View source for John S. McCain Sr.

{{Short description|United States Navy admiral (1884–1945)}}
{{good article}}
{{use American English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1884|8|9|df=y}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1945|9|6|1884|8|9|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Carroll County, Mississippi]], U.S.
| death_place   = [[Coronado, California]], U.S.
| placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| placeofburial_label = Place of burial
| image         = Vice-Admiral John S McCain.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = Black and white photograph of an old seated man wearing a formal naval uniform
| caption       = 
| nickname      = Slew
| allegiance    = {{USA}}
| branch        = [[File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears  = 1906–1945
| rank          = [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|60px]] [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]
| commands      = {{Plain list|
* {{USS|Sirius|AK-15|6}}
* {{USS|Nitro|AE-2|6}}
* {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}}
* [[Bureau of Aeronautics]]
* [[Task Group 38.1]]
* [[Fast Carrier Task Force|Task Force 38]]
}}
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[World War I]]
** [[First Battle of the Atlantic]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Guadalcanal campaign|Guadalcanal Campaign]]
** [[Mariana and Palau Islands campaign]]
** [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|Philippines Campaign]]
** [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa campaign]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = {{ubl | [[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] | [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] | [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] }}
| children      = 3
| relations     = {{ubl| [[John S. McCain Jr.]] (son) | [[John McCain|John S. McCain III]] (grandson) | [[Meghan McCain]] (great-granddaughter) }}
| spouse        = Katherine Davey Vaulx
}}

'''John Sidney "Slew" McCain Sr.''' (9 August 1884 – 6 September 1945) was a [[United States Navy]] [[Admiral (United States)|admiral]] and the patriarch of the McCain military family. McCain held several commands during the [[Pacific War]] of [[World War II]] and was a pioneer of aircraft carrier operations. He and his son, [[John S. McCain Jr.]], were the first father-and-son pair to achieve four-star admiral rank in the U.S. Navy. 

A graduate of the [[United States Naval Academy]] at [[Annapolis, Maryland]], class of 1906, McCain's early career was on [[battleship]]s and [[cruiser]]s. During [[World War I]], he served on convoy duty in the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. From 1918 to 1935, he alternated between duty ashore with the [[Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)|Bureau of Navigation]], where he developed officer personnel policies, and at sea, where he commanded the [[cargo ship]] {{USS|Sirius|AK-15|6}} and [[ammunition ship]] {{USS|Nitro|AE-2|6}}. He attended the [[Naval War College]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], in 1928 and 1929. In 1935, he qualified as a [[naval aviator]] and commanded the [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}} from 1937 to 1939.

During World War II, McCain commanded land-based air operations in support of the [[Guadalcanal campaign]]. He served as Chief of the [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] and Deputy [[Chief of Naval Operations]] for Air. In 1944–1945, he led [[Task Force 38]] in operations off the [[Philippines campaign (1944–45)|Philippines]] and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] and air strikes against [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Formosa]] and the [[Japanese home islands]] that caused the destruction of Japanese naval and air forces in the closing period of the war. McCain died four days after attending the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|formal Japanese surrender ceremony]] on 2 September 1945.

==Early life, education, and family==
John Sidney "Slew" McCain was born in [[Carroll County, Mississippi]], on 9 August 1884, the third child and second son and namesake of [[Planter (American South)|plantation owner]] John Sidney McCain and his wife Elizabeth-Ann Young. He had an older brother, William Alexander, an older sister, Katherine Louise, and three younger siblings: Mary James, Harry Hart and Joseph Pinckney.{{sfn|McCain|Salter|1999|p=21}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=5–6}}

McCain attended the [[University of Mississippi]] for the 1901–1902 academic year, where he joined the [[Phi Delta Theta Fraternity]], and then decided to attend the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]], where his brother William Alexander was enrolled. To practice for its entrance exams, he decided to take the ones for the [[United States Naval Academy]] at [[Annapolis, Maryland]]; when he passed and earned an appointment from Senator [[Anselm J. McLaurin]], he decided to attend there instead.{{sfn|McCain|Salter|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=6–7}}

On 25 September 1902, McCain entered the Naval Academy. He acquired the nickname "Slew". Each summer, [[midshipmen]] went on a training cruise to familiarize them with shipboard life. The 1903 cruise was on the [[USS Severn (1899)|USS ''Chesapeake'']], a [[barque]] skippered by [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[William F. Halsey Sr.]], whose son [[William F. Halsey Jr.]], a midshipman two years ahead of McCain, was also aboard. McCain then went to New York for [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] celebrations on the [[battleship]] {{USS|Indiana|BB-1|6}} and returned to Annapolis on the [[sloop-of-war]] {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}}. The 1904 cruise was also on the ''Hartford'', with a return trip on the battleship {{USS|Massachusetts|BB-2|6}}, and the 1905 cruise on the [[monitor (warship)|monitor]]s {{USS|Florida|BM-9|6}} and {{USS|Terror|BM-4|2}}. McCain failed his annual physical in 1905 on account of defective hearing, but the condition was waived due to the great need for officers.{{sfn|McCain|Salter|1999|pp=22–23}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=6–8}}

