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{{short description|Chinese concubine}}
{{short description|Chinese concubine}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| embed =
| embed =
| name = Chen Yuanyuan
| name = Chen Yuanyuan
| title =
| title =
| titletext =
| titletext =
| more =
| more =
| type =
| type =
| image = Portrait of Chen Yuanyuan.jpg
| image = Portrait of Chen Yuanyuan.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = A 17th-century portrait of Chen Yuanyuan
| caption = A 17th-century portrait of Chen Yuanyuan
| birth_name = Xing Yuan
| birth_name = Xing Yuan
| birth_date = {{birth year|1623}}
| birth_date = {{birth year|1623}}
| birth_place = [[Jiangsu]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Jiangsu]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| death_date = 1689 or 1695
| death_date = 1689 or 1695
| death_place = [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| death_place = [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]]
| burial_date =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| burial_place =
| spouse = [[Wu Sangui]]
| spouse = [[Wu Sangui]]
| spouse-type = Spouse
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort = yes
| consort = yes
| issue = <!--list children in order of birth. Use {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}} -->
| issue = <!--list children in order of birth. Use {{plainlist}} or {{unbulleted list}} -->
| issue-link =
| issue-link =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-pipe =
| issue-type =
| issue-type =
| full name =
| full name =
| era name =
| era name =
| era dates =
| era dates =
| regnal name =
| regnal name =
| posthumous name =
| posthumous name=
| temple name =
| temple name =
| house =
| house =
| house-type =
| house-type =
| father =
| father =
| mother =
| mother =

⚫
| religion =
| occupation = [[Gējì]]
| religion =
| occupation = [[Gējì]],drama actress
| signature_type =
| signature_type =
| signature =
| signature =

| module =
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| module =
}}
}}
{{Chinese
{{Chinese
| pic =
|pic=
| piccap =
|piccap=
| picsize = 200px
|picsize=200px
| t = 陳圓圓
|t=陳圓圓|s=陈圆圆
⚫
|p=Chén Yuányuán
| s = 陈圆圆
⚫
|w=Ch'en Yüan-yüan
⚫
| p = Chén Yuányuán
⚫
|altname=Xing Yuan<br />(birth name)
⚫
| w = Ch'en Yüan-yüan
⚫
|c2=邢沅
⚫
| altname = Xing Yuan<br />(birth name)
⚫
|p2=Xíng Yuán
⚫
| c2 = 邢沅
⚫
|altname3=Wanfen<br />([[courtesy name]])
⚫
| p2 = Xíng Yuán
⚫
|c3=畹芬
⚫
| altname3 = Wanfen<br />([[courtesy name]])
⚫
|p3=Wǎnfēn
⚫
| c3 = 畹芬
⚫
| p3 = Wǎnfēn
}}
}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Chen (surname)|Chen]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Chen (surname)|Chen]]|lang=Chinese}}


'''Chen Yuanyuan''' (1623–1689 or 1695)<ref>{{cite web |title=秘传人口述:陈圆圆生前思念吴三桂形神交瘁 |url=http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2015/0716/c172318-27312923.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=明朝灭亡后，陈圆圆怎样度过后半生？被吴三桂嫌弃，在深山中终老 |url=https://www.dingxinwen.cn/detail/4903832}}</ref> was a Chinese [[Gējì]] who later became the concubine of military leader [[Wu Sangui]]. In Chinese folklore, the [[Shun dynasty|Shun]] army's capture of her in 1644 prompted Wu's fateful decision to let the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] armies enter [[China proper]] through [[Shanhai Pass]], thereby sealing the fate of the [[Ming dynasty]].
'''Chen Yuanyuan''' (1623–1689 or 1695)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://culture.people.com.cn/n/2015/0716/c172318-27312923.html | title=秘传人口述:陈圆圆生前思念吴三桂形神交瘁}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dingxinwen.cn/detail/4903832 | title=明朝灭亡后，陈圆圆怎样度过后半生？被吴三桂嫌弃，在深山中终老}}</ref>was a Chinese [[Gējì]] and drama actress who later became the concubine of military leader [[Wu Sangui]].In the last years of [[Chongzhen]] in the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyuan was captured by [[Tian Hongyu]] and transferred to Wu Sangui as his concubine. According to legend, after [[Li Zicheng]] captured Beijing,him and his subordinates [[Liu Zongmin]] kidnapped Chen Yuanyuan, and Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cqcb.com/dyh/culture/dyh631/2018-01-20/646444.html | title=声甲天下之声，色甲天下之色：秦淮八艳之陈圆圆}}</ref>

