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The '''RS-28 Sarmat''' ({{Lang-rus|РС-28 Сармат}},<ref name="RS28">{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2015/02/02/raketa-site-anons.html |script-title=ru:Новую тяжелую ракету "Сармат" будут делать в Красноярске |trans-title=New heavy rocket "Sarmat" will be made in Krasnoyarsk |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |date=2 February 2015}}</ref> named after the [[Sarmatians]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tass.com/defense/992360|title=Key facts about Russia's advanced Sarmat ICBM system|work=TASS|access-date=2 March 2018|language=ru}}</ref> [[NATO reporting name]]: '''SS-X-29'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Russian nuclear forces, 2019 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=73–84 |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=4 March 2019 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2019.1580891 |bibcode=2019BuAtS..75b..73K |doi-access=free }}</ref> or '''SS-X-30'''<ref name="crsreports_SS-X-30">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R45861.pdf|title=Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization|website=fas.org|date=2 January 2020|access-date=10 January 2020|page=14}}</ref>), often colloquially referred to as '''Satan II''' by some media outlets, is a Russian [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-fueled]], [[Hypersonic glide vehicle|HGV]]-equipped [[Heavy ICBM|super-heavy]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM) produced by the [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]].<ref name="RS28" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-435.html|title=Перспективная тяжелая МБР РС-28 / ОКР Сармат, ракета 15А28 – SS-X-30 (проект) – MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) |trans-title=Promising heavy ICBM RS-28 / ROC Sarmat, missile 15A28 – SS-X-30 (project) – MilitaryRussia.Ru – domestic military equipment (after 1945) |website=militaryrussia.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915095810/http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-435.html |archive-date=15 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is intended to replace the [[R-36 (missile)#R-36M|R-36M]] ICBM in Russia's [[arsenal]].<ref name="redstaroboima">{{cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |script-title=ru:В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... |trans-title=In the (weapon) magazine – "Sarmat", "Kinzhal", "Avangard"... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312045910/http://redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |archive-date=12 March 2018 |date=12 March 2018 |website=redstar.ru}}</ref>
The '''RS-28 Sarmat''' ({{Lang-rus|РС-28 Сармат}},<ref name="RS28">{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2015/02/02/raketa-site-anons.html |script-title=ru:Новую тяжелую ракету "Сармат" будут делать в Красноярске |trans-title=New heavy rocket "Sarmat" will be made in Krasnoyarsk |publisher=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]] |date=2 February 2015}}</ref> named after the [[Sarmatians]];<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tass.com/defense/992360|title=Key facts about Russia's advanced Sarmat ICBM system|work=TASS|access-date=2 March 2018|language=ru}}</ref> [[NATO reporting name]]: '''SS-X-29'''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Russian nuclear forces, 2019 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=73–84 |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=4 March 2019 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2019.1580891 |bibcode=2019BuAtS..75b..73K |doi-access=free }}</ref> or '''SS-X-30'''<ref name="crsreports_SS-X-30">{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R45861.pdf|title=Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization|website=fas.org|date=2 January 2020|access-date=10 January 2020|page=14}}</ref>), often colloquially referred to as '''Satan II''' by some media outlets, is a Russian [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-fueled]], [[Hypersonic glide vehicle|HGV]]-equipped [[Heavy ICBM|super-heavy]] [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM) produced by the [[Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau]].<ref name="RS28" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-435.html|title=Перспективная тяжелая МБР РС-28 / ОКР Сармат, ракета 15А28 – SS-X-30 (проект) – MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) |trans-title=Promising heavy ICBM RS-28 / ROC Sarmat, missile 15A28 – SS-X-30 (project) – MilitaryRussia.Ru – domestic military equipment (after 1945) |website=militaryrussia.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915095810/http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/topic-435.html |archive-date=15 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is intended to replace the [[R-36 (missile)#R-36M|R-36M]] ICBM in Russia's [[arsenal]].<ref name="redstaroboima">{{cite web |url=http://www.redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |script-title=ru:В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... |trans-title=In the (weapon) magazine – "Sarmat", "Kinzhal", "Avangard"... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312045910/http://redstar.ru/index.php/component/k2/item/36438-v-obojme-sarmat-kinzhal-avangard |archive-date=12 March 2018 |date=12 March 2018 |website=redstar.ru}}</ref>


