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==Classification==
==Classification==
{{expand section|1=Bulgarian Academy views <small>(August 2012)</small>.|date=August 2012}}
The noting of ''Shopi'' as a "group" began in the 19th-century migrational waves of poor workers from the so-called Shopluk, poor areas (villages) beyond [[Sofia]].<ref>''Places to exchange cultural patterns'', p. 1</ref> Some scientists describe the Shopi as a distinct [[ethnographic]] group.<ref>Bŭlgarska etnografiia, Nikolaĭ Ivanov Kolev, Izdatelstvo Nauka i izkustvo, 1987, p. 69.</ref><ref>Istoricheski pregled, Bŭlgarsko istorichesko druzhestvo, Institut za istoriia (Bŭlgarska akademia na naukite), 1984, str. 16.</ref> The Shopi are also sometimes classified as part of the [[Torlaks]] population and vice versa. In the 19th century, there was no exact border between Torlak and Shopi settlements. According to some authors during the Ottoman rule, the majority of native the Shopi Slavic population did not have national consciousness in ethnic sense.
The noting of ''Shopi'' as a "group" began in the 19th-century migrational waves of poor workers from the so-called Shopluk, poor areas (villages) beyond [[Sofia]].<ref>''Places to exchange cultural patterns'', p. 1</ref>


The Bulgarian scholars put Shopi as a subgroup of the Bulgarian ethnos. As with every ethnographic group, the Bulgarian Academy notes, the Shopi in Bulgaria consider themselves the true and most pure of the Bulgarians, the mountaineers around Turnovo claim their land as true Bulgarian from time immemorial, etc.<ref>{{cite book|title=Balkan studies, Volume 29|author=Institut za balkanistika (Bŭlgarska akademii͡a͡ na naukite)|publisher=Édition de lA̕cadémie bulgare des sciences|year=1993|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KhVpAAAAMAAJ|page=106|quote=Ethnography has long established that every ethnographic group, even every single village, considers its dialect, manners and customs "true" and "pure", while those of the neighbours, of the rest — even when they are "our people" — still are neither as "true", nor as "pure". In the Shopi villages you will hear that the Shopi are the true and most pure Bulgarians, while the inhabitants of the mountains around Turnovo will claim that theirs is the land of true Bulgarians from time immemorial, etc.}}</ref>
Therefore, both Serbs and Bulgarians considered local Slavs as part of their own people, while the local population was also divided between sympathy for Bulgarians and Serbs. Other authors from the epoch take a different view and maintain that the inhabitants of the Shopi area had begun to develop predominantly [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] national consciousness.<ref>[[Felix Philipp Kanitz]], (Das Konigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk von der Romerzeit bis dur Gegenwart, 1904, in two volume) # "In this time (1872) they (the inhabitants of [[Pirot]]) did not presume that six years later the often damn Turkish rule in their town will be finished, and at least they did not presume that they will be include in Serbia, because ''they always feel that they are Bulgarians''. ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, p. 215)...And today (in the end of XIX century) among the older generation there are many fondness to Bulgarians, that it led him to collision with Serbian government. Some hesitation can be noticed among the young..." ("Србија, земља и становништво од римског доба до краја XIX века", Друга књига, Београд 1986, c. 218; Serbia - its land and inhabitants, Belgrade 1986, p. 218)</ref><ref>[[Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui]], „Voyage en Bulgarie pendant l'année 1841“ (Жером-Адолф Бланки. Пътуване из България през 1841 година. Прев. от френски Ел. Райчева, предг. Ив. Илчев. София: Колибри, 2005, 219 с. ISBN 978-954-529-367-2.) The author describes the population of [[Sanjak of Niš]] as ethnic Bulgarians.[http://liternet.bg/publish13/r_zaimova/pytuvane.htm]</ref> With Ottoman influence ever weakening, the increase of nationalist sentiment in the Balkans in late 19th and early 20th century, and the redrawing of national boundaries after the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)]], the [[Balkan wars]], [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] the borders in the Shopi-speaking region changed several times between Serbia and Bulgaria, and later Republic of Macedonia.