==Biography==
==Biography==
Chen Yuanyuan's original surname was Xing(邢) and she was born in Jiangnan. She was born into a family of a salesman and her family was poor. Her parents died when she was young and she was adopted by her aunt. Her uncle's surname was Chen, so she changed her surname to Chen. Life at her aunt's family was also very difficult. When Chen Yuanyuan was ten years old, her uncle sent her to [[Liyuan]] to learn singing, dancing, opera and music.Chen Yuanyuan was an drama actress and [[Gējì]] in Liyuan,she later became a well-known entertainer in Wuzhong.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/hr/hr-hrwy/news/2009/09-17/1872290.shtml | title=如何客观看待一代歌伎陈圆圆}}</ref><ref>《乾隆武进县志·卷十四·摭遗》:圆圆，金牛里人。姓陈氏，父曰惊闺，俗呼陈货郎。崇正初为田戚畹歌妓，后以赠吴逆三桂。甲申之变，圆圆留京师，贼遣人招三桂。三桂意犹与。既而知圆圆为贼所得，遂决意请讨。梅村圆圆曲谓“冲冠一怒为红颜者”，此也。</ref>The dramatist You Xitang also praised her.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://m.gzculture.net/lskg/strange/2023-05-20/24513.html | title=The love history of the famous Geji Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>
Chen Yuanyuan was born into a poor family in [[Changzhou]], [[Jiangsu]], with the original surname Xing (邢). Her parents died when she was young and she was adopted by a relative surnamed Chen in Suzhou, so she changed her surname to Chen. She was later sold to be a [[Gējì|Geji]] and studied ''[[kunqu]].'' An account praised her performance as the character [[Hongniang]] in ''[[Romance of the Western Chamber]].<ref>《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”</ref>'' She became known as one of the [[Eight Beauties of Qinhuai]], along with the other seven, [[Ma Xianglan]], {{ill|Bian Yujing|zh|卞玉京}}, [[Li Xiangjun]], [[Dong Xiaowan]], [[Gu Mei]], {{ill|Kou Baimen|zh|寇白門}}, and [[Liu Rushi]].{{sfnp|Xie|Shi|2014|p=181}}


In 1641, she became the lover of the scholar and poet Mao Xiang,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3009628/remote-chinese-village-kept-courtesans-secret |access-date=2019-12-14 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> who was infatuated with her after watching her in ''The Story of the Red Plum'', sung in the ''[[yiyangqiang]]'' style.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref> Various accounts told about Chen's move to Beijing: she was forcibly acquired in 1642 either by Zhou Quan, father of [[Empress Zhou (Ming dynasty)|Empress Zhou]], or Tian Hongyu, father of imperial concubine [[Tian Xiuying]]. Some accounts suggest that Chen Yuanyuan was sent to the palace to become a concubine of [[Chongzhen Emperor|Emperor Chongzhen]], who, worried about the state of affairs, soon sent her back. She then stayed with either Zhou's or Tian's family troupe as a performer, until she was either purchased for Wu Sangui by Wu's father <ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref> or given to Wu as a gift by Zhou or Tian.<ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref>
Chen Yuanyuan studied Kunqu(昆曲) and was good at performing Yiyang opera.She liked to wear her hair in a aiduo bun(倭堕髻).<ref>《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”</ref>For the first time on the singing stage, Yuanyuan played the [[Hongniang]] in "[[The Romance of the West Chamber]]", and all the spectators in the audience held their breath and were mesmerized. Chen Yuanyuan was both talented and beautiful,had the demeanor of a famous scholar. Every time she performs on stage, she is brilliant and outstanding, and the audience applauds her.<ref>{{cite book|chapter= Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature |last=Lee|first=Wai-yee|page=95|title=Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond|publisher=[[Brill Publishing|Brill]]|editor-last=Wang|editor-first=David Der-wei|editor2-last=Wei|editor2-first=Shang|editor-link=David Der-wei Wang}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://k.sina.com.cn/article_5328858693_13d9fee4502001la6w.html | title=Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan}}</ref>In 1642, she became the lover of the scholar and poet Mao Xiang,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/3009628/remote-chinese-village-kept-courtesans-secret|title=The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries|date=2019-05-10|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}}</ref> who became infatuated with her after watching her in ''The Story of the Red Plum'', sung in the ''[[yiyangqiang]]'' style.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref> Subsequently, Chen was bought by the family of Tian Hongyu, father of one of the [[Chongzhen Emperor]]'s favorite concubine [[Tian Xiuying]]. She was then either purchased for Wu Sangui by his father,<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998}}</ref> or given to Wu as a gift by Tian.<ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref>