McCain's academic performance was lackluster: when he graduated on 12 February 1906, he ranked 79th out of 116 in his class, and the yearbook labeled him "The skeleton in the family closet of 1906."{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=11}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=9}} His classmates included [[William L. Calhoun (admiral)|William L. Calhoun]], [[Aubrey W. Fitch]], [[Frank Jack Fletcher|Frank J. Fletcher]], [[Robert L. Ghormley]], [[Isaac C. Kidd]], [[Leigh Noyes]], [[John H. Towers]] and [[Russell Willson]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=11}}

==Early career and World War I==
Midshipmen were not immediately commissioned, but had to first serve a year or two at sea. McCain's first assignment, in April 1906, was the battleship {{USS|Ohio|BB-12|6}}, the [[flagship]] of the [[Asiatic Fleet]], based at [[Manila Bay]]. After five months he was transferred to the [[protected cruiser]] {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}}. Then, in January 1907, he became the executive officer of the [[patrol boat]] {{USS|Panay|1899|6}}, under the command of [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] [[Chester W. Nimitz]]. In July, he became the engineering officer on the [[destroyer]] {{USS|Chauncey|DD-3|6}}. He was promoted to ensign on 18 March 1908.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=9–10}} On 27 November 1908, he joined the battleship {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|6}} for the home stretch of the [[Great White Fleet]]'s world cruise from 1907 to 1909. The ''Connecticut'' sailed through the [[Suez Canal]] and participated in disaster relief efforts for the [[1908 Messina earthquake]] in Sicily before reaching [[Hampton Roads]] on 22 February 1909. He was then ordered to report to the [[armored cruiser]] {{USS|Pennsylvania|ACR-4|6}} on the West Coast.{{sfn|Reynolds|2002|p=206}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=11}}

[[File:President Theodore Roosevelt - NH 1836.jpg|thumb|left|McCain as a young ensign listens to President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] as he stands on a gun turret to address the officers and men of the {{USS|Connecticut|BB-18|6}}, upon its return as a part of the [[Great White Fleet]] in February 1909 in [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]]|alt=Black and white photograph of a ship's deck while at sea. A man in a black jacket and hat, standing on the left deck of a gun, is seen addressing multiple young man wearing naval uniforms]]
McCain married Katherine Davey Vaulx, who was eight years his senior, in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]], on 9 August 1909, in a ceremony performed by Vaulx's clergyman father, James Junius Vaulx. The couple had three children: [[John Sidney McCain Jr.]], James Gordon McCain, and Catherine Vaulx McCain.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=14}} In December 1909, McCain joined the crew of the armored cruiser {{USS|Washington|ACR-11|6}} as its engineering officer. He appeared before the examination board for promotion to the rank of [[lieutenant (junior grade)]] on 2 February 1911 and was questioned about his knowledge of seamanship, navigation, gunnery, and engineering. He was promoted on 10 March, with seniority backdated to 13 February 1911.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=11}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=14}}

Duty afloat alternated with duty ashore, so McCain's next posting was to the [[Charleston Navy Yard]], where he was in charge of the [[machinist's mate]]s school. While there, he was promoted to [[lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] on 5 August 1912, backdated to 1 July, and he temporarily commanded the [[torpedo boat]] {{USS|Stockton|TB-32|6}} during a [[naval review]] in New York from 13 to 15 October 1912.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=12}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=15–16}} In April 1914, he became the executive officer and engineering officer of the armored cruiser {{USS|Colorado|ACR-7|6}}, the flagship for the [[United States Pacific Fleet |Pacific Fleet]]. During 1914 and 1915, it patroled the Pacific coast of Mexico during the [[Mexican Revolution]]. On 11 September 1915, he joined the armored cruiser {{USS|San Diego|CA-6|6}} as its engineering officer. The ship was placed in reserve in February 1917 but was restored to active service after the [[American entry into World War I]] in April. He assumed the acting rank of [[lieutenant commander (United States)|lieutenant commander]] on 31 August. This became substantive on 16 January 1918, with seniority backdated to 22 September 1917.{{sfn|Reynolds|2002|p=206}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=15–16}}

McCain and the ''San Diego'' served on [[Convoys in World War I|convoy]] duty in the [[Atlantic Ocean]],{{sfn|Reynolds|2002|p=206}} escorting shipping through the first dangerous leg of their passages to Europe. Based out of [[Tompkinsville, New York]], and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], ''San Diego'' operated in the weather-torn, [[submarine]]-infested [[North Atlantic]]. McCain left ''San Diego'' on 26 May 1918, two months before she was sunk on 19 July by a mine laid by a [[U-boat]], for a new assignment in the [[Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)|Bureau of Navigation]] in Washington, D.C., dealing with the assignment of naval personnel, with the rank of commander.{{sfn|Reynolds|2002|p=206}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=18–21}}