The ''Sarmat'' is one of six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 1 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/18906/heres-the-six-super-weapons-putin-unveiled-during-fiery-address|title=Here's The Six Super Weapons Putin Unveiled During Fiery Address|website=The War Zone|date=1 March 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> The RS-28 Sarmat made its first test flight on 20 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1377823 |title=First test launch of Sarmat ICBM postponed to 2022 — source |work=[[TASS]] |date=19 December 2021 |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> On 16 August 2022, a state contract was signed for the manufacture and supply of the Sarmat strategic missile system.<ref name=tass20220816/> The missile officially entered combat service in September 2023, as the world's longest range extant ICBM system.<ref name="ria"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia puts advanced Sarmat nuclear missile system on 'combat duty'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/2/russia-puts-advanced-sarmat-nuclear-missile-system-on-combat-duty|website=Aljazeera|date=September 2023}}</ref>
The ''Sarmat'' is one of six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] on 1 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/18906/heres-the-six-super-weapons-putin-unveiled-during-fiery-address|title=Here's The Six Super Weapons Putin Unveiled During Fiery Address|website=The War Zone|date=1 March 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> The RS-28 Sarmat made its first test flight on 20 April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tass.com/defense/1377823 |title=First test launch of Sarmat ICBM postponed to 2022 — source |work=[[TASS]] |date=19 December 2021 |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref> On 16 August 2022, a state contract was signed for the manufacture and supply of the Sarmat strategic missile system.<ref name=tass20220816/> The missile officially entered combat service in September 2023, as the world's longest range extant ICBM system.<ref name="ria"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia puts advanced Sarmat nuclear missile system on 'combat duty'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/2/russia-puts-advanced-sarmat-nuclear-missile-system-on-combat-duty|website=Aljazeera|date=September 2023}}</ref> According to reports, the Sarmat employs [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System|Fractional Orbital Bombardment]] (FOBS) technology, allowing it to fly a trajectory over the South Pole, presumably evading detection by [[NORAD]]'s north-facing early warning systems. Other reports suggest that Russia has limited the Sarmat's range to a maximum of 35,000 km, as going beyond this range would be considered a violation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST), and the missile would be classed as a [[space weapon]]. Russia could, if it wanted to, violate OST and continue the movement of warheads in full-orbital trajectory, which would make the warheads' range effectively unlimited.<ref>{{cite news|title=RS-28 "Sarmat" ICBM - why Russia needs such doomsday weapons|url=https://infobrics.org/post/35593|website=infobrics}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs in orbit? Verification and violation under the Outer Space Treaty|url=https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3454/1|website=The Space Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sarmatian ICBM & FOBS Reintroduction|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/rs-28-fobs.htm|website=GlobalSecurity}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russian first live fire test of Sarmat ICBM to be considered as routine demo|url=https://armyrecognition.com/defense_news_april_2022_global_security_army_industry/russian_first_live_fire_test_of_sarmat_icbm_to_be_considered_as_routine_demo.html|website=ArmyRecognition}}</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 23:22, 8 February 2024

RS-28 (Sarmat)
РС-28 (Сармат)
The Sarmat ICBM’s March 2018 ejection test at Plesetsk Cosmodrome
TypeSuperheavy Intercontinental ballistic missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2023
Used byStrategic Rocket Forces
Production history
DesignerMakeyev Rocket Design Bureau
ManufacturerKrasMash, Zlatoust MZ, NPO Energomash, NPO Mashinostroyeniya, KBKhA
Specifications
Mass208.1 tonnes[1]
Length35.5 m[2]
Diameter3 m[2]
WarheadThermonuclear
Blast yield~50 megatons[3]
Engine
PropellantLiquid
Operational
range
Maximum speed Mach 27 (33,100 km/h; 20,600 mph)[6]
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, GLONASS, Astro-inertial
Accuracy~10 m[7]
Launch
platform
Silo