She is one of the [[Eight Beauties of Qinhuai]] described by late [[Qing]] officials. The other famed Yijis of this group are [[Ma Xianglan]], {{ill|Bian Yujing|zh|卞玉京}}, [[Li Xiangjun]], [[Dong Xiaowan]], [[Gu Mei]], {{ill|Kou Baimen|zh|寇白門}}, and [[Liu Rushi]].{{sfnp|Xie|Shi|2014|p=181}}
In April 1644, the peasant army of [[Li Zicheng]] captured the Ming capital of [[Beijing]] and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide. Knowing that Wu, garrisoning Shanhai Pass, posed a serious threat, Li held hostage Wu's family in Beijing, including Wu's father [[Wu Xiang (Ming general)|Wu Xiang]] and Chen. In some accounts, Li's subordinate Liu Zongmin captured Chen and raped her. Wu Sangui eventually decided to side with the Manchus by allowing the Manchu armies through Shanhai Pass to chase Li from Beijing, where the Manchus then established the Qing dynasty.


By some accounts, Chen was killed in the fall of Beijing. By other accounts, she was subsequently reunited with Wu. One account claims that later in life, she became a nun in [[Kunming]] after Wu Sangui's failed rebellion against the Qing.<ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|2009|p=123}}</ref> In the 1980s, Chen's final whereabouts was uncovered by the historian Huang Tousong, who was exiled to Guizhou in the 1970s during [[Cultural Revolution|the Cultural Revolution]]. According to his research, by the end of Wu's failed rebellion against the Qing, Chen was escorted by General Ma Bao to what is now Majia Zhai village in [[Guizhou]], where they lived until their deaths among the ethnic minorities hostile to Qing rule. The knowledge of Chen's whereabouts was passed down only by oral history in the village until Huang published the discovery.<ref name=":02" /> The inscription on Chen's tombstones in the village was intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.<ref name=":02" />
After failing to deter Wu Sangui's rebellion, Chen asked General Ma Bao to escort her and her son with Wu Sangui, Wu Qihua, to what is now known as the Majia Zhai village in [[Guizhou]], where they would hide amongst the ethnic minorities who were hostile to Qing rule.<ref name=":0" /> Seen as a connection to a failed uprising, this knowledge was subsequently only passed down by oral history until the 20th century, when it was published by historian Huang Tousong.<ref name=":0" /> The inscription on the tombstones were intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.<ref name=":0" /> Locals believe that she retired as a nun later in life.<ref name=":0" />


== In culture ==
==In fiction==
[[File:昆明太和宫陳圓圓塑像.JPG|left|thumb|300x300px|Statue of Chen Yuanyuan in Gold Hall Park in Kunming]]
[[File:昆明太和宫陳圓圓塑像.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Statue of Chen Yuanyuan in Gold Hall Park in Kunming]]
⚫
In Chinese folklore, Chen Yuanyuan played a dramatic and romanticized role in the fall of the Ming and the founding of the Qing. The capture of her by Li's army enraged Wu Sangui that he decided to let the Manchus enter China proper through Shanhai Pass to expel Li's army from Beijing and rescue her. Chen's role in Wu's surrender to the Manchu was immortalized by [[Wu Weiye]]'s ''[[Qu (poetry)|qu]]'', the ''Song of Yuanyuan'':<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|pp=292–294}}</ref>