The American Association for South Slavic Studies noted that the Shopi were recognized as a distinct sub-group in Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite book|title=Balkanistica, Volume 8|author=American Association for South Slavic Studies, American Association for Southeast European Studies, South East European Studies Association|publisher=Slavica Publishers|year=1993|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QXVpAAAAMAAJ|page=201|quote=The loci of this commentary are two well-studied Bulgarian villages, Dragalevtsy and Bistritsa, on the western flank of Mount Vitosha.3 Geographically they are a mere eight kilometers apart. Ethnically their base populations are similar, identified by other Bulgarians as Shopi. Shopi are a recognized and distinct sub-group within the relative homogeneity of Bulgaria at large. Being Shop continues to imply conservatism, despite proximity to Sofia. Our concern is with the ethnography of communication in these two village communities. Both experience considerable influences of urbanization, from students and ...}}</ref>

Yugoslav and Serbian scholars put the Šopi (also ''Šopovi''<ref>Hrvatsko filološko društvo, ''Filologija, Volumes 1-3'' (1957) [http://books.google.com/books?id=T9gSAAAAIAAJ&q=Šopovi p. 244], Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti (in Serbo-Croatian)</ref>) as a subgroup of the Serb ethnos, emphasizing on the group being closer to Serbs than Bulgarians culturally and linguistically, calling it a population in a foreign (Bulgarian) area, at the Serbo-Bulgarian border.<ref>''Srpski etnos i velikosrpstvo'', pp. 261-262</ref> The Šopi left of the [[Pčinja (river)|Pčinj river]] down to the [[Vardar]] called their language Serbian.<ref>Enes Čengić, Miroslav Krleža, ''S Krležom iz dana u dan: Ples na vulkanima'' (1985), p. 159; "Srbi na istoku od rijeke Pcinje koja se ulijeva u Vardar [...] kazu za sebe da govore pravim Srpskim jezikom". Globus, [http://books.google.com/?id=a7NiAAAAMAAJ Google Books link] (in Croatian)</ref> Serbian ethnographer [[Jovan Cvijić]], at the Peace Conference in [[Paris]], showed a study where he divided the Shopluk into three groups, Serbs, mixed population, and a group closer to Bulgarians. He also emphasized on the Serb tradition of [[Slava]] being an important cultural marker.<ref>Prof. Marin Drinov, ''Ethnologia Balkanica'' (2002), [http://books.google.com/?id=-ebpDLhkVWcC&pg=PA75 p. 75], Sofia, LIT Verlag Münster.</ref>

According to A. Belitch and T. Georgevitch (1919), the Shopi, a mixed Serbo-Bulgar people in Western Bulgaria, were of Serb origin.<ref name=EasternEurope-Shopi>{{cite book|title=Eastern Europe ...: a monthly survey of the affairs of central, eastern and south-eastern Europe, Volume 2|author=Crawfurd Price|publisher=Rolls House Pub. Co.|year=1919|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YoXkAAAAMAAJ|quote=By A. Belitch and T. Georgevitch TO the east of the Serbo-Bulgarian frontier, in Western Bulgaria, extends a zone still peopled to-day by a population of Serb origin, presenting a mixed Serbo- Bulgar type, and known under the name of " Chopi " (Shopi). The Serbian ethnographical element, left in Bulgaria by the political frontier established at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, maintains itself in its fundamental characteristics, as far as the line joining up Bregovo, Koula, Belogratchik, and Iskretz, and proceeding thence towards Radomir and to the east of Kustendil; to the east of that limit the Serb population, blended with the Bulgar element, reaches the banks of the Isker and the line which links it to Ihtiman.}}</ref> This Serbian ethnographical group, according to them, inhabited a region east of the border as far as the line [[Bregovo]]-[[Kula, Bulgaria|Kula]]-[[Belogradchik]]-[[Svogue Municipality|Iskrets]], thence towards [[Radomir (town)|Radomir]] and to the east of [[Kyustendil]]; to the east of that limit the Serb population, blended with the Bulgar element, reached the [[Iskar (river)|Iskar banks]] and the line which linked it to [[Ihtiman]].<ref name=EasternEurope-Shopi/>

