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==In Hinduism==
==In Hinduism==
{{main|Nastik|Dasa}}
{{main|Mlechha|Nastik|Dasa}}
In [[Hinduism]], the terms for those who deny the doctrines of Hinduism are [[dasa]] (दास) and [[Nastik]] (नास्तिक).<ref>India Ministry of
In [[Hinduism]], the terms for those who deny the doctrines of Hinduism are [[Mlechha]] (म्लेच्छः), [[dasa]] (दास) and [[Nastik]] (नास्तिक).<ref>India Ministry of
Welfare, "Encyclopaedia of Social Work in India - Volume Two", 1987, Director, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, pg. 69</ref><ref>Kissory Chand Mittra, "Rammohun Roy and Tuhfatul Muwahhiddin", K.C. Bagchi, 1975, pg. 23</ref><ref name="arthur"> [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?query=infidel&display=simple&table=macdonell Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press, 1929 Online Version, Last Accessed 19 July 2007]</ref><ref>Apte, Vaman Shivram. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition. Pune, 1920; Reprint, Delhi, 2002, ISBN 81-208-0299-3.pg. 227</ref> Dasa is also a historical derogatory term that with usage corresponding to the impious, demonic, foe, slave and servant while Nastika is applied to followers of [[dharmic religions]] who deny the authority of the Vedas such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]].<ref name="arthur"/><ref>pp. 82, 224-49. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref>
Welfare, "Encyclopaedia of Social Work in India - Volume Two", 1987, Director, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, pg. 69</ref><ref>Kissory Chand Mittra, "Rammohun Roy and Tuhfatul Muwahhiddin", K.C. Bagchi, 1975, pg. 23</ref><ref name="arthur"> [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?query=infidel&display=simple&table=macdonell Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press, 1929 Online Version, Last Accessed 19 July 2007]</ref><ref>Apte, Vaman Shivram. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition. Pune, 1920; Reprint, Delhi, 2002, ISBN 81-208-0299-3.pg. 227</ref> Mlechha is derogatory term that also refers to foreigners, [[dalit|untouchables]], non-[[Aryan]] and the wicked (sinner).<ref> Vaman Shivaram Apte, "A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary,", pg.776</ref> Interaction with a Mlechha or the use of a Mlechhas language was said to accrue bad effects ([[dosha]]) that required ritual cleansing.<ref>Dipesh Chakrabarty,"Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference", Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0691049092, pg 221-222</ref> Dasa is also a historical derogatory term that with usage corresponding to the impious, demonic, foe, slave and servant while Nastika is applied to followers of [[dharmic religions]] who deny the authority of the Vedas such as [[Buddhism]] or [[Jainism]]<ref name="arthur"/><ref>pp. 82, 224-49. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</ref>
==In Judaism==
*In [[Judaism]] ''goyim'' (גוים) and ''ethanoi'' have been used as words equivalent to the term Infidel for people outside their religious groups.<ref>George Weckman, "The Language of the Study of Religion: A Handbook", 2001, Xlibris Corporation ISBN 0738851051 pg. 64-65</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 15:03, 1 August 2007

For other uses, see Infidel (disambiguation).
Look up Infidel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

An infidel (literally "one without faith") is an offensive English word meaning "one who doubts or rejects central tenets of a religion or has no religious beliefs", especially in reference to Christianity or Islam.[1][2][3] When used in an Islamic sense it serves as a translation of the Arabic word kafir (literally "one who denies the blessings of God") referring to all non-Muslims.[4][5]

Etymology

First used in Middle English circa 1460 (adjective, noun), from the Middle French infidèle, and from Latin infidelis "unfaithful," later "unbelieving," In the 15c. meaning "a non-Christian" (especially a Saracen); later "one who does not believe in religion" (1526). Also used to translate Arabic kafir, from a root meaning "to disbelieve, to deny," strictly referring to all non-Muslims but virtually synonymous with "Christian"; hence, from a Muslim or Jewish point of view, "a Christian".[4]

In Christianity

In Roman Catholic Christianity, the term "infidel" is an ecclesiastical term referring to one who does not believe in the divinity of Jesus or one who has not been baptized. A heretic, in contrast, is an individual who believes in the divinity of Jesus, but also knowingly holds beliefs that contradict Catholic dogma, while a schismatic is an individual who does not hold beliefs contrary to Catholic dogma, but denies the authority of the Catholic Church.[6]

In Islam

Main article: kafir

In Islam, the Arabic word kafir (كافر) refers to a person who inwardly or outwardly denies Allah and/or the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the term is considered derogatory.[7] The term is usually translated into English as "infidel" or "unbeliever". The Turkish equivalent of "kafir" is giaour.

In Hinduism

Main articles: Mlechha, Nastik, and Dasa

In Hinduism, the terms for those who deny the doctrines of Hinduism are Mlechha (म्लेच्छः), dasa (दास) and Nastik (नास्तिक).[8][9][10][11] Mlechha is derogatory term that also refers to foreigners, untouchables, non-Aryan and the wicked (sinner).[12] Interaction with a Mlechha or the use of a Mlechhas language was said to accrue bad effects (dosha) that required ritual cleansing.[13] Dasa is also a historical derogatory term that with usage corresponding to the impious, demonic, foe, slave and servant while Nastika is applied to followers of dharmic religions who deny the authority of the Vedas such as Buddhism or Jainism[10][14]

In Judaism

  • In Judaism goyim (גוים) and ethanoi have been used as words equivalent to the term Infidel for people outside their religious groups.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Infidel", The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
  2. ^ "Infidel", Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.
  3. ^ "infidel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Jul. 2007.
  4. ^ a b Etymology of "infidel" by the Online Etymology Dictionary
  5. ^ Etymology of "kaffir" by the Online Etymology Dictionary
  6. ^ 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia [1]
  7. ^ Bjorkman, W. "Kafir". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill, Brill Online.
  8. ^ India Ministry of Welfare, "Encyclopaedia of Social Work in India - Volume Two", 1987, Director, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, pg. 69
  9. ^ Kissory Chand Mittra, "Rammohun Roy and Tuhfatul Muwahhiddin", K.C. Bagchi, 1975, pg. 23
  10. ^ a b Macdonell, Arthur Anthony. A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout. London: Oxford University Press, 1929 Online Version, Last Accessed 19 July 2007
  11. ^ Apte, Vaman Shivram. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition. Pune, 1920; Reprint, Delhi, 2002, ISBN 81-208-0299-3.pg. 227
  12. ^ Vaman Shivaram Apte, "A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary,", pg.776
  13. ^ Dipesh Chakrabarty,"Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference", Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0691049092, pg 221-222
  14. ^ pp. 82, 224-49. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  15. ^ George Weckman, "The Language of the Study of Religion: A Handbook", 2001, Xlibris Corporation ISBN 0738851051 pg. 64-65
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