The RS-28 Sarmat (Russian: РС-28 Сармат,[8] named after the Sarmatians;[9] NATO reporting name: SS-X-29[10] or SS-X-30[11]), often colloquially referred to as Satan II by some media outlets, is a Russian liquid-fueled, HGV-equipped super-heavy intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) produced by the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau.[8][12] It is intended to replace the R-36M ICBM in Russia's arsenal.[13]

The Sarmat is one of six new Russian strategic weapons unveiled by Russian president Vladimir Putin on 1 March 2018.[14] The RS-28 Sarmat made its first test flight on 20 April 2022.[15] On 16 August 2022, a state contract was signed for the manufacture and supply of the Sarmat strategic missile system.[16] The missile officially entered combat service in September 2023, as the world's longest range extant ICBM system.[17][18] According to reports, the Sarmat employs Fractional Orbital Bombardment (FOBS) technology, allowing it to fly a trajectory over the South Pole, presumably evading detection by NORAD's north-facing early warning systems. Other reports suggest that Russia has limited the Sarmat's range to a maximum of 35,000 km, as going beyond this range would be considered a violation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST), and the missile would be classed as a space weapon. Russia could, if it wanted to, violate OST and continue the movement of warheads in full-orbital trajectory, which would make the warheads' range effectively unlimited.[19][20][21][22]

History

In February 2014, a Russian military official announced the Sarmat was expected to be ready for deployment around 2020.[23] In May 2014 another official source suggested that the program was being accelerated, and that it would, in his opinion, constitute up to 100 percent of Russia's fixed land-based nuclear arsenal by 2021.[24][25]

In late June 2015, it was reported that the production schedule for the first prototype of the Sarmat was slipping.[26] The RS-28 Sarmat was expected to become operational in 2016.[27]

On 10 August 2016, Russia successfully tested the RS-28's first-stage engine named PDU-99.[28]

In early 2017, prototype missiles had been reportedly built and delivered to Plesetsk Cosmodrome for trials, but the test program was delayed to re-check key hardware components before initial launch.[29] According to the commander of the Russian Strategic Forces Col. Gen. Sergei Karakayev, the RS-28 Sarmat would be deployed with the 13th Red Banner Rocket Division of the 31st Missile Army at Dombarovsky Air Base, Orenburg Oblast, and with the 62nd Red Banner Rocket Division of the 33rd Guards Rocket Army at Uzhur, Krasnoyarsk Krai, replacing the previous R-36M ICBMs currently located there.[citation needed]

In late December 2017, the first successful launch test of the missile was carried out at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Arkhangelsk Oblast. According to the report, the missile flew several dozen kilometers and fell within the test range.[30][31]

On 1 March 2018, Russian president Vladimir Putin, in his annual address to the Federal Assembly, said that "the active phase of tests" of the missile had begun.[32] Shortly after, an anonymous military source was cited as saying that the 2007 information about the Sarmat missile had been leaked to the West deliberately.[33] On 30 March 2018, the Russian Defence Ministry published a video showing the Sarmat performing its second successful test-launch at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome.[34]

On 24 December 2019, during the exhibition of the modern weapon systems at the National Defense Management Center, it was reported that Sarmat is capable of a "35,000 km sub-orbital flight". The trials of the "missile complex" were expected to be completed in 2021, and, during the 2020–2027 period, "twenty missile regiments are planned to be rearmed with the RS-28".[35]

On 20 April 2022, according to the Russian Defense Ministry:

"At 15:12 Moscow time at the Plesetsk state test cosmodrome in the Arkhangelsk region, a Sarmat fixed-based intercontinental ballistic missile was successfully launched from a silo launcher."

— Russian Defense Ministry[36]

After the test, on 22 May, Roscosmos head Dmitri Rogozin warned that 50 new RS-28 Sarmat/SS-X-30 intercontinental nuclear missiles will soon be combat ready.[37]

The first contract for the production of the missiles was signed in August 2022.[16]

On 18 February 2023, a test of the RS-28 missile was conducted by the Russian Federation; the US claimed that this test was unsuccessful, but this has not been confirmed or denied by the Russian government.[38]

On 1 September 2023, Roscosmos Director General Yuri Borisov said the weapon system had been placed on official combat duty.[17][39]

Design

The RS-28 is reportedly housed in a modified 15P718M silo launching system.

