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The [[International Conference on Population and Development]] (ICPD) was held in [[Cairo]], Egypt, from 5 to 13 September 1994. Delegations from 179 States took part in negotiations to finalize a Programme of Action on population and development for the next 20 years. Some 20,000 delegates from various governments, [[UN]] agencies, [[NGOs]], and [[the media]] gathered for a discussion of a variety of population issues, including [[immigration]], [[infant mortality]], [[birth control]], [[family planning]], and the education of women.
The [[International Conference on Population and Development]] (ICPD) was held in [[Cairo]], Egypt, from 5 to 13 September 1994. Delegations from 179 States took part in negotiations to finalize a Programme of Action on population and development for the next 20 years. Some 20,000 delegates from various governments, [[UN]] agencies, [[NGOs]], and [[the media]] gathered for a discussion of a variety of population issues, including [[immigration]], [[infant mortality]], [[birth control]], [[family planning]], and the education of women.


The document[http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm#intro] endorses a new strategy which emphasizes the numerous linkages between population and development and focuses on meeting the needs of individual women and men rather than on achieving [[demographic targets]].
The [http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm#intro ICPD Program of Action] endorses a new strategy which emphasizes the numerous linkages between population and development and focuses on meeting the needs of individual women and men rather than on achieving [[demographic targets]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm#intro |author=[[International Conference on Population and Development|ICPD]]| title=ICPD Program of Action | accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> The [http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm#intro ICPD Program of Action] achieved consensus on four qualitative and quantitative goals for the international community, the final two of which have particular relevance for reproductive health:
*'''Reduction of maternal mortality''': A reduction of [[maternal mortality]] rates and a narrowing of disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups.
*'''Access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning''': [[Family planning]] counseling, pre-natal care, safe delivery and post-natal care, prevention and appropriate treatment of [[infertility]], prevention of [[abortion]] and the management of the consequences of abortion, treatment of reproductive tract infections, [[sexually transmitted diseases]] and other reproductive health conditions; and education, counseling, as appropriate, on human sexuality, reproductive health and responsible parenthood. Services regarding [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], [[breast cancer]], infertility, delivery and abortion should be made available. Active discouragement of [[female genital cutting|female genital mutilation (FGM)]].


Key to this new approach is empowering women and providing them with more choices through expanded access to education and health services and promoting skill development and employment. The Programme advocates making family planning universally available by 2015, or sooner, as part of a broadened approach to reproductive health and rights, provides estimates of the levels of national resources and international assistance that will be required, and calls on Governments to make these resources available.
Key to this new approach is empowering women and providing them with more choices through expanded access to education and health services and promoting skill development and employment. The Programme advocates making family planning universally available by 2015, or sooner, as part of a broadened approach to reproductive health and rights, provides estimates of the levels of national resources and international assistance that will be required, and calls on Governments to make these resources available.


The Programme of Action includes goals in regard to education, especially for girls, and for the further reduction of infant, child and maternal mortality levels. It also addresses issues relating to population, the environment and consumption patterns; the family; internal and international migration; prevention and control of the HIV/AIDS pandemic; information, education and communication; and technology, research and development.
==Millenium Development Goals==
==Millenium Development Goals==
Universal global access to reproductive health by 2015 is part of ''Goal 5'' - ''Improving Maternal Health'' - of the eight [[Millenium Development Goals]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal5.cfm |author=UN| title=Tracking the Millenium Developement Goals| accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref>
Achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015 is one of the two targets of ''Goal 5'' - ''Improving Maternal Health'' - of the eight [[Millenium Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal5.cfm |author=UN| title=Tracking the Millenium Developement Goals| accessdate=2008-08-26}}</ref> To monitor global progress towards the achievement of this target, the [[United Nations]] has agreed on the following indicators:
*5.3: contraceptive prevalence rate
*5.4: adolescent birth rate
*5.5: antenatal care coverage
*5.6: unmet need for family planning


According to the [http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/The%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals%20Report%202008.pdf 2008 MDG Progress Report], regional statistics on all four indicators have either improved or remained stable between the years 2000 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/The%20Millennium%20Development%20Goals%20Report%202008.pdf |author=UN| title=2008 MDG Progress Report| page=28-29 |accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> However, progress has been slow in most [[developing countries]], particularly in [[Sub-saharan Africa]], which remains the region with the poorest indicators for reproductive health.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/topics/mdg/en/index.html |author=WHO| title=What progress has been made on MDG 5? | accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> According to the [[WHO]] in 2005 an estimated 55% of women do not have sufficient antenatal care and 24% have no access to family planning services.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/topics/mdg/en/index.html |author=WHO| title=What progress has been made on MDG 5? | accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref>
⚫
== References ==
* [http://www.who.int/topics/reproductive_health/en/ Global Policy Committee of the World Health Organization], 2 May 1994; and the WHO Position paper on health, Population and Development, Cairo 5-13 September 1994
* [http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/populatin/icpd.htm#intro ICPD]'94 Summary of the Programme of Action



