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In 1300 A.D., Tenedos was part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] but its location made it a key target of the [[Venice|Venetians]], the [[Genoa|Genoese]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location. Sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the [[Byzantine civil war of 1352-1357|Second Byzantine Civil War]], the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to [[John V Palaiologos]] for control of Tenedos.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=278|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref> When John V Palaiologos was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by [[John VI Kantakouzenos]].
In 1300 A.D., Tenedos was part of the [[Byzantine Empire]] but its location made it a key target of the [[Venice|Venetians]], the [[Genoa|Genoese]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location. Sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the [[Byzantine civil war of 1352-1357|Second Byzantine Civil War]], the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to [[John V Palaiologos]] for control of Tenedos.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=278|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref> When John V Palaiologos was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by [[John VI Kantakouzenos]].


John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, namely to the Venetians. In 1370, John V sailed to Venice and offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for a decrease in his debt. However, his son ([[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]]), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=278|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref> The Venetians did later establish an outpost on the island, which caused significant tension between the Byzantine Empire (now represented by Andronikos IV who had deposed his father), the Genoese and the Venetians. In the Treaty of Turin, which ended the [[War of Chioggia]] between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=318|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref><ref>The preceding part of this section is all from [[Warren Treadgold]], ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', Stanford, 1997, pp. 776-781</ref> The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited" and 4000 Greek islanders from Tenedos were resettled in [[Crete]] and [[Euboea]].<ref>[http://www.doaks.org/Crusades/CR12.pdf</ref>
John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, namely to the Venetians. In 1370, John V sailed to Venice and offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for a decrease in his debt. However, his son ([[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]]), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=278|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref> The Venetians did later establish an outpost on the island, which caused significant tension between the Byzantine Empire (now represented by Andronikos IV who had deposed his father), the Genoese and the Venetians. In the Treaty of Turin, which ended the [[War of Chioggia]] between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island.<ref name="Nicol A">{{cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald M.|title=Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|pages=318|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rymIUITIYdwC&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=Byzantine+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=xV-5QeDANZ&sig=KjbZ21NxuFj7IdAe5eOOWJCCc-g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NPYqUNq0MOWV6wHgm4DYDg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Tenedos&f=false}}</ref><ref>The preceding part of this section is all from [[Warren Treadgold]], ''A History of the Byzantine State and Society'', Stanford, 1997, pp. 776-781</ref> The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited" and 4000 Greek islanders from Tenedos were resettled in [[Crete]] and [[Euboea]].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20090318084528/http://www.doaks.org/Crusades/CR12.pdf] Quote: "The settlement of some 2,000 Armenians in Crete in 1363 and some 4,000 Greeks from Tenedos in Crete and Euboea in the 1380s also points torural depopulation, yet it is impossible to evaluate the contribution of these immigrants to rural production. See Thiriet, Romanie, 264–65, and further studies cited by Gaspares, H gh, 80."</ref>


Spanish adventurer [[Pero Tafur]], visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentions frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tafur|first=Pero|title=Travels and Adventures 1435-1439|year=2004|pages=113|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f3hGyMvE8vUC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=Pero+Tafur+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=NihTALVASN&sig=l3sSvASBgzCEs6gFfWN4gdtya4A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vwQrUMicC6WB6QHvqYHICw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pero%20Tafur%20Tenedos&f=false}}</ref>
Spanish adventurer [[Pero Tafur]], visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentions frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tafur|first=Pero|title=Travels and Adventures 1435-1439|year=2004|pages=113|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f3hGyMvE8vUC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=Pero+Tafur+Tenedos&source=bl&ots=NihTALVASN&sig=l3sSvASBgzCEs6gFfWN4gdtya4A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vwQrUMicC6WB6QHvqYHICw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Pero%20Tafur%20Tenedos&f=false}}</ref>

Revision as of 03:32, 15 August 2012

For other uses, see Tenedos (disambiguation).
"Bozcaada" redirects here. For the district, see Bozcaada (district).
Bozcaada
Tenedos / Τένεδος
Town
Country Turkey
RegionMarmara
ProvinceÇanakkale
Government
 • MayorMustafa Mutay (DP)
Area
[1]
 • Total
37.6 km2 (14.5 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total
2,472
 • Density65/km2 (170/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
17x xx
Area code0286
Licence plate17
Websitehttp://www.bozcaada.gov.tr/

Tenedos or Bozcaada(Template:Lang-tr, Template:Lang-el, Tenedhos) is a small island in the Aegean Sea, part of the Bozcaada district of Çanakkale province in Turkey. As of 2011, Tenedos has a population of about 2,472. The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries.