==Interwar period==
===Battleships and the Bureau of Navigation===
The Bureau of Navigation handled the assignment, classification and promotion of naval personnel. McCain had to deal with both the wartime expansion of the Navy to 31,194 officers and 495,662 men in 1918, and its post-war demobilization that reduced the Navy to 10,109 officers and 108,950 enlisted personnel in 1920. The Bureau of Navigation sought to retain personnel with valuable skills in the regular service where possible. He served on a board that drafted regulations and legislation for such transfers, and published an article in the [[Proceedings (magazine)|US Naval Institute ''Proceedings'']] on the wartime "hump" of officers and the system of promotion based on seniority.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|McCain|1923|pp=19–37}} In addition to professional articles in the ''Proceedings'', during the inter-war years, McCain was a would-be author who wrote fiction that was never published, including some adventure stories under the name Casper Clubfoot. In one story, ''The Rout of the Red Mayor'', the heroes of the story were the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/us/politics/13mccain.html | title=Writing Memoir, McCain Found a Narrative for Life | last=Kirkpatrick | first=David D. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=12 October 2008 | access-date=13 October 2008 | archive-date=9 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209072024/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/us/politics/13mccain.html | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=34–36}}

[[File:80-G-318521 Captain John S. McCain, Sr.tif|thumb|McCain in the [[control tower]] at [[Naval Air Station North Island]] with [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[Frank Knox]] in September 1940|alt=Black and white photograph of two men in naval uniforms facing the camera talking to two men, one in naval uniform and one wearing a suit and hat, both standing with their backs to the camera]]
McCain joined the newly-commissioned battleship {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|6}} as its [[navigator]] while it was still fitting out at [[Newport News Shipbuilding]] in June 1921. He returned to the Bureau of Navigation in April 1923, working in the office of officer personnel, whose director was Captain [[William D. Leahy]]. McCain participated in another board, drafting legislation of an Equalization Bill that sought to provide officers in specialist staff corps with the same promotion opportunities as line officers.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=14–16}}{{sfn|McCain|1924|pp=417–423}} The bill was eventually signed into law on 10 June 1926. He also convinced the [[General Board of the United States Navy|General Board]] of the merits of raising the number of years of service for captains before mandatory retirement by a year.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=16–19}}{{sfn|McCain|1925|pp=737–745}}

On 6 October 1925, McCain was called before a board of inquiry headed by businessman [[Dwight Morrow]] into the crash of the [[airship]] {{USS|Shenandoah|ZR-1|6}}. McCain was asked whether aviators should be a separate corps. McCain supported the position of the Bureau of Navigation and [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] that aviators should remain line officers, and therefore eligible to command ships, but he acknowledged that they had to forgo flight pay during service at sea in non-aviation positions.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=16–19}} McCain returned to sea duty in April 1926 to assume command of the [[cargo ship]] {{USS|Sirius|AK-15|6}}. In August he became the executive officer of the battleship {{USS|New Mexico|BB-40|6}}, which was commanded by Leahy.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=20–24}} McCain submitted a request for flight training in January 1928, but although he passed the physical examination, he was rejected because he exceeded the Bureau of Navigation's age limits for aviator training.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=27}}

In February 1928, McCain entered the [[Naval War College]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island]]. His 47 classmates included future admirals [[H. Kent Hewitt]], [[Alan G. Kirk]] and [[Jesse B. Oldendorf]]. Students studied the works of [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], [[Julian Corbett]] and [[Herbert Richmond]], with an emphasis on major naval actions like the [[Battle of Trafalgar]], [[Battle of Tsushima]] and the [[Battle of Jutland]]. McCain wrote theses on the "Causes of the Spanish American War, and the Naval and Combined Operations in the Atlantic, Including the Transfer of the Oregon" and "Foreign Policies of the United States".{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=20–24}}<ref>{{cite thesis |last=McCain |first=J. S. |title=Causes of the Spanish American War, and the Naval and Combined Operations in the Atlantic, Including the Transfer of the Oregon |year=1929 |publisher= U.S. Naval War College |url=https://www.usnwcarchives.org/repositories/2/digital_objects/114 |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=McCain |first=J. S. |title=Foreign Policies of the United States |year=1929 |publisher= U.S. Naval War College |url=https://www.usnwcarchives.org/repositories/2/digital_objects/115 |access-date=28 May 2024}}</ref> On graduation in June 1929, he returned to the Bureau of Navigation, before assuming command of the [[ammunition ship]] {{USS|Nitro|AE-2|6}} on 9 June 1931. He was promoted to the temporary rank of captain on 25 September. This became substantive in June 1932, and with seniority backdated to 30 June 1931.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=20–24}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=32–233}} He left ''Nitro'' on 1 April 1933 and returned to the Bureau of Navigation for his third and final tour of duty there. This time he worked on legislation to provide sailors for new ships authorized under the 1934 [[Vinson-Trammell Act]].{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=20–24}}