⚫
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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** [[EngenderHealth]]
** [[EngenderHealth]]
** [[Guttmacher Institute]]
** [[Guttmacher Institute]]
** [[German Foundation for World Population]]
** [[United Nations Population Fund]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.euroresources.org/euromapping.html Euromapping Annual Report] of [[Official Development Assistance]] contributions to Sexual and Reproductive Health from European donor countries<br />
*[http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/DRH/ CDC Division of Reproductive Health]
*[http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/DRH/ CDC Division of Reproductive Health]
*[http://www.f-risky.co.uk/index.php F-risky... are you?] - information on all aspects of sexual health
*[http://www.f-risky.co.uk/index.php F-risky... are you?] - information on all aspects of sexual health
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*[http://www.hivandsrh.org Resources for HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Reproductive Health Integration] The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs
*[http://www.hivandsrh.org Resources for HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Reproductive Health Integration] The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs
*[http://www.infoforhealth.org The Johns Hopkins INFO Project] —a knowledge-sharing resource on family planning and reproductive health
*[http://www.infoforhealth.org The Johns Hopkins INFO Project] —a knowledge-sharing resource on family planning and reproductive health
*[http://www.mariestopes.org Marie Stopes International] is a not-for-profit sexual and reproductive healthcare organisation
*[http://www.SexInfoOnline.com ''SexInfo''] University of California, Santa Barbara
*[http://www.SexInfoOnline.com ''SexInfo''] University of California, Santa Barbara
*[http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/content/1Seminars/Index.htm A CICRED book for download on reproductive health]
*[http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/content/1Seminars/Index.htm A CICRED book for download on reproductive health]

Revision as of 17:17, 4 February 2009

Within the framework of WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life.[1] Reproductive health, therefore, implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Implicit in this are the right of men and women to be informed of and to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and the right of access to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.

According to the WHO, "Reproductive and sexual ill-health accounts for 20% of the global burden of ill-health for women, and 14% for men."[2]

Childbearing and health

See also: Maternal health and Family planning

Waiting until mother is at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health.[3]

If an additional child is desired, it is considered healthier for mother, as well as for the succeeding child, to wait at least 2 years after previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more than 5 years).[3] After a miscarriage or abortion, it is healthier to wait at least 6 months.[3]

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), 1994

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was held in Cairo, Egypt, from 5 to 13 September 1994. Delegations from 179 States took part in negotiations to finalize a Programme of Action on population and development for the next 20 years. Some 20,000 delegates from various governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and the media gathered for a discussion of a variety of population issues, including immigration, infant mortality, birth control, family planning, and the education of women.

The ICPD Program of Action endorses a new strategy which emphasizes the numerous linkages between population and development and focuses on meeting the needs of individual women and men rather than on achieving demographic targets.[4] The ICPD Program of Action achieved consensus on four qualitative and quantitative goals for the international community, the final two of which have particular relevance for reproductive health:

  • Reduction of maternal mortality: A reduction of maternal mortality rates and a narrowing of disparities in maternal mortality within countries and between geographical regions, socio-economic and ethnic groups.
  • Access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning: Family planning counseling, pre-natal care, safe delivery and post-natal care, prevention and appropriate treatment of infertility, prevention of abortion and the management of the consequences of abortion, treatment of reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases and other reproductive health conditions; and education, counseling, as appropriate, on human sexuality, reproductive health and responsible parenthood. Services regarding HIV/AIDS, breast cancer, infertility, delivery and abortion should be made available. Active discouragement of female genital mutilation (FGM).

Key to this new approach is empowering women and providing them with more choices through expanded access to education and health services and promoting skill development and employment. The Programme advocates making family planning universally available by 2015, or sooner, as part of a broadened approach to reproductive health and rights, provides estimates of the levels of national resources and international assistance that will be required, and calls on Governments to make these resources available.

Millenium Development Goals

Achieving universal access to reproductive health by 2015 is one of the two targets of Goal 5 - Improving Maternal Health - of the eight Millenium Development Goals.[5] To monitor global progress towards the achievement of this target, the United Nations has agreed on the following indicators:

  • 5.3: contraceptive prevalence rate
  • 5.4: adolescent birth rate
  • 5.5: antenatal care coverage
  • 5.6: unmet need for family planning

According to the 2008 MDG Progress Report, regional statistics on all four indicators have either improved or remained stable between the years 2000 and 2005.[6] However, progress has been slow in most developing countries, particularly in Sub-saharan Africa, which remains the region with the poorest indicators for reproductive health.[7] According to the WHO in 2005 an estimated 55% of women do not have sufficient antenatal care and 24% have no access to family planning services.[8]


References

  1. ^ "WHO: Reproductive health". Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  2. ^ "Reproductive Health Strategy - World Health Organization". Retrieved 2008-07-24.
  3. ^ a b c "Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy: HTSP Messages". USAID. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
  4. ^ ICPD. "ICPD Program of Action". Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  5. ^ UN. "Tracking the Millenium Developement Goals". Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  6. ^ UN. "2008 MDG Progress Report" (PDF). p. 28-29. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  7. ^ WHO. "What progress has been made on MDG 5?". Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  8. ^ WHO. "What progress has been made on MDG 5?". Retrieved 2009-02-04.

See also

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