu nascendi (Silesiaca et al.): Ojcze nasz po mazursku i układ klawiatury do tego|last=Лексикограф|first=Leksykograf-- Lexicographer--|date=2016-08-04|website=Linguae in statu nascendi (Silesiaca et al.)|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mazurska.eu/ortografia-i-wymowa/|title=Ortografia i wymowa {{!}} Mazurská.eu – mazurskie niejsce w jinterneče|website=mazurska.eu|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!Masurian |
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!Polish |
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!Czech |
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!English |
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|- |
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|Ôjce nas, chtórnÿš je w niebzie |
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Niech še šwénči Twoje (m)niano, |
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Niech přÿńdže Twoje królestwo |
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ji bé(n)dže Twoja wola |
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Jek w niebzie tozéz ji na žé(m)ni. |
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Chléba naségo powsedniégo daj náma džišaj. |
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Ji ôtpušč náma nase zinÿ, |
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Jek ji mÿ ôtpuscawa nasém zinowajcám. |
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Ji nie wódž náju na pokusenie |
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Lo zbaw’ náju ôt złégo |
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Amen |
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: Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie, |
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: święć się imię Twoje, |
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: przyjdź królestwo Twoje, |
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: bądź wola Twoja |
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: jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. |
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: Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. |
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: I odpuść nam nasze winy, |
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: jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. |
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: I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, |
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: ale zbaw nas ode złego. |
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: Amen. |
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: Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích, |
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: posvěť se jméno Tvé |
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: Přijď království Tvé. |
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: Buď vůle Tvá, |
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: jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. |
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: Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes |
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: A odpusť nám naše viny, |
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: jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům |
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: a neuveď nás v pokušení, |
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: ale zbav nás od zlého. |
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: Amen. |
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: Our Father in heaven, |
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: hallowed be your name. |
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: Your kingdom come, |
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: your will be done, |
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: on earth, as it is in heaven. |
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: Give us this day our [[Epiousios|daily]]<nowiki/>bread, |
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: and forgive us our debts, |
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: as we also have forgiven our debtors. |
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: And lead us not into temptation, |
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: but deliver us from evil. |
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: Amen. |
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== Toponymy == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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| colspan="2" |List of city name<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/po.mazursku/#|title=Mazurskie słówko na dziś {{!}} Facebook|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|Masurian |
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|Polish |
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|- |
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|Bziáłá |
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|Biała |
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|- |
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|Džałdów |
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|Działdowo |
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|Gołdapś |
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|Gołdap |
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|Jáńsbork |
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|Pisz |
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|Lec |
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|Giżycko |
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|Łék |
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|Ełk |
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|Nibork |
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|Nidzica |
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|Nikołajki |
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|Mikołajki |
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|Ôleck |
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|Olecko |
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|- |
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|Ôlštÿnek |
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|Olsztynek |
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|- |
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|Ôřés |
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|Orzysz |
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|- |
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|Ôstród |
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|Ostróda |
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|- |
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|Rastémbork |
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|Kętrzyn |
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|Rÿn |
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|Ryn |
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|Scÿtno |
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|Szczytno |
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|Wéngobork |
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|Węgorzewo |
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|Zondzbork |
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|Mrągowo |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Dialects of the Polish language]] |
* [[Dialects of the Polish language]] |
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* [[Languages of Europe]] |
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* [[Polish language]] |
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* [[Silesian language]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 10:49, 23 August 2016
Masurian Ethnolect (Masurian: Mazurská Gádka/Mazurská Gádkia; Template:Lang-pl; Template:Lang-de) is a dialect group of the Polish language, spoken by Masurians in a part of East Prussia that belongs to today's Poland.
Masurian | |
---|---|
Mazurská Gádka | |
Native to | Poland (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship) |
Region | Masuria |
Native speakers | 10 000 - 15 000 |
Language family | Indo-European |
History
Since the 14th century, some settlers from Masovia started to settle in southern Prussia, which had been devastated by the crusades of the Teutonic Knights against the native Old Prussians. According to other sources, people from Masovia did not move to southern Prussia until the time of the Protestant Reformation, Prussia having become Lutheran in 1525. The Masurians were mostly of the Protestant faith, in contrast to the neighboring Roman Catholic people of the Duchy of Masovia, which was incorporated into the Polish kingdom in 1526. A new dialect developed in Prussia, isolated from the remaining Polish language area. The Masurian dialect group has many Low Saxon, German and Old Prussian words mixed in with Polish-language endings.[1]
Beginning in the 1870s, Imperial German officials restricted the usage of languages other than German in Prussia's eastern provinces.[2] While in 1880 Masurians were still treated as Poles by the German Empire, at the turn of century the German authorities undertook several measures to Germanise and separate them from the Polish nation by creating a separate identity.[3] After World War I the East Prussian plebiscite was held on July 11, 1920 according to the Treaty of Versailles, in which the Masurians had to decide whether they wanted to be part of the Second Polish Republic or remain in German East Prussia; about 98% voted for Germany.