===Naval aviation===
The Vinson-Trammell Act opened up another opportunity for flight training. Only [[naval aviator (United States)|naval aviators]] and [[Naval Aviation Observer Badge|observers]] could command [[aircraft carrier]]s, aviation shore establishments or air units, but the expansion of the fleet authorized by the act created a shortage of aviators qualified for senior command positions. Leahy was now Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, and he waived the age requirement. McCain's request also received the endorsement of the Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Rear Admiral [[Ernest J. King]], who had completed flight training in 1927. McCain passed the physical; he now required a full set of [[dentures]] but otherwise was considered fully fit and teeth were not a requirement.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=27}}

[[File:John McCain's naval aviator certificate.jpg|thumb|left|McCain's naval aviator certificate|alt=Color photograph of a framed document, on the left page is a black and white photograph and on the right page is a certificate]]
On 20 June 1935, McCain reported to [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] for flight training. Training was conducted on the old [[Consolidated NY-1]] and the new [[Stearman NS-1]] biplanes. The training consisted of 465 hours of classroom instruction in [[aerial navigation]], [[aerodynamics]], [[aerology]], [[aircraft engine]]s, [[aerial gunnery]] and communications, and 282.75 hours of flight time that included some night flying.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=28–30}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=40–43}}

On 18 April 1936, McCain was detached from flight training and went to [[Naval Air Station North Island]] in San Diego, where he reported to the aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|6}}, which was commanded by Annapolis classmate Captain Aubrey Fitch. Over the following weeks McCain was an observer of war games that simulated an attack on the [[Panama Canal]]. At the conclusion, he returned to San Diego on the aircraft carrier {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|6}}, and then resumed his aviation training at Pensacola.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=28–30}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=40–43}}

McCain took his [[first solo flight]] on 26 July and, on 24 August, at the age of 52, was awarded his [[Naval Aviator Badge|wings]] and became Naval Aviator No. 4280. He was the second-oldest aviator to earn his wings at Pensacola, after William F. Halsey Jr., who had graduated the year before. His flight training continued until 10 September, by which time he had completed 325 flights totaling nearly 289 hours.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=28–30}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=40–43}}

McCain hoped for command of an aircraft carrier, but his first aviation posting was to [[Coco Solo]] in the [[Panama Canal Zone]]. Exercises were conducted under King's watchful eye.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=43–44}} On 7 April 1937, McCain received orders to assume command of the ''Ranger''. He joined the ship in San Francisco on 1 June, and four days later hoisted his flag, relieving Captain [[Patrick N. L. Bellinger]]. Bellinger's executive officer, Commander [[Alfred E. Montgomery]], stayed on as his executive officer. The embarked [[Group (military unit)#US Navy aviation|air group]] consisted of four [[Squadron (aviation)|squadron]]s: VF-4, equipped with [[Grumman F3F]] fighters; [[VB-4]], with [[Great Lakes BG]] dive bombers; and VS-41 and VS-42, with [[Vought SBU Corsair]] scout-bombers.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=32–39}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=47–51}}

[[File:McCain Nomination.JPG|thumb|McCain's rear admiral nomination|alt=Color photograph of a document put out by the White House on 26 May 1941]]
In September, the ''Ranger'' made a goodwill tour to Peru, where McCain was awarded the [[Order of the Sun of Peru]] and the Peruvian Aviation Cross. After an overhaul at the [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard]] from 27 October 1937 to 28 January 1938, the ''Ranger'' participated in [[Fleet Problem]] XIX in April and May 1938, which simulated an attack on Hawaii, and Fleet Problem XX in the Caribbean in February 1939, again overseen by King, who flew his flag on the ''Ranger'' in the final stages of the exercise.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=32–39}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=47–51}} Based on his experience in command, McCain became an advocate of the [[armoured flight deck]], which no American carrier possessed at that time.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=42}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=52–53}}

On 1 July 1939, McCain assumed command of Naval Air Station North Island, the only one of its kind on the West Coast until [[Naval Air Station Alameda]] became operational on 1 November 1940. McCain helped Alameda become established, providing assistance in the form of personnel, equipment and expertise.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=41}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=51–52}} He became eligible for promotion to rear admiral in 1939, but was passed over. He felt that his work on legislation for the Bureau of Navigation had not received the recognition that it deserved, and took steps to correct the record. He enlisted the support of King and retired Rear Admiral [[Richard H. Leigh]]. His promotion was approved by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on 23 January 1941.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=54–57}} 