Geography and climate

Tenedos is roughly triangular in shape. Its area is 27.8 km2 (11 sq mi).[3] It is surrounded by small islets, and is situated close to the entrance of Dardanelles. It is the only rural district (ilçe) of Turkey without any villages, and has only one major settlement, Bozcaada town center.

Geological evidence suggests that the island broke away from the mainland producing a terrain that is mainly plains in the west with hills (highest point 192 m) in the Northeast. The central is the most amenable to agricultural activities.[4] There is a small pine forest in the Southwestern part of the island.[5] The very western part of the island has large sandy areas not suitable for agriculture.[4]

The island has a mediterranean climate. Average temperature is 14°C and average annual precipitation is 529mm.[6] There are a number of small streams running from north to south at the southwestern part of the island.[4] Freshwater sources though are not enough for the island so water is brought from mainland.[7]

The island has strong northern winds[5] makes it one of the most suitable places for energy production at the Aegean region of Turkey,[8] and, with recent wind turbines, it exports electricity to the mainland.

Western coast of Bozcaada

History

Archeological findings indicate that the first human settlement on the island dates back to the Early Bronze Age II (ca. 3000-2700 BCE). The culture of that time is claimed to have common elements both with the cultures of northwestern Anatolia and the Cycladic Islands[9]

Antiquity

Tenedos was a major location of the Sminthean cult of Apollo around the 8th Century BC, a distinct worship of the god (possibly with origins in Crete) that often depicts Apollo with mice and as the controller of plague.[10] Strabo's Geography writes that Tenedos "contains an Aeolian city and has two harbors, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus" (Strabo's Geography, Vol. 13). The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name "O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might"(Iliad I).[11]

According to Greek Mythology, the name "Tenedos" is derived from the name of the hero Tenes, who ruled the island at the time of the Trojan War and was killed by Achilles. Tenes was reportedly the son of Cycnus, the son of Poseidon, who was falsely accused of rape by Cycnus' second wife Philonome. Tenes was exiled to the sea and landed on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island was renamed Tenedos in his honor. When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son but when he landed on the island of Tenedos, Tenes cut the cord holding his boat. The phrase 'hatchet of Tenes' became a phrase meaning resentment that cannot be soothed.[12].

In Virgil's Aeneid, Tenedos is described as the island in whose bay the Achaeans hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and allowing the Trojans to take the Trojan Horse within their city walls. It is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest Laocoon and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse.[13]

During the Greco-Persian Wars, Tenedos came under the control of the Persians who destroyed the local population (Herodotus' Histories, Vol. 6). During the campaign of Alexander the Great against the Persians, Alexander made an alliance with the people in Tenedos in order to limit the Persian naval power.[14]. During the First Mithridatic War, in around 86 B.C., Tenedos was the site of a large naval battle between Lucullus and Mithridates known as the Battle of Tenedos.[15] When Constantinople became a prominent city in the Roman Empire, from 350 A.D. on, Tenedos became a crucial trading post. Emperor Justinian I ordered the construction of a large granary on Tenedos and ferries between the island and Constantinople became a major activity on the island.[16]

Athenaeus remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos, and on its marjoram; the Greek poet Pindar wrote an ode in honour of Theoxenus of Tenedos in the mid 5th century BC.[17]

Part of the Venetian fortress on Tenedos (Bozcaada)

Late Middle Ages

In 1300 A.D., Tenedos was part of the Byzantine Empire but its location made it a key target of the Venetians, the Genoese, and the Ottoman Empire. The weakened Byzantine Empire and wars between Genoa and Venice for trade routes made Tenedos a key strategic location. Sensing political tension in the Byzantine empire just before the Second Byzantine Civil War, the Venetians offered 20,000 ducats in 1350 to John V Palaiologos for control of Tenedos.[18] When John V Palaiologos was captured in the Byzantine civil war, he was deported to Tenedos by John VI Kantakouzenos.