By the early 20th century, most Masurians were at least bilingual and could speak Low Saxon and German; in some areas about half of them still spoke Masurian, at least at home. In 1900, according to the German census there were 142.049 Masurians speaking Masurian.[4] In 1925, only 40,869 people gave Masurian as their native language, many considering German their first language, considering Masurian merely as their domestic dialect, By the early 1920's there were also some Masurians who had their separate identity, claiming that Masurians are a nation. Most of them were members of Masurenbund. Their main goal was to grant Masurians some minority laws inside Germany, but there were also some separatists. In the early 1930s, support for the Nazi Party was high in Masuria, especially in elections in 1932 and 1933. Nazi political rallies were organized in the Masurian dialect during the campaigning.[2]
After 1933 the usage of the Masurian dialect was prohibited by the National Socialist authorities. By 1938 most Masurian place and personal names had been changed to "pure" German substitutes. From 1939 on it was forbidden to hold church services in Masurian.
The replacement of Masurian in favor of German was not completed by the time the Soviet Red Army conquered Masurian East Prussia in January 1945, in World War II. The territory was transferred to Poland according to the postwar Potsdam Conference. During the wartime fighting and post-war deportations in the subsequent decades, most Masurian-speakers left Masuria for western Germany, especially to post-war West Germany, where they were quickly assimilated into the German mainstream.
Situation in XXI century
According to some scientists like Andrzej Sakson, there are about 5.000 - 10.000 ethnic Masurians left in Poland. According to the Polish census from 2011 there are only 1.376 of them who identify themselves as Masurians. Most Masurians live in Germany now, but due to the German law the ethnicity and natonality are not determined in their census.
There is a lack of surveys on the knowledge of the ethnolect both in Poland and Germany, but there are mostly elders who can communicate in Masurian with some fluency. The sole group who speak Masurian on a daily basis are so called Russian Masurians, who are the descendants of colonists who arrived to Siberia at the end of the 19th century. They have lived in isolation from the other groups, thus they were neither germanised, nor polonized. Their speech acquired many Russian loanwords, though.[5][6]
Situation start to get better. Since 2015 Sorkwity Masurian Culture Festival started to promote Masurian dialect,[7] people start to create a folk music,[8] some schools organize competitions of Masurian speech,[9][10] and in the Internet people started to promote ethnolect using social media.[11] In 2016 was founded The Masurian Council promoting culture and Masurian ethnolect.[12] Meanwhile some activists have also started a process of linguistical normalization to promote and save the ethnolect.[13]
Dialect or Language
There are several scientists considering masurian as a language [14] or calling masurian as a language,[15][16] others call masurian as a dialect or even subdialect.[17]
Linguistic features
- Mazurzenie: the consonants corresponding to Standard Polish cz, sz, dż, ż are pronounced c, s, dz, z
- Asynchronous pronunciation of soft labials b', p', f', w' – bj/bź, pj/pś, fj/fś, wj/wź
- Sometimes, intensive palatalization of k, g, ch to ć, dź, ś (a similar process to the Kashubian palatalization)
- Labialization of the vowel o (sometimes also u) in Anlaut
- Vowel y approaching i
- Before ł vowels i and y pronounced like u, e.g. buł, zuł (był, żył)
- Denasalization of the nasal vowels ą and ę as o and e