Upon his promotion, McCain assumed command of Aircraft, Scouting Force. In this role he was responsible for the land-based aircraft, and was concurrently Commander, Patrol Wings, [[United States Fleet]]. He was impressed with the capabilities of the [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]], but was aware of its limitations. While he advocated an offensive role for the aircraft, he knew that they were too vulnerable to attack shipping in daylight. He therefore prodded the [[Bureau of Ordnance]] to modify the [[Mark 13 torpedo]] so that it could be released from an altitude of {{convert|200|to|300|ft}}, thereby reducing the risk of aircraft crashing into the sea at night.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=43–46}}{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=60–64}} Even after modification, the torpedoes were plagued with reliability problems that were not resolved until 1944. By then, a series of changes had been made that allowed the torpedoes to be dropped from {{convert|800|ft}} at a speed of {{convert|260|kn}}, which greatly enhanced the chance of the torpedo bomber surviving the attack.<ref>{{cite web |title=H-008-3: Torpedo Versus Torpedo |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-008/h-008-3.html |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506055501/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-008/h-008-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==World War II==
The Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on 7 December 1941 brought the United States into [[World War II]]. Of the 54 patrol planes based there, only one was undamaged.  McCain deployed his patrol planes to warn against attacks by Japanese submarines or aircraft carriers or an invasion of Hawaii or California. His command was redesignated Patrol Wings, Pacific Fleet, on 10 April, and was transferred from the control of the [[Western Sea Frontier]] to Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]]'s Pacific Fleet.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=64–68}} 

===Guadalcanal campaign===
On 1 May 1942, McCain was appointed Commander, Aircraft, [[South Pacific Area]]. As such, he commanded land-based [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] air operations supporting the [[Guadalcanal campaign]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].{{sfn|Boatner|1996|p=106}} He hoisted his flag on the [[seaplane tender]] {{USS|Tangier|AV-8|6}} in [[Noumea]] on 20 May; it was replaced by the {{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|6}} in June. His immediate task was developing air bases to support his patrol planes and heavy bombers.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=75–79}} Aircraft carriers were available for the [[Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo|landings on Tulagi and Guadalcanal]] on 7 August, but only for the first two days. McCain's aircraft then had to provide air support until the [[Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)|airfield]] on Guadalcanal could be made operational. However, his fighters based on [[Efate]] did not have the range to reach Guadalcanal without [[drop tank]]s, which were in short supply.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=82–83}} He gave a high priority to completion of a new airfield on [[Espiritu Santo]].{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=66}} A fighter squadron arrived on 28 July and first [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress]] landed on the newly-completed airfield the next day.{{sfn|U.S. Navy Department|1947|p=228}}

[[File:80-G-70587 Rear Admiral John S. McCain, Sr., with Colonel L.G. Saunders and Major General Millard Harmon at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, August 1942.jpg|thumb|left|McCain (left) with Colonel [[LaVerne G. Saunders]] and Major General [[Millard Harmon]] at Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, in August 1942|alt=Black and white photograph of three men in khakis in a tropical area]]
In the [[Battle of Savo Island]] on 8 August, a Japanese cruiser force attacked the Allied one screening the landing, sinking one Australian and three American cruisers, while suffering only light damage in return. It was the Navy's second greatest defeat, exceeded only by Pearl Harbor. Admiral [[Arthur J. Hepburn]], a former commander in chief, United States Fleet, and the chairman of the [[General Board]], conducted an investigation into the circumstances.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=79–81}} In his report, Hepburn noted that there was a twilight zone between "culpable inefficiency on the one hand and more or less excusable error of judgment on the other".{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=81}} He ascribed the defeat to the Allied force being surprised. While not specifically blaming McCain, Hepburn attributed this to the failure of air patrols to detect the approach of the Japanese force. In his endorsement of Hepburn's report, Nimitz concurred that one of the causes of the disaster was the "failure of either carrier or land-based air to conduct effective search and lack of coordination of searches."{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=81}}

In the aftermath  of the disaster, the commander of the South Pacific Area, Vice Admiral [[Robert L. Ghormley]], ordered McCain to withdraw the seaplane tenders {{USS|Mackinac|AVP-13|6}} and {{USS|McFarland|AVD-14|2}} from [[Malaita]] and [[Ndeni]] respectively, which he regarded as now too vulnerable. This disrupted the search plan and forced McCain to deploy his PBY patrol planes from Espiritu Santo and a new base McCain established at [[Vanikoro]] in the [[Santa Cruz Islands]]. The airfield on Guadalcanal, which the [[1st Marine Division]]'s commander, Major General [[Alexander A. Vandegrift]], named Henderson Field after Major [[Lofton R. Henderson]], a marine aviator who had been killed in the [[Battle of Midway]], was considered operational on 12 August. The following day, the [[escort carrier]] {{USS|Long Island|CVE-1|6}} arrived at [[Suva]] with 18 [[F4F Wildcat]] fighters and 12 [[SBD Dauntless]] dive bombers. The ship's captain asserted that the marine fighter pilots were not sufficiently trained to take off from the carrier, so McCain swapped eight of them with more experienced aviators from Efate. They arrived on Guadalcanal on 20 August, and became the nucleus of what became the [[Cactus Air Force]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=83–85}}