Jireček noted that the Shopi differed very much from the Bulgarians, in language and habits, and noted that the Bulgarians regarded them simple folk. He connected their name to the Thracian tribe of [[Sapaeans|Sapsei]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A-ZYM|edition=20|publisher=Werner|year=1903|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NGAgAQAAMAAJ|page=149|quote=The Upper Mccsian dialect is also called the Shopsko narechie or dialect of the Shopi. Jirecck says that these Shopi differ very much in language, dress, and habits from the other Bulgarians, who regard them as simple folk. Their name he connects with the old Thracian tribe of the Sapsei.}}</ref>

A writer cited by the American Geographical Society (1918), says that the Shopi, particularly those of [[Tran, Bulgaria|Tran]], [[Bryeznik]] and Kula, as well as the population of central Macedonia, are doubtless more closely related to the Serbians than to the Bulgarians.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Review, Volume 5|author=American Geographical Society of New York|publisher=American Geographical Society.|year=1918|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oTUzAQAAMAAJ|page=358|quote=The Shopi of a part of western Bulgaria, particularly those of the regions of Trn, Bryeznik, and Kula, as well as the population of central Macedonia, are doubtless more closely related to the Serbians than to the Bulgarians.}}</ref>

The rural inhabitants near Sofia were popularly claimed to be descendants of the [[Pechenegs]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Balkans in our time|author=Robert Lee Wolff|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1974|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VI5pAAAAMAAJ|page=40|quote=The inhabitants of one group of villages near Sofia, the so-called Shopi, were popularly supposed to be descendants of the Pechenegs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Balkans|author=Edmund O. Stillman|publisher=Time, Incorporated|year=1967|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ldNXAAAAYAAJ|page=13|quote=internally by distinctions of dialect and religion, so that the Orthodox Shopi, peasants dwelling in the hills surrounding Bulgaria's capital of Sofia, are alleged to be descendants of the Pecheneg Turks who invaded the Balkans in the 10th ...}}</ref>


==Dialects==
==Dialects==

Revision as of 22:30, 19 August 2012

A Shop of Tran, Bulgaria, 1921

Shopi (scientific transliteration of Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Шопи; Serbian Latin Šopi ; singular шоп, shop) is a regional term referring to people that speak a transitional dialect group of South Slavic, self-identifying as Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbs. The areas traditionally inhabited by the Shopi is called Shopluk (Шоплук, Shopluk/srb. Šopluk), a mesoregion,[1] roughly where Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia meet.[2] The population has been given an ethnographic character by Serbian and Bulgarian scholars.

Name

According to Institute for Balkan Studies, the Shopluk was the mountainous area on the borders of Serbia, Bulgaria and Macedonia, of which boundaries are quite vague, in Serbia the term Shop has always denoted highlanders.[3] Shopluk was used by Bulgarians to refer to the borderlands of Bulgaria, the inhabitants were called Shopi.[4] In Bulgaria, the Shopi designation is currently attributed to villagers around Sofia.[5]

Shopluk area

Shopluk.

Classification

The noting of Shopi as a "group" began in the 19th-century migrational waves of poor workers from the so-called Shopluk, poor areas (villages) beyond Sofia.[7]

The Bulgarian scholars put Shopi as a subgroup of the Bulgarian ethnos. As with every ethnographic group, the Bulgarian Academy notes, the Shopi in Bulgaria consider themselves the true and most pure of the Bulgarians, the mountaineers around Turnovo claim their land as true Bulgarian from time immemorial, etc.[8]

The American Association for South Slavic Studies noted that the Shopi were recognized as a distinct sub-group in Bulgaria.[9]

Yugoslav and Serbian scholars put the Šopi (also Šopovi[10]) as a subgroup of the Serb ethnos, emphasizing on the group being closer to Serbs than Bulgarians culturally and linguistically, calling it a population in a foreign (Bulgarian) area, at the Serbo-Bulgarian border.[11] The Šopi left of the Pčinj river down to the Vardar called their language Serbian.[12] Serbian ethnographer Jovan Cvijić, at the Peace Conference in Paris, showed a study where he divided the Shopluk into three groups, Serbs, mixed population, and a group closer to Bulgarians. He also emphasized on the Serb tradition of Slava being an important cultural marker.[13]