In April 1644, the rebel army of [[Li Zicheng]] captured the Ming capital of [[Beijing]], and the Chongzhen Emperor [[Zhu Youjian]] committed suicide. Knowing that Wu Sangui's formidable army at Ningyuan posed a serious threat, Li immediately made overtures to gain Wu's allegiance. Li sent two letters to Wu, including one in the name of Wu's father, then held captive in Beijing. Before Wu Sangui could respond, he received word that his entire household had been slaughtered.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|pp=291,295}}</ref> Wu then wrote to the Qing regent, [[Dorgon]], indicating his willingness to combine forces to oust the rebels from Beijing, thus setting the stage for the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Qing conquest of Ming]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|p=300}}</ref>
⚫
{{quote|text=<blockquote><poem>In that time when the [[Chongzhen Emperor|emperor]] abandoned the human world,

⚫
In popular lore, however, Chen Yuanyuan takes a more dramatic and romanticized role in these pivotal events. According to stories that emerged in the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]] era, Wu Sangui's motivation for joining forces with the Qing to attack Li Zicheng was that Li had abducted and (by some accounts) raped Chen, Wu's beloved concubine. This version of the tale was made famous by [[Wu Weiye]]'s ''[[qu (poetry)|qu]]'', the ''Song of Yuanyuan'':<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|pp=292–294}}</ref>

{{quote
⚫
| text = <blockquote><poem>In that time when the [[Chongzhen Emperor|emperor]] abandoned the human world,
Wu crushed the enemy and captured the [[Beijing|capital]], bearing down from Jade Pass.
Wu crushed the enemy and captured the [[Beijing|capital]], bearing down from Jade Pass.
The six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,
The six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,
Line 80: Line 84:
The offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.
The offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.
Lightning swept the [[Yellow Turban Rebellion|Yellow Turbans]], the Black Mountain troops were quelled.
Lightning swept the [[Yellow Turban Rebellion|Yellow Turbans]], the Black Mountain troops were quelled.
Having wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.</poem></blockquote>|sign=[[Wu Weiye]]|source=excerpt from ''Song of Yuanyuan''<ref>{{harvnb|Chang|Owen|2010|p=179}}</ref>}}
Having wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.</poem></blockquote>
| sign = [[Wu Weiye]]
| source = excerpt from ''Song of Yuanyuan''<ref>{{harvnb|Chang|Owen|2010|p=179}}</ref>
}}


Although such stories tying the downfall of the dynasty to the relationship between Wu and Chen proved popular, some historians regard them as products of popular fiction.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|pp=292–294}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Spence|1990|p=33}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Huang|1997|p=205}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lovell|2006|p=252}}</ref>
Although such stories tying the downfall of the dynasty to the relationship between Wu and Chen proved popular, some historians regard them as products of popular fiction.<ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|1986|pp=292–294}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Spence|1990|p=33}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Huang|1997|p=205}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lovell|2006|p=252}}</ref> By some accounts, Chen Yuanyuan was raped and killed in the fall of Beijing. But, by other accounts, it is believed that she was subsequently reunited with Wu Sangui. One story claims that later in life, she changed her name and became a nun in [[Kunming]] after Wu Sangui's failed rebellion against the Qing.<ref>{{harvnb|Peterson|2000}}</ref> This story may also be a later fabrication, or popular folklore.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Stephanowska|1998|p=25}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wakeman|2009|p=123}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:23, 20 April 2024

Chen Yuanyuan
A 17th-century portrait of Chen Yuanyuan
BornXing Yuan
1623 (1623)
Jiangsu, Ming Empire
Died1689 or 1695
Qing Empire
SpouseWu Sangui
OccupationGējì,drama actress
Chen Yuanyuan
Traditional Chinese陳圓圓
Simplified Chinese陈圆圆
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinChén Yuányuán
Wade–GilesCh'en Yüan-yüan
Xing Yuan
(birth name)
Chinese邢沅
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXíng Yuán
Wanfen
(courtesy name)
Chinese畹芬
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWǎnfēn
In this Chinese name, the family name is Chen.