John V eventually claimed victory in the civil war, but the cost was significant debt, namely to the Venetians. In 1370, John V sailed to Venice and offered the island of Tenedos in exchange for a decrease in his debt. However, his son (Andronikos IV Palaiologos), acting as the regent in Constantinople, rejected the deal possibly because of Genoese pressure.[18] The Venetians did later establish an outpost on the island, which caused significant tension between the Byzantine Empire (now represented by Andronikos IV who had deposed his father), the Genoese and the Venetians. In the Treaty of Turin, which ended the War of Chioggia between Venice and Genoa, the Venetians were to hand over control of the island to Amadeo of Savoy and the Genoese were to pay the bill for the removal of all fortifications on the island.[18][19] The Treaty of Turin specified that the Venetians would destroy all the island's "castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited" and 4000 Greek islanders from Tenedos were resettled in Crete and Euboea.[20]

Spanish adventurer Pero Tafur, visited the island in 1437 and found it deserted, with many rabbits, the vineyards covering the island in disrepair, but the port well-maintained. He mentions frequent Turkish attacks on shipping in the harbor.[21]

Ottoman rule

Map of Tenedos by the Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis (16 th century)

Bozcaada became the first island owned by Turks in the Aegean sea in 1455.[22] The island was still uninhabited at that time, almost 75 years after it was forcefully evacuated by Venetians.[23] In the middle of 15th century, during the reign of Mehmet II, the Ottoman navy used the island as a supply base. The Venetians, realizing the strategic importance of island, deployed forces on it. In 1464, Ottoman Admiral Mahmud Pasha recaptured the island. During the Ottoman regime, the island was repopulated (by granting a tax exemption) and reengaged with its traditional economic activities. Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 16th century that the finest wines in the world were being produced in Bozcaada.[24] Ottomans rebuilt the castle as well. Bozcaada, the name of the island in Turkish, is attested from the 16th century map of Piri Reis.

The Venetians were able to control the island for a brief period once more. After the Battle of the Dardanelles in 1657, the Ottoman Empire took it back. Following the victory, Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha visited the island and oversaw its repairs, during which he funded construction of a newer mosque.[25] The Grand Vizier's personal attention was a sign of Ottomans' consideration of strategic importance of the island.

During the classical Ottoman period, the island was a kadiluk. The Ottomans built mosques, fountains, hammams, and a medrese as well as rebuilding the castle.[26]

The Ottomans adopted the Byzantine practice of using islands as places for the internal exile of state prisoners, such as Constantine Mourousis and Halil Hamid Pasha.[27][27]

In the 19th century Russians repeatedly captured Tenedos during the Russo-Turkish Wars and they used it as their military base to achieve the victories at the Dardanelles and Athos; but they could not hold it. However, the Russian occupations proved to be destructive for the island. The town was burnt down, the harbor was almost filled in and almost all buildings were destroyed. The islanders left and Tenedos became deserted once more since the Venetians' forced evacuation.[28] While it was repopulated after Russians left, many Turks left the island permanently.[29]

In 1822, during the Greek War of Independence, the revolutionaries under Konstantinos Kanaris managed to attack an Ottoman fleet and burn one ship off Tenedos.[30] [31] This event was a major moral booster for the Greek Revolution and attracted the attention of the European Powers.[32] The island was reported to be covered with trees in the past, which were destroyed[by whom?][why?] during the Greek Revolution.[29]

During the 19th century, the wine production remaind a profitable business while the island's annual wheat production was only enough for three months of the islanders' consumption.[29] Also in 19th century there had been attempts to introduce pear, fig and mulberry trees. Current fig and mulberry trees may be due to those attempts.[33] However, there are reports of fruit, especially fig trees being present on the island prior to those attempts.[28] This may be due to some trees being damaged during the Greek Revolution.

In 1864, Bozcaada became a governorship under sanjak of Lesbos as a part of the newly established Vilayet of the Archipelago.[26]

19th century Ottoman staff admiral (Riyale ) Bozcaadalı Hüseyin Pasha and his son, Naval Minister Bozcaadalı Hasan Hüsnü Pasha, who founded the Istanbul Naval Museum[34] were from the island.

Between Turkey and Greece

Naval battle between Greek and Ottoman fleet near Tenedos.