According to A. Belitch and T. Georgevitch (1919), the Shopi, a mixed Serbo-Bulgar people in Western Bulgaria, were of Serb origin.[14] This Serbian ethnographical group, according to them, inhabited a region east of the border as far as the line Bregovo-Kula-Belogradchik-Iskrets, thence towards Radomir and to the east of Kyustendil; to the east of that limit the Serb population, blended with the Bulgar element, reached the Iskar banks and the line which linked it to Ihtiman.[14]

Jireček noted that the Shopi differed very much from the Bulgarians, in language and habits, and noted that the Bulgarians regarded them simple folk. He connected their name to the Thracian tribe of Sapsei.[15]

A writer cited by the American Geographical Society (1918), says that the Shopi, particularly those of Tran, Bryeznik and Kula, as well as the population of central Macedonia, are doubtless more closely related to the Serbians than to the Bulgarians.[16]

The rural inhabitants near Sofia were popularly claimed to be descendants of the Pechenegs.[17][18]

Dialects

Shopi speak a group of related dialects that belong to the "et" (western) group of Bulgarian dialects. The dialects spoken by the Shopi are sometimes collectively referred to as Shopski (Шопски), although this is not the accepted term in Bulgarian dialectology.[19] The Torlak dialect is classified by Bulgarian linguists as part of the Shopi dialect, although Serbian linguists deny this. The groups that tend to be closely associated with that term and to match the stereotypical idea of "Shopski" speech are the South-Western Bulgarian dialects which go through Rila mountain and the villages around Sofia to Danube towns such as Vidin. The Shopp dialect is most likely standard Bulgarian, having some characteristic features shared with standard Serbian.

People from Eastern Bulgaria also call the people who live in Sofia - Shopi, but as a result of the migration of whole Bulgaria, the dialect is not majority in the city of Sofia anymore. Instead, most of Sofia residents speak literary Bulgarian language with some elements of the western Bulgarian Shop dialect. The western Bulgarian dialect is still majority in the Sofia's villages and whole western Bulgaria, for example the big towns and cities of: (Sofia and Pleven- transitional speech with literary Bulgarian language), Pernik, Kyustendil, Vratsa, Vidin, Montana, Dupnitsa, Samokov, Lom, Botevgrad.

The exposition below is based on Stoyko Stoykov's Bulgarian dialectology (2002, first ed. 1962),[19] although other examples are used. The Standard Bulgarian words and sentences are given in romanization, with no attempt at scientific transcription apart from stress marking.

Features of Shopski shared by all or most western Bulgarian dialects

Phonology

  • The variable known as /ja/ (променливо я), which corresponds to the Old Bulgarian yat vowel and is realised, in the standard language, as /ja/ or /ʲa/ (/a/ with palatalisation of the preceding consonant) in some positions and /e/ in others, is always pronounced /e/ in Shopski. Example: fresh milk in Shopski - presno mleko (пресно млеко) compared with standard Bulgarian - prjasno mljako (прясно мляко).
  • The verbal endings for first person singular and third person plural have no palatalisation. Example: to sit in Shopski - seda, sedǎ (седа/седъ) but in standard Bulgarian, sedjǎ (седя)
  • There is little or no reduction of unstressed vowels.
  • The personal pronoun for the first person singular is ja (я) instead of az (аз).
  • The personal pronouns for the third person are masc. on (он), fem. ona (она); neut. ono (оно), pl. oni (они).
  • Palatalized /kʲ/ occurs in some cases where it is absent in the standard language. Examples: mother in Shopski is majkja (майкя) and in standard Bulgarian, majka (майка); Bankja (Банкя), the name of a town near Sofia, derived from Ban'-ka (Бань-ка), with a transfer of the palatal sound from /n/ to /k/.

Morphology

  • The preposition (and prefix) "у" ("u") is used instead of "в" ("v"). Example: Shopski у градо (u grado) vs standard Bulgarian в града (v grada) (in town)
  • Lack of past imperfect active participle, used to form the renarrative mood. In other words in these dialects there are forms like дал (dal), писал (pisal), мислил (mislil), пил (pil) (past aorist active participles), but no дадял (dadyal), пишел (pishel), мислел (mislel), пиел (piel).

