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Chen Yuanyuan studied Kunqu(昆曲) and was good at performing Yiyang opera.She liked to wear her hair in a aiduo bun(倭堕髻).<ref>《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”</ref>For the first time on the singing stage, Yuanyuan played the [[Hongniang]] in "[[The Romance of the West Chamber]]", and all the spectators in the audience held their breath and were mesmerized. Chen Yuanyuan was both talented and beautiful,had the demeanor of a famous scholar. Every time she performs on stage, she is brilliant and outstanding, and the audience applauds her.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature |last=Lee|first=Wai-yee|page=95|title=Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond|publisher=[[Brill Publishing|Brill]]|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=David Der-wei|editor2-last=Wei|editor2-first=Shang|editor-link=David Der-wei Wang}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://k.sina.com.cn/article_5328858693_13d9fee4502001la6w.html | title=Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>Chen Yuanyuan initially liked the literati Zou Shu. She often acted at Zou Shu's house and was unwilling to leave.<ref>清·邹枢《十美词纪》:“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻:纤柔婉转，就这如啼。演西厢，扮贴旦红娘脚色。体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。常在予家演剧，留连不去。后为田皇亲以二千金酬其母，挈去京师，闻又属之某王，宠冠后宫，入滇南终焉。”</ref>Official Gong Ruofu met Chen Yuanyuan and paid to marry her as a concubine. After returning home, Gong Ruofu's father said: "Chen Yuanyuan is a distinguished person. Let her leave and give her a free identity. Don't worry about the money spent on her".After Chen Yuanyuan left the Gong family, she still made a living by performing arts.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.renwencz.com/a/lcmr/mrms/2013/0204/2122.html | title=Light up the lamp and read Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>In 1641,scholar Maoxiang saw Chen Yuanyuan acting at a banquet.Maoxiang was amazed by her Yiyangqiang drama and planned to marry her as a concubine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3009628/remote-chinese-village-kept-courtesans-secret|title=The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries|date=2019-05-10|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref>Maoxiang returned home and told his mother about the incident.Later, he decided to marry Chen Yuanyuan as his concubine, but learned that Chen Yuanyuan had been snatched away by Tian Hongyu ten days ago.<ref>明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:偶一日，赴饮归，谓余曰：“此中有陈姬某，擅梨园之胜，不可不见。”余佐忠节治舟数往返，始得之。其人淡而韵，盈盈冉冉，衣椒茧时背顾湘裙。真如孤鸾之在烟雾。是日燕弋腔红梅。以燕俗之剧，咿呀啁哳之调，乃出之陈姬身口，如云出岫，如珠在盘，令人欲仙欲死。漏下四鼓，风雨忽作，必欲驾小舟去。余牵衣订再晤。答云：“光福梅花如冷云万顷，子能越旦偕我游否？则有半月淹也。”余迫省觐，告以不敢迟留，故复?南岳归棹，当迟子于虎??丛桂间，盖计其期，八月返也。余别去，恰以观涛日奉母回。至西湖，因家君调已破之襄阳，心绪如焚。便讯陈姬，则已为窦霍豪家掠去。闻之惨然。</ref><ref>明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:因便过吴门，慰陈姬。盖残冬屡趣余，皆未及答。至则十日前复为窦霍门下客，以势逼去。先吴门有?匿之者，集千人哗劫之。势家复为大言挟诈，又不惜数千金为贿，地方恐贻伊戚，劫出复纳入。余至怅惘无极，然以急严亲患难，负一女子无憾也。</ref>
Chen Yuanyuan studied Kunqu(昆曲) and was good at performing Yiyang opera.She liked to wear her hair in a aiduo bun(倭堕髻).<ref>《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”</ref>For the first time on the singing stage, Yuanyuan played the [[Hongniang]] in "[[The Romance of the West Chamber]]", and all the spectators in the audience held their breath and were mesmerized. Chen Yuanyuan was both talented and beautiful,had the demeanor of a famous scholar. Every time she performs on stage, she is brilliant and outstanding, and the audience applauds her.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature |last=Lee|first=Wai-yee|page=95|title=Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond|publisher=[[Brill Publishing|Brill]]|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=David Der-wei|editor2-last=Wei|editor2-first=Shang|editor-link=David Der-wei Wang}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://k.sina.com.cn/article_5328858693_13d9fee4502001la6w.html | title=Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>Chen Yuanyuan initially liked the literati Zou Shu. She often acted at Zou Shu's house and was unwilling to leave.<ref>清·邹枢《十美词纪》:“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻:纤柔婉转，就这如啼。演西厢，扮贴旦红娘脚色。体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。常在予家演剧，留连不去。后为田皇亲以二千金酬其母，挈去京师，闻又属之某王，宠冠后宫，入滇南终焉。”</ref>Official Gong Ruofu met Chen Yuanyuan and paid to marry her as a concubine. After returning home, Gong Ruofu's father said: "Chen Yuanyuan is a distinguished person. Let her leave and give her a free identity. Don't worry about the money spent on her".After Chen Yuanyuan left the Gong family, she still made a living by performing arts.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.renwencz.com/a/lcmr/mrms/2013/0204/2122.html | title=Light up the lamp and read Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>In 1641,scholar Maoxiang saw Chen Yuanyuan acting at a banquet.Maoxiang was amazed by her Yiyangqiang drama and planned to marry her as a concubine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3009628/remote-chinese-village-kept-courtesans-secret|title=The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries|date=2019-05-10|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref>Maoxiang returned home and told his mother about the incident.Later, he decided to marry Chen Yuanyuan as his concubine, but learned that Chen Yuanyuan had been snatched away by Tian Hongyu ten days ago.<ref>明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:偶一日，赴饮归，谓余曰：“此中有陈姬某，擅梨园之胜，不可不见。”余佐忠节治舟数往返，始得之。其人淡而韵，盈盈冉冉，衣椒茧时背顾湘裙。真如孤鸾之在烟雾。是日燕弋腔红梅。以燕俗之剧，咿呀啁哳之调，乃出之陈姬身口，如云出岫，如珠在盘，令人欲仙欲死。漏下四鼓，风雨忽作，必欲驾小舟去。余牵衣订再晤。答云：“光福梅花如冷云万顷，子能越旦偕我游否？则有半月淹也。”余迫省觐，告以不敢迟留，故复?南岳归棹，当迟子于虎??丛桂间，盖计其期，八月返也。余别去，恰以观涛日奉母回。至西湖，因家君调已破之襄阳，心绪如焚。便讯陈姬，则已为窦霍豪家掠去。闻之惨然。</ref><ref>明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:因便过吴门，慰陈姬。盖残冬屡趣余，皆未及答。至则十日前复为窦霍门下客，以势逼去。先吴门有?匿之者，集千人哗劫之。势家复为大言挟诈，又不惜数千金为贿，地方恐贻伊戚，劫出复纳入。余至怅惘无极，然以急严亲患难，负一女子无憾也。</ref>