During the First Balkan War, on October 20, 1912, Tenedos was the first island of the north Aegean that came under the control of the Greek Navy.[35] By taking over the islands in the Northern Aegean sea, the Greek Navy limited the ability of the Ottoman fleet to move through the Dardanelles.[36][37] Greek administration of the island lasted until 12 November 1922.[38]

Negotiations to end the Balkan war started in December 1912 in London and the issue of the Aegean islands was one persistent problems. The issue divided the great powers with Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy supporting the Ottoman position for return of all the Aegean islands and Britain and France supporting the Greek position for Greek control of all the Aegean islands.[39] With Italy controlling key islands in the region, major power negotiations deadlocked in London and later in Bucharest. Romania threatened military action with the Greeks against the Ottomans in order to force negotiations in Athens in November 1913.[40] Eventually, Greece and Great Britain pressured the Germans to support an agreement where the Ottomans would retain Tanados, Kastelorizo and Imbros and the Greeks would control the other Aegean islands. The Greeks accepted the plan while the Ottoman Empire rejected the ceding of the other Aegean islands.[41] This agreement would not hold, but the outbreak of World War I and the Turkish War of Independence put the issue to the side.

During the World War I Gallipoli Campaign, the British used the island as a supply base. They have also built a 600m. long airstrip for military operations.

After the Turkish War of Independence ended in Greek defeat in Anatolia, and the fall of Lloyd George and his Middle Eastern policies, the western powers agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne with the new Turkish Republic, in 1923. This treaty made Tenedos and Imbros part of Turkey, and it guaranteed a special autonomous administrative status there to accommodate the local Greek population. The treaty excluded the Greeks on the two islands from the population exchange that took place between Greece and Turkey, as they constituted a majority of the population there.[42] The Treaty of Lausanne also establishes that its provision for minority protection in Turkey are "fundamental laws, no law, no regulation, nor official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall any law, regulation, nor official action prevail over them" (Treaty of Lausanne, sec. 37).

However, the treaty provisions relating to administrative autonomy for Tenedos and protections of minority populations never influenced the Turkish government. The British Liaison to the Aegean, Captain E.A. Nottingham Parker, reported in 1926 that "The Turkish government has taken no steps to administer Ibros and Tenedos in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne."[43] Turkish law 1151 of 1927 specifically put administration of the islands in the hands of the Turkish government and not local populations and outlawed Greek school instruction.[43] In the 1950s, ethnic tension eased and Greek schools opened again on the island. However, when tensions increased in 1963 over Cyprus, the Turkish government again shut down Greek schools and appropriated community property held by Greeks on the island[43] The result was a significant decline in the Greek population on Bozcaada. The Council of Europe in 2008 found that "As a consequence of various measures taken by the authorities in the second half of the 20th Century (closure of all Greek community schools on the islands, large scale expropriations, various forms of harassment), but also for economic reasons, the vast majority of the original inhabitants on the islands have emigrated."[44]

Recently there has been some progress on relations between groups on the islands. In 2005, a joint Greek and Turkish delegation visited Bozcaada and later that year Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkish Prime Minister visited the island. After that visit, the Turkish government funded the restoration of the bell tower of the Orthodox Church in Bozcaada (built originally in 1869).[44] In 2009, the Orthodox Church of Bozcaada won a judgement in the European Court of Human Rights for recognition and financial compensation over their degraded cemetery.[45]

Agriculture, especially grape production continued to be the main activity of the island until development of tourism after 1990. Turks on the island, who were already cultivating grapes learned wine production from Greek islanders. Between 1960 and 1980, 13 wine producers were located on the island. After 1980, wine industry started to decline due to high taxes, however, at the beginning of 21st century started to grow again thanks to decreased taxes and government support.[26]

Population

A street.

The first human remains on the island are dated back to Early Bronze Age II[9] (ca. 3000-2700 BCE). As a result of the War of Chioggia between Venetians and the Genoese, the island declared a neutral zone and the population was evacuated in 1383.[46] The islanders generally chose to move to Crete.[47] At that time, the island had the highest reported population in its history. (see table below)

The island remained depopulated[48][49] for about 72 years before the arrival of Ottomans in 1455[50][23]. After that, the island was populated again with both Greeks and Turks. Reports indicate Turks being the largest ethnic group on the island until 19th century. (see table below)

The Russian occupation in 1807 was destructive for the island, the town was completely burnt and all the islanders left leaving Tenedos deserted once more since the Venetians' forced evacuation.[28] While the island repopulated after Russians left, it is reported that many rich Turks living on the island left it permantently.[29][51] Census results during 19th century indicate a roughly 2/3 Greek and 1/3 Turkish population.[52]

Many Greeks have emigrated due to a campaign of state-sponsored discrimination during the mid-twentieth century.[53][54]