Features characteristic the South-West Bulgarian dialect group

Phonology

  • In most (though not all) forms of Shopski, the stressed "ъ" (/ɤ/) sound of standard Bulgarian (which corresponds to Old Bulgarian big yus) or yer) is substituted with /a/ or /o/. Example: Shopski моя/мойо маж ме лаже (moja/mojo maž me laže), че одим навонка (če odim navonka) vs standard Bulgarian моят мъж ме лъже, ще ходя навън/ка) (mojǎt mǎz me lǎže, šte hodja navǎn/ka), (my husband is lying to me, I'll be going out).

Morphology

  • Most often the definite article for masculine nouns is -о (-o) or -от (-ot) instead of -а (-a) or -ът (-ǎt). Example: Shopski отивам у градо (otivam u grado) vs standard Bulgarian отивам в града (otivam v grada) (I am going in town)
  • The -ен, -йен/-en, -jen past passive participle ending is used much more extensively in the Shop dialect than in the standard language, which often has -т/-t instead. Example: Shopski умийен ( umijen, "washed"), убийен (ubijen, "killed"), открийен (otkrijen, "opened" or "discovered"), vs standard Bulgarian умит (umit), убит (ubit), открит (otkrit)
  • In the past tenses (aorist and imperfect) and in the past participle the stress falls always on the ending and not on the stem. Example: Shopski гле'дах (gle'dah), гле'дал (gle'dal) vs standard Bulgarian 'гледах ('gledah), 'гледал ('gledal) ([I] was watching; [he, she, it] watched)

Features characteristic of the Sofia and Elin Pelin dialects

Morphology

  • In the present tense for the first and second conjugation, the ending for the first person singular is often -м (-m) and for the plural is -ме (-me) instead of -а/я (-a/ja) and -м (-m), respectively, as in standard Bulgarian. Example: Shopski я седим, ние седиме (ja sedim, nie sedime) vs standard Bulgarian аз седя, ние седим (az sedja, nie sedim) (I am sitting, we are sitting)
  • Most often the particle for the forming of the future tense is че (če) (Sofia dialect), ке (k'e) (Samokov dialect) or ше (še) (Elin Pelin dialect), instead of standard ще (šte). The form še is used in the more urbanized areas and is rather common in the colloquial speech of Sofia in general. Example: Shopski че одим, ше ода, ке ода/одим (ше) ода (če odim, še oda, k'е oda/odim) vs standard Bulgarian ще ходя (šte hodja) (I will be going)

Other features

The /x/-sound is often omitted. Despite being particularly associated with Shopski, this is actually characteristic of most rural Bulgarian dialects. Example: Shopski леб (leb), одиа (odia) vs standard Bulgarian хляб (hljab), ходиха (hodiha) (bread, they went)

Vocabulary

There are plenty of typical words for the Shop dialect in particular, as well as for other western dialects in general. Some examples are:

Shop dialect standard Bulgarian standard Serbian standard Macedonian English translation
сакам (sakam) искам (iskam), желая (želaja) хоћу/ hoću, желим/ želim; иштем/ ištem (archaic) сакам (sakam) (I) want
чиним, правим, работим (činim, pravim, rabotim) правя, работя (pravja, rabotja) радим/ radim, чиним/ činim - to do; правим/ pravim - to make работам (rabotam) - to do, чинaм (činam) - to do, правам (pravam) - to make (I) do/make
прашам, питуем (prašam, pitujem) питам (pitam) питам/ pitam прашувам (prašuvam) (I) ask
чувам, пазим (čuvam, pazim) пазя (pazja) чувам/ čuvam, пазим/ pazim чувам (čuvam) (I) keep, bring up, raise (a child)
спийем, спим (spijem, spim) спя (spja) спавам/ spavam; спим/ spim (archaic) спиjaм (spijam) (I) sleep
ядем, ручам (jadem, ručam) ям (jam) jедем, ручам (jedem, ručam) jадам (jadam) (I) eat
тражим, дирим (tražim, dirim) търся, диря (tǎrsja, dirja) тражим/ tražim барам (baram) (I) search
оти?, за какво?, за кво?, що? (oti?, za kakvo?, za kvo?, što?) защо?, за какво? (zašto?, za kakvo?) що? (što?) (colloq.) зашто?/ zašto?, што?/ što? зошто? (zošto?), оти? (oti?) why?
окам, викам (okam, vikam) викам (vikam), крещя (kreštja) вичем/ vičem викам (vikam) (I) shout
кошуля (košulja), rare — риза (riza) риза (riza) кошуља/ košulja кошула (košula) shirt
рипам (ripam) скачам, рипам (skačam, ripam) скачем/ skačеm, скoчим/ skočim скокам (skokam), рипам (ripam) (I) jump
зборуем (zboruem), зборувам (zboruvam), приказвам (prikazvam), оратим (oratim), говора (govora), вревим (vrevim), думам (dumam) говоря (govorja), приказвам (prikazvam), думам (dumam) (obsolete) говорим/ govorim, причам/ pričam; зборим/ zborim (archaic) зборувам (zboruvam), говорам (govoram) (I) speak
мачка (mačka) котка (kotka) мачка/ mačka мачка (mačka) cat
пце (pсe), кутре (kutre) куче, пес (kuče, pes) пас/ pas, куче/ kuče куче (kuče) dog