The RS-28 Sarmat is capable of carrying 10 tonnes of payload,[40] of ten 750 kiloton,[41] 15 or 16 lighter MIRV warheads,[42] and up to 24 Avangard hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs)[43] or a combination of warheads and several countermeasures against anti-ballistic missile systems.[44] The Russian Ministry of Defense said that the missile is Russia's response to the U.S. Prompt Global Strike system.[24]

Sarmat has a short boost phase, which shortens the interval when it can be tracked by satellites with infrared sensors, such as the U.S. Space-Based Infrared System, making it more difficult to intercept.[45][46][47] The Sarmat is able to fly a trajectory over the South Pole, which would require Fractional Orbital Bombardment (FOBS) capability, and is claimed to be completely immune to any current or prospective missile defense systems.[46]

According to various sources, RS-28's launch sites are to be equipped with the "Mozyr"[citation needed] active protection system, designed to negate a potential adversary's first strike advantage by discharging a cloud of metal arrows or balls kinetically destroying incoming bombs, cruise missiles and ICBM warheads at altitudes of up to 6 km.[48][49][50][51][52]

See also

References

  1. ^ "RS-28 Sarmat". missilethreat.org. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Russia Upgrades Facility to Produce RS-28 Sarmat ICBM". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
  3. ^ "How deadly is Putin's nuclear 'Satan 2' missile?". LiveScience. 22 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Army 2019: Russian army discloses RS-28 Sarmat ICBM characteristics". Army Recognition. 2 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Trials of next generation Russian ICBM RS-28 Sarmat would be completed in 2021". 3 January 2020.
  6. ^ "Russia loads missile with nuclear-capable glide vehicle into launch silo". Reuters.
  7. ^ "RS-28 SarmatIntercontinental ballistic missile". MilitaryToday.
  8. ^ a b Новую тяжелую ракету "Сармат" будут делать в Красноярске [New heavy rocket "Sarmat" will be made in Krasnoyarsk]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2 February 2015.
  9. ^ "Key facts about Russia's advanced Sarmat ICBM system". TASS (in Russian). Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  10. ^ Kristensen, Hans M.; Korda, Matt (4 March 2019). "Russian nuclear forces, 2019". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 75 (2): 73–84. Bibcode:2019BuAtS..75b..73K. doi:10.1080/00963402.2019.1580891.
  11. ^ "Russia's Nuclear Weapons: Doctrine, Forces, and Modernization" (PDF). fas.org. 2 January 2020. p. 14. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  12. ^ "Перспективная тяжелая МБР РС-28 / ОКР Сармат, ракета 15А28 – SS-X-30 (проект) – MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.)" [Promising heavy ICBM RS-28 / ROC Sarmat, missile 15A28 – SS-X-30 (project) – MilitaryRussia.Ru – domestic military equipment (after 1945)]. militaryrussia.ru. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013.
  13. ^ В обойме – «Сармат», «Кинжал», «Авангард»... [In the (weapon) magazine – "Sarmat", "Kinzhal", "Avangard"...]. redstar.ru. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Here's The Six Super Weapons Putin Unveiled During Fiery Address". The War Zone. 1 March 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  15. ^ "First test launch of Sarmat ICBM postponed to 2022 — source". TASS. 19 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  16. ^ a b "Russian military brass, defense firm ink deal on advanced Sarmat ICBMs". TASS. 16 August 2022.
  17. ^ a b Missile complex "Sarmat" put on combat duty Borisov: Sarmat strategic missile system put on combat duty (Google Translate) RIANovosti.ru 09/01/2023
  18. ^ "Russia puts advanced Sarmat nuclear missile system on 'combat duty'". Aljazeera. September 2023.
  19. ^ "RS-28 "Sarmat" ICBM - why Russia needs such doomsday weapons". infobrics.
  20. ^ "Bombs in orbit? Verification and violation under the Outer Space Treaty". The Space Review.
  21. ^ "Sarmatian ICBM & FOBS Reintroduction". GlobalSecurity.
  22. ^ "Russian first live fire test of Sarmat ICBM to be considered as routine demo". ArmyRecognition.
  23. ^ Podvig, Pavel (25 February 2014). "Sarmat ICBM to be ready by 2020". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  24. ^ a b "Минобороны рассказало о тяжелой баллистической ракете – неуязвимом для ПРО ответе США" [The Ministry of Defense spoke about a heavy ballistic missile – a US response invulnerable to missile defense]. 31 May 2014.