Chen Yuanyuan was kidnapped and taken into Beijing by the powerful minister Tian Hongyu.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref>There are three theories about the time when she entered Beijing: 1641<ref>清·胡介祉《茨村咏史新乐府》:“崇祯辛巳年，田贵妃父宏遇进香普陀，道过金阊，渔猎声妓，遂挟沅以归。”</ref>, 1642 and 1643.<ref>清·叶梦珠《阅世编》：“十六年春，戚畹田宏遇南游吴阊，闻歌妓陈沅、顾寿。名震一时，宏遇使人购得顾寿，而沅尤靓丽绝世，客有私于宏遇者，以八百金市沅进之，宏遇载以还京。”</ref>According to Maoxiang's own article "Reminiscences of Yingmei'an", he mentioned that the marriage promise to Chen Yuanyuan was made in the autumn of 1641.He planned to marry Chen Yuanyuan the next year. When he finished handling family affairs, he went to see Chen Yuanyuan again in the spring of 1642. At this time, Chen Yuanyuan had just been kidnapped by Tian Hongyu. It is generally believed that Chen Yuanyuan entered Beijing in 1642.
Chen Yuanyuan was kidnapped and taken into Beijing by the powerful minister Tian Hongyu.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref>There are three theories about the time when she entered Beijing: 1641<ref>清·胡介祉《茨村咏史新乐府》:“崇祯辛巳年，田贵妃父宏遇进香普陀，道过金阊，渔猎声妓，遂挟沅以归。”</ref>, 1642 and 1643.<ref>清·叶梦珠《阅世编》：“十六年春，戚畹田宏遇南游吴阊，闻歌妓陈沅、顾寿。名震一时，宏遇使人购得顾寿，而沅尤靓丽绝世，客有私于宏遇者，以八百金市沅进之，宏遇载以还京。”</ref>According to Maoxiang's own article "Reminiscences of Yingmei'an", he mentioned that the marriage promise to Chen Yuanyuan was made in the autumn of 1641.He planned to marry Chen Yuanyuan the next year. When he finished handling family affairs, he went to see Chen Yuanyuan again in the spring of 1642. At this time, Chen Yuanyuan had just been kidnapped by Tian Hongyu. It is generally believed that Chen Yuanyuan entered Beijing in 1642.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://travel.sohu.com/a/581086700_121286085 | title=Romance and Myth in Water Painting Garden}}</ref>