McCain seized every opportunity to reinforce the Cactus Air Force. He sent Army [[Bell P-39 Airacobra|Bell P-400 Airacobra]] fighters, and retained 11 SBDs from the aircraft carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|6}} that landed on Henderson Field after the ''Enterprise'' was damaged in the [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=92–94}} But aircraft were lost at alarming rates.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=96–97}} Nimitz was not satisfied with McCain's performance and resolved to relieve him of his command.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=97–98}} Meanwhile, in Washington, DC, Admiral Ernest J. King, who was now the Commander in Chief US Fleet, had clashed with the chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Rear Admiral [[John H. Towers]], over King's plans to reorganise the Navy Department, which involved asserting more control over the bureaus. King and Nimitz met in San Francisco on 6 and 7 September 1942, and agreed on new command arrangements: Towers would be promoted to vice admiral and sent to Nimitz as [[Commander, Naval Air Forces|Commander Naval Air Force, Pacific Fleet]]; the incumbent, Rear Admiral [[Aubrey W. Fitch]], would replace McCain as Commander, Aircraft, South Pacific Area; and McCain would succeed Towers as chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics.{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|pp=40–44}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=97–99}} McCain was awarded the [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] for his part in "the occupation of the Guadalcanal-Tulagi area by our forces and the destruction and serious damaging of numerous aircraft and vessels of the enemy".{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=43–44}}

===Bureau of Aeronautics===
[[File:John S. McCain chairs a conference on aviation training in Washington, DC, 16– 17 June 1943.jpg|thumb|McCain chairs a conference on aviation training in Washington, DC, from 16 to 17 June 1943|alt=Black and white photograph. A man in dark khakis is at the head of the table, with three men seated to his left side and four to his right]]
Fitch relieved McCain on 21 September.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=96}} [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] opined that "it was a promotion for Admiral Towers but a demotion for the Navy's air arm{{nbsp}}... New BuAer Chief Rear Admiral John Sidney McCain, 58, is a good officer. But like many other so-called air admirals, he got an airman's rating late, is not an airman by profession, but a battleship admiral with pay-and-a-half and a flying suit."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Army & Navy – NAVY: Battle Lost |date=28 September 1942 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://time.com/archive/6771257/army-navy-navy-battle-lost/ |access-date=12 June 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615031502/https://time.com/archive/6771257/army-navy-navy-battle-lost/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His son Gordon wrote a rebuttal letter to ''Time'', pointing out that while McCain "has had no armchair or laboratory contact with 'air developments' he has had considerable peacetime and some combat flying experience."<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Letters |date=12 October 1942 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,851466-3,00.html |access-date=13 June 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614011746/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,851466-3,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a letter to Nimitz, the [[Secretary of the Navy]], [[Frank Knox]], also defended the appointment. "Towers," he wrote, "while able, is not a good administrator or coordinator. I think McCain is both."{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=106}}

McCain inherited from Towers an organization still in the throes of a massive wartime expansion. There were 1,098 officers on duty in the Bureau of Aeronautics in December 1942, up from 58 three years before. His first priority was to meet the needs for aircraft in the South Pacific, where they were being shot down and written off faster than they could be delivered. The Navy had 2,172 aircraft in June 1940; by the end of 1942 it had 7,058. The [[War Production Board]] had set a target of 107,000 aircraft to be delivered in 1943, of which the Navy was to receive 24,116. The Bureau of Aeronautics estimated that only 17,000 would be delivered, but that was still twice as many as had been delivered in 1942.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=108–110}} 

[[File:John S. McCain and his wife Kate at the launch of the carrier Bonne Homme Richard.jpg|thumb|left|upright|McCain at the launch of the new {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|0}} {{USS|Bon Homme Richard|CV-31|6}} at the [[New York Navy Yard]] on 29 April 1944, with his wife Kate, who was the [[ship sponsor]] at the launch ceremonies.|alt=Black and white photograph of a man and woman in front of a fireplace]]
On 13 December 1942, Knox issued a directive that authorized the technical bureaus "to negotiate, prepare, and execute their own contracts."{{sfn|Furer|1959|p=371}} Henceforth, the Bureau of Aeronautics procured major aeronautical items like air frames and engines.{{sfn|Furer|1959|p=371}} To administer procurement, McCain created Contracts, Contracts Administration, and Records and Distribution sections within the Procurement Branch of Bureau of Aeronautics's Material Division.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=110}} Training the required personnel was another challenge. On 8 April 1943, the Bureau of Aeronautics estimated that 35,495 pilots would be needed in 1943 but only 30,500 would be available.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=111}}

An important aspect of the Bureau of Aeronautics's work was the development of requirements for new aircraft in response to lessons learned in combat.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=111}} Like many personnel who had served on Guadalcanal, McCain's sleep had been interrupted by [[Washing Machine Charlie]], Japanese aircraft that had conducted nocturnal operations over the island. In June 1943, Marine aviators returning to the UK reported that the British believed that a twin-engine [[night fighter]] was required. The result was the development of the [[Grumman F7F Tigercat]]. As an interim measure, the Bureau of Aeronautics fitted [[Vought F4U Corsair]] and [[Grumman F6F Hellcat]] fighters as night fighters. McCain also believed that these fighters could serve as bombers and had them modified to carry bombs and rockets. He also took steps to develop jet aircraft, starting with the [[Ryan FR Fireball]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=109–111}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=115}} 