- In some varieties ę becomes ã (nasal a nosowe), which is pronounced after denasalization an, analogical changes for groups eN, like. dzień - dzian
Grammatical Cases
Cases | ||
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singular | plural | |
Nominative | ksiát | ksiátÿ |
Genitive | ksiátu/ksiáta | ksiátów |
Dative | ksiát|oju, ochiu, oziu | ksiátám |
Accusative | ksiát, ksíáta | ksiátÿ |
Instrumental | ksiátem | ksiát|ani, amni, ami |
Locative | ksiácie | ksiátach |
Vocative | ksiácie! | ksiátÿ! |
The verb "to be"
"To be" in present tense[20] | ||
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masurian general
pronouns |
Masurian | Polish |
Já | Em je | Ja jestem |
Tÿ | Tÿś je | Ty jesteś |
Ón/Óna | Ón/Óna jes | On/Ona jest |
Mÿ | Em só/Mÿ jest | My jesteśmy |
Wÿ | Wyśta só/Wÿ jeśteśta | Wy jesteście |
Óni/Óne | Óni/Óne só | Oni/One są |
Some Gramatical differences
Masurian | Polish | |
Formal forms | Wÿ/Pan/Pani robziče
Matkia mogli |
Pan/Pani robi
Matka mogła |
Past tense | Niáł | Miał |
Present tense | Mám, Dám
Má, Padá Zró |
Mam, Dam
Ma, Pada, Żrą |
Present Pasive Participle | Zrobziónÿ | Zrobiony |
Transgressive | Robzióncÿ | Robiąc |
Reflexive Verb | Zrobzióno bÿło | Zrobiło się |
Noun ("ja") | Francÿjá, stacÿjá | Francja, stacja |
Noun ("ka") | Matkia, Dékia | Matka, Nakrycie |
Accusative case (sing.) | Gádkie, Zÿcherkie | Gadkę, Agrafkę |
Instrumental case (pl.) | Ludžani / Ludžoma
Łapani / Łapóma |
Ludźmi
Łapami |
Genitive (sing.) | Zÿčá, Pisaniá | Życia, Pisania |
Genitive (pl.) | Ludžám
Džečám |
Ludziom
Dzieciom |
Dative (sing.) | Psoziu
Kónikoziu |
Psu
Konikowi |
Adjective (in genitive, pl.) | Dobréch
Głupsiéch |
Dobrych
Głupich |
Adjective (in instrumental, pl.) | Dobrém | Dobrym |
Adjective (in genitive,
feminine sing.) |
Mazurski
Dobrÿ |
Mazurskiej
Dobrej |
Adjective (in genitive,
masculine sing.) |
Małégo
Ziélgiégo |
Małego
Wielkiego |
Adjective (superlative form) | Náziénksÿ | Największy |
Adjective ("ni") | Zÿtnÿ
Ôstatnÿ |
Żytni
Ostatni |
z + s
z + z |
z sobó
z zgniłéch |
ze sobą
ze zgniłych |
w + w | w Francÿji | we Francji |
Writing system
Masurian alphabet | Examples |
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a, A | pask, Nikołajki |
á, Á | wáju |
ä, Ä | wschodnie mätkiä |
b, B | bór |
c, C | cółno |
č, Č | spač, spacź |
d, D | dóra |
e, E | psies |
é, É | mléko |
f, F | fejfka |
g, G | geš, gesź |
h, H | héwo |
i, I | mÿgi, migi |
j, J | jo |
k, K | klémpa |
l, L | listkář, listkárż |
ł, Ł | głupsi |
m, M | moznošč, moznosźcź |
n, N | nelka |
ń, Ń | přÿńdó, prżińdó |
o, O | muchor |
ó, Ó | dómb |
ô, Ô | ôčec, uocźec |
p, P | prask |
r, R | rek |
ř, Ř | wéngoř, wéngorż |
s, S | saniec |
š, Š | šwam, sźwam |
ś (si), Ś | psiwo, Gołdapś |
t, T | tlo |
u, U | muši, musźi |
û, Û | ûlica, uulica |
w, W | wáju |
ÿ, Ÿ | nÿstÿ, nysti |
z, Z | zégáwka |
ž, Ž | kižlák, kiż'lák |
ź, Ź | bzije, gołómbź |
digraph | |
dž | Džałdowo, Dżiałdowo |
Small dictionary
Masurian Ethnolect | German | Polish |
---|---|---|
absztyfikant | Junggeselle | walarek, zalotnik |
äštychny | hastig | porywczy |
bach | Kind | dziecko |
best | flieder | bez |
bôny | Bohnen | fasola |
brédek | Brötchen | bułka |
buber | Saubohne | bób |
bulwi | Kartoffeln | ziemniaki |
bursä | Geldbörse | portmonetka |
cajtung | Zeitung | gazeta |
cegoj? | warum? | dlaczego? |
čiskäč | werfen | rzucić |
chrachôr | Taucher | nuerk |
cÿtrona | Zitrone | cytryna |
dek | Dach | dach |
drômel | Trommel | bęben |
drón | Drohn | truteń |
drózdi | Stare | szpaki |
durowač | bestehen | trwać |
dÿšlo | Deichsel | dyszel |
érdbera | Walderdbeere | poziomka |
fana | Fahne | flaga |
farinä | Zucker | cukier |
feler | Fehler | błąd |
fifak | schlitzohr | nieszczery |