Chen Yuanyuan (1623–1689 or 1695)[1][2]was a Chinese Gējì and drama actress who later became the concubine of military leader Wu Sangui.In the last years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyuan was captured by Tian Hongyu and transferred to Wu Sangui as his concubine. According to legend, after Li Zicheng captured Beijing,him and his subordinates Liu Zongmin kidnapped Chen Yuanyuan, and Wu Sangui led the Qing army into the pass.[3]

Biography

Chen Yuanyuan's original surname was Xing(邢) and she was born in Jiangnan. She was born into a family of a salesman and her family was poor. Her parents died when she was young and she was adopted by her aunt. Her uncle's surname was Chen, so she changed her surname to Chen. Life at her aunt's family was also very difficult. When Chen Yuanyuan was ten years old, her uncle sent her to Liyuan to learn singing, dancing, opera and music.Chen Yuanyuan was an drama actress and Gējì in Liyuan,she later became a well-known entertainer in Wuzhong.[4][5][6]The dramatist You Xitang also praised her.[7]

Chen Yuanyuan studied Kunqu(昆曲) and was good at performing Yiyang opera.She liked to wear her hair in a aiduo bun(倭堕髻).[8]For the first time on the singing stage, Yuanyuan played the Hongniang in "The Romance of the West Chamber", and all the spectators in the audience held their breath and were mesmerized. Chen Yuanyuan was both talented and beautiful,had the demeanor of a famous scholar. Every time she performs on stage, she is brilliant and outstanding, and the audience applauds her.[9][10]In 1642, she became the lover of the scholar and poet Mao Xiang,[11] who became infatuated with her after watching her in The Story of the Red Plum, sung in the yiyangqiang style.[12] Subsequently, Chen was bought by the family of Tian Hongyu, father of one of the Chongzhen Emperor's favorite concubine Tian Xiuying. She was then either purchased for Wu Sangui by his father,[13] or given to Wu as a gift by Tian.[14]

She is one of the Eight Beauties of Qinhuai described by late Qing officials. The other famed Yijis of this group are Ma Xianglan, Bian Yujing [zh], Li Xiangjun, Dong Xiaowan, Gu Mei, Kou Baimen [zh], and Liu Rushi.[15]

After failing to deter Wu Sangui's rebellion, Chen asked General Ma Bao to escort her and her son with Wu Sangui, Wu Qihua, to what is now known as the Majia Zhai village in Guizhou, where they would hide amongst the ethnic minorities who were hostile to Qing rule.[11] Seen as a connection to a failed uprising, this knowledge was subsequently only passed down by oral history until the 20th century, when it was published by historian Huang Tousong.[11] The inscription on the tombstones were intentionally cryptic to deter detection throughout the years but has been confirmed by government historians in 2005.[11] Locals believe that she retired as a nun later in life.[11]

In fiction

Statue of Chen Yuanyuan in Gold Hall Park in Kunming

In April 1644, the rebel army of Li Zicheng captured the Ming capital of Beijing, and the Chongzhen Emperor Zhu Youjian committed suicide. Knowing that Wu Sangui's formidable army at Ningyuan posed a serious threat, Li immediately made overtures to gain Wu's allegiance. Li sent two letters to Wu, including one in the name of Wu's father, then held captive in Beijing. Before Wu Sangui could respond, he received word that his entire household had been slaughtered.[16] Wu then wrote to the Qing regent, Dorgon, indicating his willingness to combine forces to oust the rebels from Beijing, thus setting the stage for the Qing conquest of Ming.[17]