  25. ^ "Russia Fast Tracking "Unique" Missile". The Moscow Times. 1 June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  26. ^ "Russian Program to Build World's Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed". The Moscow Times. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
  27. ^ Ракета "Сармат" взлетит в 2016 году [Rocket "Sarmat" will take off in 2016]. 16 September 2015.
  28. ^ "Испытания тяжелой стратегической ракеты "Сармат" начнутся в ближайшее время" [Tests of the heavy strategic missile "Sarmat" will begin in the near future]. interfax.ru. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  29. ^ "Russia's Deadliest Nuke Program Faces Delays". The Diplomat. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  30. ^ "В России успешно прошло первое бросковое испытание прототипа ракеты "Сармат"" [Russia has successfully passed the first launch test of the prototype of the missile "Sarmat"]. Moskovskij Komsomolets. 27 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  31. ^ Podvig, Pavel (29 December 2017). "Sarmat ejection test, at last". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Russianforces.org. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  32. ^ Russia begins tests of promising Sarmat missile complex TASS, 2 March 2018.
  33. ^ Источник сообщил об утечке по ракетам "Сармат" специально для США RIA Novosti, 3 March 2018.
  34. ^ "Russia releases 'Satan 2' missile test footage". CNN. 30 March 2018.
  35. ^ "Испытания комплекса "Сармат" планируется завершить в 2021 году – Национальный центр управления обороной РФ" [Testing of the Sarmat complex (system?) is planned to be completed in 2021 – National Defense Control Center of the Russian Federation] (in Russian). Interfax. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  36. ^ Meitav, Roman (20 April 2022). "Russia completes first launch of new nuclear-capable ICBM". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  37. ^ "Russia warns it will soon have 50 brand new 'Satan-2' nuclear missiles". New York Post. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  38. ^ "Russian test launch of "Satan II" missile failed, U.S. says, as Putin suspends role in nuclear treaty". CBS News. 22 February 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  39. ^ Srishti Singh Sisodia, WION, Sep 01, 2023, 06:05 PM IST
  40. ^ "Missile Defense Project, RS-28 Sarmat Intercontinental ballistic missile". Missile Threat. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
  41. ^ "RS-28 Intercontinental ballistic missile". Military Today.
  42. ^ Litovkin, Nikolai (2 March 2018). "Which new weapons has Putin given Russia?".
  43. ^ "Испытания новейшей российской ядерной ракеты стартуют в начале года" [Tests of the latest Russian nuclear missile will start at the beginning of the year] (in Russian). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  44. ^ "Russia plans new ICBM to replace Cold War 'Satan' missile". Reuters. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  45. ^ Majumdar, Dave (12 March 2018). "Russia's Most Lethal Nuclear Missile Ever Will "Enter Duty in the Near Future"". The National Interest.
  46. ^ a b Majumdar, Dave (1 March 2018). "Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses". The National Interest.
  47. ^ Trevithick, Joseph (26 December 2017). "Russia Fires Topol Ballistic Missile to Test New Tech to Defeat Missile Defense Systems".
  48. ^ "New Russian Sarmat and Rubezh ICBM missiles able to defeat all deployed anti-missile systems". armyrecognition.com. 25 February 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  49. ^ "Последний рубеж ПРО вооружат стрелами и шариками" [The last frontier of missile defense will be armed with arrows and balls] (in Russian). Izvestia. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  50. ^ "В ожидании "Сармата"" [Waiting for Sarmat] (in Russian). Vzglyad. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  51. ^ "Защита шахтных пусковых установок МБР от высокоточного оружия" [Protecting silo launchers of ICBMs from high-precision weapons] (in Russian). 27 April 2010. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  52. ^ "Министерство обороны возобновляет испытания комплекса активной защиты от ракет и высокоточного оружия с перспективными поражающими элементами" [The Ministry of Defense resumes testing of the complex (system?) of active protection against missiles and high-precision weapons with advanced submunitions] (in Russian). 11 December 2012. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
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