After failing to deter Wu Sangui's rebellion, Chen asked General Ma Bao to escort her and her son with Wu Sangui, Wu Qihua, to what is now known as the Majia Zhai village in [[Guizhou]], where they would hide amongst the ethnic minorities who were hostile to Qing rule.<ref name=":0" /> Seen as a connection to a failed uprising, this knowledge was subsequently only passed down by oral history until the 20th century, when it was published by historian Huang Tousong.<ref name=":0" /> The inscription on the tombstones were intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Locals believe that she retired as a nun later in life.<ref name=":0" />
After failing to deter Wu Sangui's rebellion, Chen asked General Ma Bao to escort her and her son with Wu Sangui, Wu Qihua, to what is now known as the Majia Zhai village in [[Guizhou]], where they would hide amongst the ethnic minorities who were hostile to Qing rule.<ref name=":0" /> Seen as a connection to a failed uprising, this knowledge was subsequently only passed down by oral history until the 20th century, when it was published by historian Huang Tousong.<ref name=":0" /> The inscription on the tombstones were intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Locals believe that she retired as a nun later in life.<ref name=":0" />

Revision as of 15:10, 20 April 2024

Chen Yuanyuan
A 17th-century portrait of Chen Yuanyuan
BornXing Yuan
1623 (1623)
Jiangsu, Ming Empire
Died1689 or 1695
Qing Empire
SpouseWu Sangui
OccupationGējì,drama actress
Chen Yuanyuan
Traditional Chinese陳圓圓
Simplified Chinese陈圆圆
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChén Yuányuán
Wade–GilesCh'en Yüan-yüan
Xing Yuan
(birth name)
Chinese邢沅
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXíng Yuán
Wanfen
(courtesy name)
Chinese畹芬
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWǎnfēn
In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.

Chen Yuanyuan (1623–1689 or 1695)[1][2]was a Chinese Gējì and drama actress who later became the concubine of military leader Wu Sangui.In the last years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyuan was captured by Tian Hongyu and transferred to Wu Sangui as his concubine. According to legend, after Li Zicheng captured Beijing,him and his subordinates Liu Zongmin kidnapped Chen Yuanyuan, and Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass.[3]She became known as one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai, along with the other seven Gējìs, Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing [zh], Li Xiangjun, Dong Xiaowan, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen [zh], and Liu Rushi.[4]

Biography

Chen Yuanyuan's original surname was Xing(邢) and she was born in Jiangnan. She was born into a family of a salesman and her family was poor. Her parents died when she was young and she was adopted by her aunt. Her uncle's surname was Chen, so she changed her surname to Chen. Life at her aunt's family was also very difficult. When Chen Yuanyuan was ten years old, her uncle sent her to Liyuan to learn singing, dancing, opera and music.Chen Yuanyuan was an drama actress and Gējì in Liyuan,she later became a well-known entertainer in Wuzhong.[5][6][7]The dramatist You Xitang also praised her.[8]