Population of Tenedos/Bozcaada
Date Source Greek Turkish Others Total
Early 1383 Secondary source[46] +4,000 - - +4,000
1383 - 1455 Clavijo,[48] Tafur,[49]
secondary sources[46][50][23] 		- - - no permanent settlement
1457 Ottoman account[4] 14 field houses 57 field houses - 71 field houses
16th century Ottoman account[4] 242 families 55 families - 297 families
1739 R.Petcock[4] 200 families 300 families - 500 families
1765 W.Chandler[4] 300 families 600 families - 900 families
1770 de Choisel-Gouffier[4] 300 families 600 families - 900 families
1801 R.Walpole[4] 300 families 450 families - 750 families
1831 Ottoman census[55] 793 people[56] 439 people - 1,232 (males only)
1865 Thomas Newton[29] n/a 1/3 of total n/a approx. 4,000 people
1876 Cezair-i Bahr-i Sefid Salnamesi[4] 1,438[56] 580 - 2,027 (males only)
1890 Şemseddin Sami[4] 2,453 1,214 - 3,667
1890 V.Cuinet[4] 2,820 1,300 20 4,140
1893 Ottoman census[52] 2,479[57] 1,247 103 3,829
1893 Ali Cevat[4] 2,820 1,300 - 4,140
1912 Ecumenical Patriarchate[51] 5,420 1,200 - 6,620
1914-15 Secondary source[58] 3,538 1,421 - 4,959
1921 Ottoman census[4] n/a n/a n/a 1,632
1927 Turkish census[59] 964 622 44 1,630
1950 Turkish census[60] n/a n/a n/a 1,781
1960 Turkish census[60] n/a n/a n/a 1,805
1964 Christophoridis[61] 1,220 600 n/a 1,820
1965 Turkish census[62] 600[63] n/a n/a 2,141
1970 Turkish census[60] n/a n/a n/a 2,031
1980 Turkish census[60] n/a n/a n/a 1,722
2000 Turkish census[62] 35[64] n/a n/a 2,440
March 2011 Survey[26] 7.5% 87.5% 5% 100%[65]

According to the Turkish census of 1927, the island had a population of 1,631 inhabitants, 59%,[59] borrowing the expression of Alexis Alexandris, the "great majority", of whom were Greek.[53] The Greek Orthodox Church had a strong presence on the island. From 1926 to the present day, the Greek Orthodox population of Imbros and Tenedos have been represented at the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate by a high-ranking Metropolitan (bishop).[53]

Port

A 2011 study identified three social groups of the island: Native islanders from families who lived there for centuries, property owner intellectual Istanbulites who moved to the island in 20th century and workers who come from mainland Anatolia, especially from Bayramiç town.[26]

Economy

The windfarm

Traditional economic activities are fishing and wine production. 80% of the cultivated lands are covered with vineyards while 40% of total area of the island is cultivated.[66] Grape harvest festivities are held on 26–27 July. The reminder of arable land is covered by olive trees and wheat fields.

Most of the agriculture is done on the central plains and gentle hills of the island. Sheep and goats are grazed at hilly northeastern and southeastern part of the island which is not suitable for agriculture.[67]

Tourism was an important activity since the 1970s but it developed rapidly from the 1990s onwards. Long and fine beaches and the historical town of the island attract Turkish and foreign tourists. Residents hire parts of their houses as pensions. There also are small hotels.

Red poppies of the island are used to produce small quantities of sharbat and jam.

In year 2000, a wind farm of 17 turbines was erected at the western cape. It produces 10.2 MW energy, much more than the need of island. Excess power is transferred to mainland Anatolia through an underground (and partially a submarine) cable. Care was taken not to use overhead cables and pylons in order not to disturb the scenery of the island.