Culture

A Shop horo (round dance)

The Shopi have a very original and characteristic folklore. The traditional male costume of the Shopi is white, while the female costumes are diverse. White male costumes are spread at the western Shopluk. The hats they wear are also white and tall (called gugla). Traditionally Shopi costume from the Kiustendil region are in black and they are called Chernodreshkovci — Blackcoats. That hat is low and black too. Embroidery is well developed as an art and is very conservative. Agriculture is the traditional main occupation, with cattle breeding coming second.

The traditional Shop house that has a fireplace in the centre has only survived in some more remote villages, being displaced by the Middle Bulgarian type. The villages in the plains are larger, while those in the higher areas are somewhat straggling and have traditionally been inhabited by single families (zadruga). The unusually large share of placenames ending on -ovci, -enci and -jane evidence for the preservation of the zadruga until even after the 19th century.

Artistic culture

In terms of music, the Shopi have a complex folklore with the heroic epic playing an important part. The Shopi are also known for playing particularly fast and intense versions of Bulgarian dances. The rebec, kaval and bagpipe are popular instruments and two-part singing is common. Minor second intervals are common in Shop music and are not considered dissonant.

Two very popular and well-known fоlklore groups are Poduenski Babi and Bistrishki Babi — the Grandmothers of Poduene and Bistritsa villages.

Cuisine

A famous dish in Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia is Shopska salad, named after this ethnographic group.

Social

"Self-conscious, but happy. A newly engaged couple, Bulgaria", National Geographic, 1915

In the 19th century, around Vidin, it was not unusual for a woman in her 25-30'ies to have a man of 15–16 years.[4]

The Shopi in literature and anecdotes

The Shopi — especially those from near Sofia — have the widespread (and arguably unjustified) reputation of stubborn and selfish people[citation needed]. They were considered conservative and resistant to change. There are lots of proverbs and anecdotes about them, more than about all other regional groups in Bulgaria.

A distinguished writer from the region is Elin Pelin who actually wrote some comic short stories and poems in the dialect, and also portrayed life in the Shopluk in much of his literary work.