In popular lore, however, Chen Yuanyuan takes a more dramatic and romanticized role in these pivotal events. According to stories that emerged in the Kangxi era, Wu Sangui's motivation for joining forces with the Qing to attack Li Zicheng was that Li had abducted and (by some accounts) raped Chen, Wu's beloved concubine. This version of the tale was made famous by Wu Weiye's qu, the Song of Yuanyuan:[18]

In that time when the emperor abandoned the human world,
Wu crushed the enemy and captured the capital, bearing down from Jade Pass.
The six armies, wailing and grieving, were uniformly clad in the white of mourning,
One wave of headgear-lifting anger propelled him, all for the sake of the fair-faced one.
The fair-faced one, drifting, and fallen, was not what I longed for.
The offending bandits, smote by heaven, wallowed in wanton pleasures.
Lightning swept the Yellow Turbans, the Black Mountain troops were quelled.
Having wailed for ruler and kin, I met her again.

— Wu Weiye, excerpt from Song of Yuanyuan[19]

Although such stories tying the downfall of the dynasty to the relationship between Wu and Chen proved popular, some historians regard them as products of popular fiction.[20][21][22][23] By some accounts, Chen Yuanyuan was raped and killed in the fall of Beijing. But, by other accounts, it is believed that she was subsequently reunited with Wu Sangui. One story claims that later in life, she changed her name and became a nun in Kunming after Wu Sangui's failed rebellion against the Qing.[24] This story may also be a later fabrication, or popular folklore.[25][26]

References

  1. ^ "秘传人口述:陈圆圆生前思念吴三桂形神交瘁".
  2. ^ "明朝灭亡后，陈圆圆怎样度过后半生？被吴三桂嫌弃，在深山中终老".
  3. ^ "声甲天下之声，色甲天下之色：秦淮八艳之陈圆圆".
  4. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  5. ^ "如何客观看待一代歌伎陈圆圆".
  6. ^ 《乾隆武进县志·卷十四·摭遗》:圆圆，金牛里人。姓陈氏，父曰惊闺，俗呼陈货郎。崇正初为田戚畹歌妓，后以赠吴逆三桂。甲申之变，圆圆留京师，贼遣人招三桂。三桂意犹与。既而知圆圆为贼所得，遂决意请讨。梅村圆圆曲谓“冲冠一怒为红颜者”，此也。
  7. ^ "The love history of the famous Geji Chen Yuanyuan".
  8. ^ 《十美词纪》(清)吴江邹枢贯衡：“陈圆者，女优也。少聪慧，色娟秀，好梳倭堕髻，纤柔婉转，就之如啼。演《西厢》，扮贴旦红娘脚色，体态倾靡，说白便巧，曲尽萧寺当年情绪。”
  9. ^ Lee, Wai-yee. "Women as Emblems of Dynastic Fall in Qing Literature". In Wang, David Der-wei; Wei, Shang (eds.). Dynastic Crisis and Cultural Innovation: From the Late Ming to the Late Qing and Beyond. Brill. p. 95.
  10. ^ "Sun Huichang: Chen Yuanyuan".
  11. ^ a b c d e "The Chinese village that kept a courtesan's secret for centuries". South China Morning Post. 2019-05-10. Retrieved 2019-12-14.
  12. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  13. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998
  14. ^ Peterson 2000
  15. ^ Xie & Shi (2014), p. 181.
  16. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 291, 295
  17. ^ Wakeman 1986, p. 300
  18. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
  19. ^ Chang & Owen 2010, p. 179
  20. ^ Wakeman 1986, pp. 292–294
  21. ^ Spence 1990, p. 33
  22. ^ Huang 1997, p. 205
  23. ^ Lovell 2006, p. 252
  24. ^ Peterson 2000
  25. ^ Lee & Stephanowska 1998, p. 25
  26. ^ Wakeman 2009, p. 123

Bibliography

  • Xie 谢, Yongfang 永芳; Shi 施, Qin 琴 (2014). "像传题咏与经典重构———以《秦淮八艳图咏》为中心" [Acclaim for portraits and classical reconstruction: 'Qinhuai bayan tuyong' as the centre]. Zhongguo Wenhua Yanjiu (2): 180–188.

See also

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