See also

References

  1. ^ Including the 17 islets of various sizes surrounding it
  2. ^ [www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=139 "Turkish Statistical Institute- Stat Yearbook"]. 2011. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  3. ^ "Turkish Statistical Institute- Stat Yearbook" (PDF). 2009.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Takaoğlu, Turan; Bamyacı, Onur (2007) Continuity and Change in Rural Land Use on Tenedos/Bozcaada in Takaoğlu (ed.) Ethnoarcheological Investigations in Rural Anatolia, Ege Yayınları. p.116-7 [1] Cite error: The named reference "takaoglu" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Okyar, Z.; Aktaç, N. (2006) Identification of butterfly fauna of Gökçeada and Bozcaada, Turkey Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences
  6. ^ weatherbase.com accessed on 1 September 2011
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ İncecik, S.; Erdoğmuş, F. (1994) 'An investigation of the wind power potential on the western coast of Anatolia [3]
  9. ^ a b Sevinç, N.; Takaoğlu, T. The Early Bronze Age on Tenedos/Bozcaada
  10. ^ Farnell, Lewis Richard (1907). The Cults of the Greek States. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 161–166.
  11. ^ Price, Roberto Salinas (2006). Homeric Whispers: Intimations of Orthodoxy in the Iliad and Odyssey. Skylax Press. p. 36. The line "of the silver bow" is a specific reference to the Sminthian cult of Apollo, as opposed to other Greek versions of the God.
  12. ^ Lemprière, John (1804). A Classical Dictionary, Containing a Copious Account of All the Proper Names Mentioned. London.
  13. ^ Vergil (19 BCE). The Aeneid (Book 2). {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  14. ^ Engels, Donald W. (1980). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 31.
  15. ^ Cicero (2000). Defense Speeches. London: Oxford University Press.
  16. ^ Barnes, Christopher L.H. (2006). "The Ferries of Tenedos". Historia. 55 (2): 171.
  17. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 13, 609-10; 1, 28. LCL Vol VI, 285-7; I, 123. Marjoram is Prof. Gulick's version of origanon. Theoxenus, and the lyric of Pindar, are at 13, 601 (VI, 239-241)
  18. ^ a b c Nicol, Donald M. (1992). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 278. Cite error: The named reference "Nicol A" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ The preceding part of this section is all from Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, 1997, pp. 776-781
  20. ^ [4] Quote: "The settlement of some 2,000 Armenians in Crete in 1363 and some 4,000 Greeks from Tenedos in Crete and Euboea in the 1380s also points torural depopulation, yet it is impossible to evaluate the contribution of these immigrants to rural production. See Thiriet, Romanie, 264–65, and further studies cited by Gaspares, H gh, 80."
  21. ^ Tafur, Pero (2004). Travels and Adventures 1435-1439. p. 113.
  22. ^ Takaoğlu, 2007. p. 123
  23. ^ a b c Kiminas, Demetrius The Ecumenical Patriarchate p. 67. Wildside Press LLC, 2009. ISBN 1-4344-5876-8, ISBN 978-1-4344-5876-6
  24. ^ Madd River Designs. "Tenedos - Bozcaada - Grape & Wine". Tenedos-ege.com. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
  25. ^ Durmuş, p.37
  26. ^ a b c d e Akpınar, F., Saygın, N., Karakaya, E. (2011) Evaluation of the conservation activities in the historical settlement Tenedos-Bozcaada Island in Brebbia, C. A.; Beriatos, E. (eds.)Sustainable Development and Planning V, WIT Press
  27. ^ a b Bağış, Ali İhsan (1984) Britain and the struggle for the integrity of the Ottoman Empire: Sir Robert Ainslie's embassy to Istanbul, 1776-1794 Isis. p.26.
  28. ^ a b c McArthur, John; Clarke, James Stanier. The Naval Chronicle: Volume 28, July–December 1812: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects Cambridge University Press, 2010. p. 21. ISBN 1-108-01867-X, 9781108018678
  29. ^ a b c d e Newton, Charles Thomas (1865) Travels and Discoveries in the Levant Cambridge University Press, 2010. p.273-4. ISBN 1-108-01742-8, ISBN 978-1-108-01742-8
  30. ^ Vaughn, Robert (1877). British Quarterly Review: 456 http://books.google.com/books?id=Ia7QAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA456&ots=SaYGdUt52t&dq=British%20Quarterly%20Review%20Tenedos&pg=PA456#v=onepage&q=British%20Quarterly%20Review%20Tenedos&f=false. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ Günther, Dionysios Solomos. Übers. und kommentiert von Hans-Christian (2000). Werke. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-3-515-07249-6.
  32. ^ Biographisches Lexikon. Munich: Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, Institut zur Erforschung des Deutschen Volkstums im Süden und Südosten in (Vol. 75). Oldenbourg Verlag. 1976. p. 333.
  33. ^ Durmuş, p.17
  34. ^ [5], [6]
  35. ^ Hall, Richard C. (2000). Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. New York: Routledge. p. 64.