flanca | Sämling | sadzonka |
frÿśtÿk | Frühstück | śniadanie |
gbur | Bauer, Landwirt | rolnik, gospodarz |
geš | Gans | gęś |
giéri | Beine | nogi |
gréfny | flink | sprytny |
grzniotä | Gewitter | burza z piorunami |
háka | Hacke | motyka |
háuptniasto | Hauptstadt | stolica |
hucik | Hut | kapelusz |
huncfot | Weiberheld | kobieciarz |
jebel | Hobel | strug |
jegoda | Heidelbeere | jagoda |
káfej | Kaffee | kawa |
káncynał | Gesangbuch | śpiewnik kościelny |
kastä | Kasten | skrzynia |
keksÿ | Kekse | ciasteczka |
klapsztula | Butterbrot | kanapka |
kleta | Gerücht | plotka |
kléwer | Klee | koniczyna |
knéfel | Knopf | guzik |
klûnkra | Holzlöffel | drewniana łyżka |
kokošiniec | Hühnerstall | kurnik |
košôr | Feuerhaken | pogrzebacz |
kôwerä | Umschlag | koperta |
kräkä | Krähe | wrona |
kristómbri | Stachelbeeren | agrest |
kukawkä | Kuckuck | kukułka |
kupač | kaufen | kupować |
łapém | offen | otwarte |
Mazurÿ | Masuren (Volk) | Mazurzy |
méntel | Schmetterling | motyl |
muchor | Fliegenpilz | muchomor |
nicht | niemand | nikt |
niések | Sack | worek, torba |
ôbléta | Kleidung | odzież |
oddäziny | Hochzeit | ślub |
pilaki | Entenküken | kaczuszki |
pitrôlä | Petroleum | nafta |
plômpä | Pumpe | pompa |
plumi | Pflaumen | śliwki |
prawy | Röhrling | borowik |
prÿnc | Prinz | książę |
psiwo, bir | Bier | piwo |
pupa | Puppe | lalka |
redošč | freude | radość |
régal | Wandregal | półka |
rektôr | Lehrer | nauczyciel |
scérny | echter | prawdziwy |
scúbeł | Hecht | szczupak |
stéräcz | verlieren | zgubić |
stimač | fotografieren | fotografować |
stréfle | Strümpfe | pończochy |
szurek | Knabe | chłopczyk |
šwam | Badeschwamm | gąbka |
táska | Tasse | filiżanka |
téja | Tee | herbata |
tinä | Tonne | beczka |
topek | Töpfchen | nocnik |
tropki | Tropfen | kropelki |
wabä | Wabe | włoszczyzna |
wálny | gross | duży |
wašlap | Geschirrtuch | ścierka |
wej lo! | sieh mal! | spójrz tylko! |
wéla | Welle | fala |
wéri | Bett | łóżko |
zaft | Saft | sok |
za šiła | ziemlich viel | zbyt wiele |
zäusnik | Ohrring | kolczyk |
zdrednie | Gefährlich | niebiezpiecznie |
zégáwka | Brennesseln | pokrzywa |
zietrz | Wind | wiatr |
zrének | Morgen | poranek |
zÿcher ze jo | selbstverständlich | oczywiście |
Example - Lord's Prayer
Masurian | Polish | Czech | English |
---|---|---|---|
Ôjce nas, chtórnÿš je w niebzie
Niech še šwénči Twoje (m)niano, Niech přÿńdže Twoje królestwo ji bé(n)dže Twoja wola Jek w niebzie tozéz ji na žé(m)ni. Chléba naségo powsedniégo daj náma džišaj. Ji ôtpušč náma nase zinÿ, Jek ji mÿ ôtpuscawa nasém zinowajcám. Ji nie wódž náju na pokusenie Lo zbaw’ náju ôt złégo Amen |
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|
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Toponymy
List of city name[28] | |
Masurian | Polish |
Bziáłá | Biała |
Džałdów | Działdowo |
Gołdapś | Gołdap |
Jáńsbork | Pisz |
Lec | Giżycko |
Łék | Ełk |
Nibork | Nidzica |
Nikołajki | Mikołajki |
Ôleck | Olecko |
Ôlštÿnek | Olsztynek |
Ôřés | Orzysz |
Ôstród | Ostróda |
Rastémbork | Kętrzyn |
Rÿn | Ryn |
Scÿtno | Szczytno |
Wéngobork | Węgorzewo |
Zondzbork | Mrągowo |
See also
References
- ^ Braun, Hermann (1888/1925). Alte und neue Bilder aus Masuren: Eine Geschichte der Stadt und des Kreises Angerburg.
{{cite book}}
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(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ a b Clark, Christopher (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. p. 776. ISBN 0-674-02385-4.
- ^ Becoming German: Lessons from the Past for the Present Brian McCook in Leitkultur and Nationalstolz-Tabu -German Phenomena? Bonn, April 2002 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation pages 33-42
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