Chen Yuanyuan studied Kunqu(昆曲) and was good at performing Yiyang opera.She liked to wear her hair in a aiduo bun(倭堕髻).[9]For the first time on the singing stage, Yuanyuan played the Hongniang in "The Romance of the West Chamber", and all the spectators in the audience held their breath and were mesmerized. Chen Yuanyuan was both talented and beautiful,had the demeanor of a famous scholar. Every time she performs on stage, she is brilliant and outstanding, and the audience applauds her.[10][11]Chen Yuanyuan initially liked the literati Zou Shu. She often acted at Zou Shu's house and was unwilling to leave.[12]Official Gong Ruofu met Chen Yuanyuan and paid to marry her as a concubine. After returning home, Gong Ruofu's father said: "Chen Yuanyuan is a distinguished person. Let her leave and give her a free identity. Don't worry about the money spent on her".After Chen Yuanyuan left the Gong family, she still made a living by performing arts.[13]In 1641,scholar Maoxiang saw Chen Yuanyuan acting at a banquet.Maoxiang was amazed by her Yiyangqiang drama and planned to marry her as a concubine.[14][15]Maoxiang returned home and told his mother about the incident.Later, he decided to marry Chen Yuanyuan as his concubine, but learned that Chen Yuanyuan had been snatched away by Tian Hongyu ten days ago.[16][17]

Chen Yuanyuan was kidnapped and taken into Beijing by the powerful minister Tian Hongyu.[18][19]There are three theories about the time when she entered Beijing: 1641[20], 1642 and 1643.[21]According to Maoxiang's own article "Reminiscences of Yingmei'an", he mentioned that the marriage promise to Chen Yuanyuan was made in the autumn of 1641.He planned to marry Chen Yuanyuan the next year. When he finished handling family affairs, he went to see Chen Yuanyuan again in the spring of 1642. At this time, Chen Yuanyuan had just been kidnapped by Tian Hongyu. It is generally believed that Chen Yuanyuan entered Beijing in 1642.[22]

After failing to deter Wu Sangui's rebellion, Chen asked General Ma Bao to escort her and her son with Wu Sangui, Wu Qihua, to what is now known as the Majia Zhai village in Guizhou, where they would hide amongst the ethnic minorities who were hostile to Qing rule.[14] Seen as a connection to a failed uprising, this knowledge was subsequently only passed down by oral history until the 20th century, when it was published by historian Huang Tousong.[14] The inscription on the tombstones were intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.[14] Locals believe that she retired as a nun later in life.[14]

In fiction

Statue of Chen Yuanyuan in Gold Hall Park in Kunming

In April 1644, the rebel army of Li Zicheng captured the Ming capital of Beijing, and the Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian committed suicide. Knowing that Wu Sangui's formidable army at Ningyuan posed a serious threat, Li immediately made overtures to gain Wu's allegiance. Li sent two letters to Wu, including one in the name of Wu's father, then held captive in Beijing. Before Wu Sangui could respond, he received word that his entire household had been slaughtered.[23] Wu then wrote to the Qing regent, Dorgon, indicating his willingness to combine forces to oust the rebels from Beijing, thus setting the stage for the Qing conquest of Ming.[24]

In popular lore, however, Chen Yuanyuan takes a more dramatic and romanticized role in these pivotal events. According to stories that emerged in the Kangxi era, Wu Sangui's motivation for joining forces with the Qing to attack Li Zicheng was that Li had abducted and (by some accounts) raped Chen, Wu's beloved concubine. This version of the tale was made famous by Wu Weiye's qu, the Song of Yuanyuan:[25]

In that time when the emperor abandoned the human world,
Wu crushed the enemy and captured the capital, bearing down from Jade Pass.
The six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,
One wave of headgear-lifting anger propelled him, all for the sake of the fair-faced one.
The fair-faced one, drifting, and fallen, was not what I longed for.
The offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.
Lightning swept the Yellow Turbans, the Black Mountain troops were quelled.
Having wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.