In May 1943, King made another attempt to reorganize the Navy Department to bring more of it under his own control. He proposed to do so by creating four Deputy Chiefs of Naval Operations. This did not meet with approval from Roosevelt, but the creation of a Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air was authorized. McCain was chosen for the position, with the rank of vice admiral from 28 July. The  Bureau of Aeronautics's Planning, Personnel, Training, and Flight Divisions were transferred to the new office. Rear Admiral [[DeWitt Clinton Ramsey]] succeeded McCain as Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics.{{sfn|Reynolds|2013|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=130–133}}

===Marianas and Philippines===
[[File:80-G-308561 Vice Admiral John S. McCain, Sr., and Commander John S. Thach.jpg|thumb|McCain and Task Force 38 Operations Officer Commander [[John S. Thach]] work on operations plans in the flag plot spaces on board {{USS|Hancock|CV-19|6}}|alt=Black and white photograph of two men in naval uniforms examining some documents placed on a table]]
By March 1944, McCain was aware that he was in line to command an aircraft carrier task force. He approached Commander [[John S. Thach]] and asked him to become his operations officer. Thach accepted, and McCain arranged for both to be attached to the [[Fifth Fleet]] on temporary duty. From 26 May to 21 June, McCain was on board the cruiser {{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}}, the flagship of the fleet commander, Admiral [[Raymond A. Spruance]],  whence he was able to observe the [[invasion of Saipan]] and the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]. At this stage of the war, the fleet was divided into [[Task force#United States Navy|task forces]], which in turn were divided into two to five task groups. Each aircraft carrier task group consisted of four or five aircraft carriers, along with their destroyer, cruiser and battleship escorts.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=121–126}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=145–151}}

Next, McCain transferred to the aircraft carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-16|6}}, where he understudied Vice Admiral [[Marc Mitscher]], the commander of the First Fast Carrier Task Force Pacific, also known as [[Task Force 58]], while Thach worked with Mitscher's operations officer, Captain [[Arleigh Burke]]. Finally, from 24 to 26 June, McCain was an observer with Rear Admiral [[John W. Reeves Jr.]]'s Task Group 58.3. After Task Force 58 returned to [[Eniwetok]], McCain flew to the United States on 3 July and was back in Washington, DC, three days later. He handed over the position of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air to Fitch on 1 August.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=121–126}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=145–151}} 

Instead of McCain taking charge of the First Fast Carrier Task Force Pacific as he expected, Mitscher stayed on, and McCain was nominally given command of the Second Fast Carrier Task Force Pacific.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=130–137}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=153–157}} Under a new organization implemented by Nimitz, there would be two fleets. They would consist of the same ships, but there would be two fleet commanders, Halsey and Spruance. When Halsey was in charge, the fleet would be called the [[Third Fleet]]; when Spruance was in charge, it would be called the Fifth Fleet. While one commanded at sea, the other would plan the next operation.{{sfn|Morison|1958|pp=12–13}}

[[File:John McCain, Sr. & William Halsey on USS New Jersey 04-0431M.JPG|thumb|left|McCain (left) and Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]], Commander of the [[Third Fleet]], confer on board Halsey's flagship, the battleship {{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|6}}, en route to the Philippines in December 1944.|alt=Black and white photograph of two men seated in an office. Both are wearing khakis]]
McCain would have liked to have taken Mitscher's experienced staff, but under this dual-command arrangement he was compelled to select a new one. For his chief of staff, he chose Rear Admiral [[Wilder D. Baker]]. As a learning exercise, McCain took over Task Group 58.1 from Rear Admiral [[Joseph J. Clark]]. This was awkward, as McCain was senior to Mitscher. Task Group 58.1 comprised the aircraft carriers {{USS|Wasp|CV-18|6}} and {{USS|Hornet|CV-12|2}}, the light carriers {{USS|Cowpens|CVL-25|6}} and {{USS|Belleau Wood|CVL-24|2}}, the cruisers {{USS|Boston|CA-69|6}} {{USS|Canberra|CA-70|2}} and {{USS|Wichita|CA-45|2}}, and eleven destroyers. McCain hoisted his flag on the ''Wasp'' on 18 August. Clark remained on board to advise McCain until the end of September. When Admiral [[William F. Halsey Jr.]] assumed command of the fleet from Spruance on 26 August, the fleet became the Third Fleet and Task Group 58.1 became Task Group 38.1.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=130–137}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=153–157}}