Anecdotes and proverbs

  • "There is nothing deeper than the Iskar River, and nothing higher than the Vitosha Mountain." (От Искаро по-длибоко нема, от Витоша по-високо нема!).
This saying is meant to show that the Shopi refuse to acknowledge other countries' virtues.
  • Once a Shop went to the zoo and saw the giraffe. He watched it in amazement and finally said: "There is no such animal!" (Е, те такова животно нема!)
So even seeing the truth with his own eyes, he refuses to acknowledge it.
  • Once a Shop went to the city, saw aromatic soaps on a stand and, thinking that they were something to eat, bought a piece. He began to eat it but soon his mouth was filled with foam. He said: "Foam or not, it cost money, I shall eat it." (Пеняви се, не пеняви, пари съм давал, че го ядем.)
When money is spent, even unpleasant things should be endured.
  • How was the gorge of the Iskǎr River formed? As the story goes, in ancient times the Sofia Valley was a lake, surrounded with mountains. The ancient Shopi were fishermen. One day, while fishing with his boat one of them bent over in order to take his net out of the water. But the boat was floating towards the nearby rocks on the slope of the Balkan Mountains. Consequently the Shop hit his head on the rocks and the entire mountain split into two. The lake flew out and the gorge was formed.
  • There is a saying throughout Bulgaria that the Shopi's heads are wooden (дървена шопска глава, dǎrvena šopska glava), meaning they are too stubborn. Interestingly, in Romania there is such saying about Bulgarians in general.
View of a cloud-covered Sofia Valley from Vitosha
  • Once upon a time three Shopi climbed on top of the Vitosha Mountain. There was a thick fog in the valley so they thought it was cotton. They jumped down and perished.
This is to show three points: the Shopi are not very smart after all; Vitosha is very high; and, as a serious point, it is common to see Vitosha standing over low clouds shrouding the high plains and valleys of Western Bulgaria; this is a temperature inversion.
  • Another example of the Shopi's stubbornness: Once, in the middle of summer, a Shop wore a very thick coat. When asked if it wasn't too hot, he answered: It's not because of the coat but because of the weather.
  • The Shopi had a reputation of being good soldiers nevertheless there was a proverb: "A Shop will only fight if he can see the roof of his house from the battlefield", meaning he will only fight if he can see his personal interests in the fight. A proverb that wants to demonstrate the Shopi's selfishness, but may rather point to their conservatism, lack of interest to the outside world.
  • Some Shop shepherds are said to have observed over 40 or 50 years from their meadows on the Vitosha mountain how the capital city - Sophia situated few kilometers downhill grew from 80 000 to 300 000 in the 1930s, how new buildings and parks sprang... but never took interest to go and see the city themselves.
  • In other parts of Bulgaria all locals from Sofia are called, somewhat scornfully, "Shopi", although the majority of the city's population are not descendants of the real vernacular minority but of migrants from other regions.
  • In addition, in other parts of Bulgaria there exists the use of the derisive form "Shopar" for Shop and "Shoparism" for untidy, outdated or primitive circumstances (which show some similarity to the employ of the term "Hillbilly" in the USA). Actually the word "shopar" in Bulgarian means "young boar" and has nothing to do with the Shopi. It is a term for untidiness, since the boar is a close relative to the pig.
  • The sayings about the Shopi does not seize in modern day. There are popular sayings from communist period of Bulgaria such as:
    • Even if the gasoline price grows to $100 I’ll still drive my car. Even if the price drops to a penny, I am not buying it still.
    • I will set my house on fire so the fire spread over my neighbor’s barn.
    • They pretend to pay me decent salary; I pretend that I am working (also very common in the former USSR).
    • I take a look behind me – nothing; I take a look around me – nothing; and I am thinking – there is something. (It shows the paranoia of the Shop that the world is out to get him/her)
    • A traveler came upon two Shopi sitting in the village square. Since he was traveling to Istanbul he asked one of them for directions in English. The Shopi made a clicking sound with his mouth and shook head, I don’t understand. The traveler attempted the same question in French, German, Russian, Spanish and other languages, but had the same result. Aggravated, the traveler started going in one direction that happened to be wrong. The second Shopi, observing this scene, lamented to his buddy “Ah, this guy knows so many languages and you knew none of them.” The first Shopi said “And what good did it do him?”.