— Wu Weiye, excerpt from Song of Yuanyuan[26]

Although such stories tying the downfall of the dynasty to the relationship between Wu and Chen proved popular, some historians regard them as products of popular fiction.[27][28][29][30] By some accounts, Chen Yuanyuan was raped and killed in the fall of Beijing. But, by other accounts, it is believed that she was subsequently reunited with Wu Sangui. One story claims that later in life, she changed her name and became a nun in Kunming after Wu Sangui's failed rebellion against the Qing.[31] This story may also be a later fabrication, or popular folklore.[32][33]

References

  1. ^ "秘传人口述:陈圆圆生前思念吴三桂形神交瘁".
  2. ^ "明朝灭亡后，陈圆圆怎样度过后半生？被吴三桂嫌弃，在深山中终老".
  3. ^ "声甲天下之声，色甲天下之色：秦淮八艳之陈圆圆".
  4. ^ Xie & Shi (2014), p. 181.
  5. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  6. ^ "如何客观看待一代歌伎陈圆圆".
  7. ^ 《乾隆武进县志·卷十四·摭遗》:圆圆，金牛里人。姓陈氏，父曰惊闺，俗呼陈货郎。崇正初为田戚畹歌妓，后以赠吴逆三桂。甲申之变，圆圆留京师，贼遣人招三桂。三桂意犹与。既而知圆圆为贼所得，遂决意请讨。梅村圆圆曲谓“冲冠一怒为红颜者”，此也。
  8. ^ "The love history of the famous Geji Chen Yuanyuan".
  9. ^ 《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”
  10. ^ Lee, Wai-yee. "Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature". In Wang, David Der-wei; Wei, Shang (eds.). Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond. Brill. p. 95.
  11. ^ "Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan".
  12. ^ 清·邹枢《十美词纪》:“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻:纤柔婉转，就这如啼。演西厢，扮贴旦红娘脚色。体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。常在予家演剧，留连不去。后为田皇亲以二千金酬其母，挈去京师，闻又属之某王，宠冠后宫，入滇南终焉。”
  13. ^ "Light up the lamp and read Chen Yuanyuan".
  14. ^ a b c d e "The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries". South China Morning Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
  15. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  16. ^ 明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:偶一日，赴饮归，谓余曰：“此中有陈姬某，擅梨园之胜，不可不见。”余佐忠节治舟数往返，始得之。其人淡而韵，盈盈冉冉，衣椒茧时背顾湘裙。真如孤鸾之在烟雾。是日燕弋腔红梅。以燕俗之剧，咿呀啁哳之调，乃出之陈姬身口，如云出岫，如珠在盘，令人欲仙欲死。漏下四鼓，风雨忽作，必欲驾小舟去。余牵衣订再晤。答云：“光福梅花如冷云万顷，子能越旦偕我游否？则有半月淹也。”余迫省觐，告以不敢迟留，故复?南岳归棹，当迟子于虎??丛桂间，盖计其期，八月返也。余别去，恰以观涛日奉母回。至西湖，因家君调已破之襄阳，心绪如焚。便讯陈姬，则已为窦霍豪家掠去。闻之惨然。
  17. ^ 明·冒襄《影梅庵忆语》:因便过吴门，慰陈姬。盖残冬屡趣余，皆未及答。至则十日前复为窦霍门下客，以势逼去。先吴门有?匿之者，集千人哗劫之。势家复为大言挟诈，又不惜数千金为贿，地方恐贻伊戚，劫出复纳入。余至怅惘无极，然以急严亲患难，负一女子无憾也。
  18. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  19. ^ Peterson 2000
  20. ^ 清·胡介祉《茨村咏史新乐府》:“崇祯辛巳年，田贵妃父宏遇进香普陀，道过金阊，渔猎声妓，遂挟沅以归。”
  21. ^ 清·叶梦珠《阅世编》：“十六年春，戚畹田宏遇南游吴阊，闻歌妓陈沅、顾寿。名震一时，宏遇使人购得顾寿，而沅尤靓丽绝世，客有私于宏遇者，以八百金市沅进之，宏遇载以还京。”
  22. ^ "Romance and Myth in Water Painting Garden".
  23. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 291, 295
  24. ^ Wakeman 1986, p. 300
  25. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
  26. ^ Chang & Owen 2010, p. 179
  27. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
  28. ^ Spence 1990, p. 33
  29. ^ Huang 1997, p. 205
  30. ^ Lovell 2006, p. 252
  31. ^ Peterson 2000
  32. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998, p. 25
  33. ^ Wakeman 2009, p. 123

Bibliography

  • Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). "像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心" [Acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction: 'Qinhuai bayan tuyong' as the centre]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu (2): 180–188.

See also

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