  36. ^ Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan wars 1912 - 1913 : prelude to the First World War (Repr. ed.). London [u.a.]: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-22946-3.
  37. ^ Veremis, John S. Koliopoulos & Thanos M. (2010). Modern Greece : a history since 1821 (1. publ. ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4051-8681-0.
  38. ^ Kiminas, p.68
  39. ^ Kaldis, William Peter (1979). "Background for Conflict: Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Islands, 1912-1914". Journal of Modern History. 51 (2): 1159.
  40. ^ Kaldis (1979). : 1132. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ^ Kaldis (1979). : 1134. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  42. ^ Panyadi, Panikos (1999). Outsiders: History of European Minorities. London: Hambledon Press. p. 111.
  43. ^ a b c Human Rights Watch (1992). Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks in Turkey. p. 27.
  44. ^ a b Council of Europe (2008). Gökçeada (Imbros) and Bozcaada (Tenedos): preserving the bicultural character of the two Turkish islands as a model for cooperation between Turkey and Greece in the interest of the people concerned. pp. Resolution 1625.
  45. ^ European Court of Human Rights. "Bozcaada Kimisis Teodoku Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi Vakfi v. Turkey (no. 2)". Retrieved 8/13/2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  46. ^ a b c "The Treaty of Turin therefore provided that the Venetians were to evacuate the island and surrender it to Amadeo. His agents would then supervise the total destruction of all its castles, walls, defences, houses and habitations from top to bottom 'in such fashion that the place can never be rebuilt or reinhabited' (...) Work on the demolition of the houses, the walls and finally the fortress of Tenedos began as soon as the inhabitants had left. The Venetians were as good as their word. They left Tenedos deserted and unfortified." Nicol, Donald M. (1992) Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42894-7, ISBN 978-0-521-42894-1
  47. ^ Chanaris, Peter; Laiou, Angeliki E. Charanis studies: essays in honor of Peter Charanis Rutgers University Press, 1980. p. 155. ISBN 0-8135-0875-4, ISBN 978-0-8135-0875-7
  48. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference clavijo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  49. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference tafur was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  50. ^ a b Chronology of Catholic Dioceses:Greece [7] Accessed on 31 August 2011
  51. ^ a b Alexandris, Alexis (1980) Imbros and Tenedos:: A Study of Turkish Attitudes Toward Two Ethnic Greek Island Communities Since 1923 Pella Publishing
  52. ^ a b According to the population census of 1893, the total population of the island was 3,825, of these 2,479 being Greek orthodox and 1,247 being muslim with 109 of other ethnicities. Yurt Ansiklopedisi Anadolu Yayıncılık (1982) v.3, p 1839
  53. ^ a b c Alexis Alexandris, "The Identity Issue of The Minorities In Greece and Turkey", in Hirschon, Renée (ed.), Crossing the Aegean: An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange Between Greece and Turkey, Berghahn Books, 2003, p. 120 [8]
  54. ^ Mohammadi, A., Ehteshami, A. "Iran and Eurasia" Garnet&Ithaca Press, 2000, 221 pages. p. 192 [9]
  55. ^ Özözen Kahraman, Selver Effect of Migration on Population Evaloution and Change in Gökçeada Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2005 [10]
  56. ^ a b Early Ottoman census counted males only.
  57. ^ Females included.
  58. ^ Çağaptay, Soner (2006) Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk? in Volume 4 of Routledge studies in Middle Eastern history Taylor & Francis. p.30 ISBN 0-415-38458-3, ISBN 978-0-415-38458-2
  59. ^ a b Macar, Elçin. "An official report dated 1928 on Imbros and Tenedos". Yildiz Technical University. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  60. ^ a b c d Turkish Statistical Institute census results.Yurt Ansiklopedisi, vol.3, p.1882
  61. ^ Related by Kabasakal-Arat (2007) but with no explanation how he obtained these rounded figues. Christophoridis, Chrisostomos. Tenedos-Imbros, i martiriki poria dio nision
  62. ^ a b Durmuş, Hüseyin Bozcaada' nın sosyo-ekonomik yapısı ve kültürü p.92 [11] Cite error: The named reference "durmus" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  63. ^ This figure is not an official census result but related by Durmuş from Orhunlu, Cengiz (1996) Bozcaada'da Türk eserleri ve kitabeleri Türk Kültürü, issue 83. Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Ankara
  64. ^ This figure is not an official census result but given by Durmuş according to the account of a local Greek.
  65. ^ Sampled 5% of the census population of Bozcaada.
  66. ^ Takaoğlu, 2007, p. 116
  67. ^ Takaoğlu, 2007, p. 117

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