See also

References

  1. ^ Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Volume 1 (2010), p. 19, LIT Verlag Münster
  2. ^ Places to exchange cultural patterns, p. 4
  3. ^ Balcanica, 2006 (37):111-124, The establishment of Serbian local government in the counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-1878, [1]
  4. ^ a b Franjo Rački, Josip Torbar, Književnik (1866), p. 13. Brzotiskom Dragutina Albrechta (in Croatian)
  5. ^ Karen Ann Peters, Macedonian folk song in a Bulgarian urban context: songs and singing in Blagoevgrad, Southwest Bulgaria (2002), "shopluk" Google books link, Madison
  6. ^ a b Bulletin of the Ethnographical Institute, Volume 41, 1992 p. 140
  7. ^ Places to exchange cultural patterns, p. 1
  8. ^ Institut za balkanistika (Bŭlgarska akademii͡a͡ na naukite) (1993). Balkan studies, Volume 29. Édition de lA̕cadémie bulgare des sciences. p. 106. Ethnography has long established that every ethnographic group, even every single village, considers its dialect, manners and customs "true" and "pure", while those of the neighbours, of the rest — even when they are "our people" — still are neither as "true", nor as "pure". In the Shopi villages you will hear that the Shopi are the true and most pure Bulgarians, while the inhabitants of the mountains around Turnovo will claim that theirs is the land of true Bulgarians from time immemorial, etc.
  9. ^ American Association for South Slavic Studies, American Association for Southeast European Studies, South East European Studies Association (1993). Balkanistica, Volume 8. Slavica Publishers. p. 201. The loci of this commentary are two well-studied Bulgarian villages, Dragalevtsy and Bistritsa, on the western flank of Mount Vitosha.3 Geographically they are a mere eight kilometers apart. Ethnically their base populations are similar, identified by other Bulgarians as Shopi. Shopi are a recognized and distinct sub-group within the relative homogeneity of Bulgaria at large. Being Shop continues to imply conservatism, despite proximity to Sofia. Our concern is with the ethnography of communication in these two village communities. Both experience considerable influences of urbanization, from students and ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Hrvatsko filološko društvo, Filologija, Volumes 1-3 (1957) p. 244, Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti (in Serbo-Croatian)
  11. ^ Srpski etnos i velikosrpstvo, pp. 261-262
  12. ^ Enes Čengić, Miroslav Krleža, S Krležom iz dana u dan: Ples na vulkanima (1985), p. 159; "Srbi na istoku od rijeke Pcinje koja se ulijeva u Vardar [...] kazu za sebe da govore pravim Srpskim jezikom". Globus, Google Books link (in Croatian)
  13. ^ Prof. Marin Drinov, Ethnologia Balkanica (2002), p. 75, Sofia, LIT Verlag Münster.
  14. ^ a b Crawfurd Price (1919). Eastern Europe ...: a monthly survey of the affairs of central, eastern and south-eastern Europe, Volume 2. Rolls House Pub. Co. By A. Belitch and T. Georgevitch TO the east of the Serbo-Bulgarian frontier, in Western Bulgaria, extends a zone still peopled to-day by a population of Serb origin, presenting a mixed Serbo- Bulgar type, and known under the name of " Chopi " (Shopi). The Serbian ethnographical element, left in Bulgaria by the political frontier established at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, maintains itself in its fundamental characteristics, as far as the line joining up Bregovo, Koula, Belogratchik, and Iskretz, and proceeding thence towards Radomir and to the east of Kustendil; to the east of that limit the Serb population, blended with the Bulgar element, reaches the banks of the Isker and the line which links it to Ihtiman.
  15. ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica: A-ZYM (20 ed.). Werner. 1903. p. 149. The Upper Mccsian dialect is also called the Shopsko narechie or dialect of the Shopi. Jirecck says that these Shopi differ very much in language, dress, and habits from the other Bulgarians, who regard them as simple folk. Their name he connects with the old Thracian tribe of the Sapsei.
  16. ^ American Geographical Society of New York (1918). Geographical Review, Volume 5. American Geographical Society. p. 358. The Shopi of a part of western Bulgaria, particularly those of the regions of Trn, Bryeznik, and Kula, as well as the population of central Macedonia, are doubtless more closely related to the Serbians than to the Bulgarians.
  17. ^ Robert Lee Wolff (1974). The Balkans in our time. Harvard University Press. p. 40. The inhabitants of one group of villages near Sofia, the so-called Shopi, were popularly supposed to be descendants of the Pechenegs.
  18. ^ Edmund O. Stillman (1967). The Balkans. Time, Incorporated. p. 13. internally by distinctions of dialect and religion, so that the Orthodox Shopi, peasants dwelling in the hills surrounding Bulgaria's capital of Sofia, are alleged to be descendants of the Pecheneg Turks who invaded the Balkans in the 10th ...
  19. ^ a b Стойков, С. (2002) Българска диалектология, 4-то издание. стр. 143, 186. Also available online

Sources

  • Ethnologia Balkanica (2005), Vol. 9; Places to exchange cultural patterns by Petko Hristov, pp. 81-90, Journal for Southeast European Anthropology, Sofia
  • Stanko Žuljić, Srpski etnos i velikosrpstvo (1997), Google Books link
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