Task Group 38.1 sortied from Eniwetok on 29 August 1944. McCain conducted a series of air strikes on targets in the [[Caroline Islands]] and Philippines in support of the landings on [[Battle of Peleliu|Peleliu]] and [[Battle of Morotai|Morotai]]. In his report on the operations, McCain recommended that the number of fighters aboard his {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|2}}s be increased, as in the future they would be often operating in range of large numbers of land-based aircraft. King authorized an increase in their fighter strength from 36 to 54, with a corresponding reduction in the number of [[Curtiss SB2C Helldiver]] dive bombers being carried.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=137–140}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=157–162}} 

After [[:wikt:revictual|revictualing]] at [[Manus Island]], Task Group 38.1 sortied again on 2 October, this time in support of the [[Battle of Leyte|landing on Leyte]]. McCain conducted a series of strikes against airfields on Formosa, which precipitated the [[Formosa Air Battle]]. On the night of 12 October, Task Group 38.1 was attacked by fourteen Japanese aircraft, all of which were shot down by anti-aircraft guns and night fighters. At 18:23 on the following evening, there was another attack by ten torpedo bombers that were not picked up on radar. ''Canberra'' was torpedoed and ''Wasp'' suffered minor damage when one of the bombers crashed off the starboard bow. McCain had ''Wichita'' take ''Canberra'' in tow, and had his carriers provide protective air cover. The Japanese attacked again at dusk the next evening, and torpedoed the {{USS|Houston|CL-81|6}}, which had been sent to augment McCain's screen. On 15 October, Task Group 38.1 came under relentless attack by an estimated 80 aircraft, of which 52 were claimed to have been shot down. Two American fighters were lost, but the cruisers were saved.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=143–146}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=167–170}}

McCain was awarded the [[Navy Cross]]. His citation read:{{quote|The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to John Sidney McCain, Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commander, Task Group 38.1, after the torpedoing of the USS ''Canberra'' and USS ''Houston'' by Japanese aerial forces, ninety miles off the Island of Formosa, during the period 13 to 15 October 1944. Vice Admiral McCain interposed his task group to cover the withdrawal of the USS ''Canberra'' and USS ''Houston'' and by his skillful and courageous handling of his forces broke up repeated heavy enemy air attacks. His actions contributed in great measure to the ultimate successful salvaging of the two damaged cruisers. Vice Admiral McCain's inspiring leadership and the valiant devotion to duty of his command contributed in large measure to the outstanding success of these vital missions and reflect great credit upon the United States Naval Service.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=146–147}} }}

===Battle of Leyte Gulf===
[[File:Halsey Mccain-adjusted.jpg|thumb|upright|McCain (right) with Halsey on the battleship {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} on 2 September 1945, shortly after the ceremony in which Japan surrendered, ending World War II.|alt=Black and white photograph of two men in khakis standing near a ship's railings, with many men a little behind them on the deck]]
After replacing the damaged ships, Task Group 38.1 consisted of the carriers USS ''Wasp'', ''Hornet'' and ''Monterey''; cruisers {{USS|Chester|CA-27|6}}, {{USS|Pensacola|CA-24|2}}, {{USS|Salt Lake City|CA-25|2}}, {{USS|Oakland|CL-95|2}} and {{USS|San Diego|CL-53|2}}; and twelve destroyers. On 22 October they were augmented by the return of ''Cowpens'' and the addition of the {{USS|Hancock|CV-19|6}} and its escorts. That night, Halsey directed McCain to replenish at [[Ulithi]], so Task Group 38.1 headed east.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=146–149}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=170–173}} At 08:46 on 24 October, with indications of an impending naval battle, Halsey ordered McCain to reverse course, [[underway replenishment|refuel at sea]], and conduct air searches. McCain reached the rendezvous point and refueling commenced at 07:24 on 25 October. Monitoring the radio circuits, McCain realised that Vice Admiral [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]]s' escort carriers were [[Battle off Samar|under attack off Samar]] and, on his own initiative, ordered Task Group 38.1 to complete refueling and head towards Samar at {{convert|25|kn}}.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=150–153}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=175–173}}

McCain recovered his [[combat air patrol]] and increased speed to {{convert|30|kn}}. Although the airfield at [[Tacloban]] on Leyte reported that it was usable in an emergency, McCain ordered his [[Grumman TBF Avenger]] torpedo planes loaded with bombs instead of torpedoes to extend their range. To save time, since the wind was from the east, he adopted the unusual maneuver of having the carriers increase speed to {{convert|33|kn}}, turn into the wind to launch aircraft, then turn about and catch up with the escorts. His first strike, consisting of 48 Hellcats, 33 Helldivers and 19 Avengers departed at 11:02, followed by a second of 35 Hellcats, 20 Helldivers and 21 Avengers. Six aircraft were lost; several had to land at Tacloban or on the escort carriers. A single bomb hit was made on the {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tone|1937|6}}. While King, Nimitz and subsequent historians had considerable criticisms of Halsey's handling of the Third Fleet in the battle, McCain was commended for his handling of Task Group 38.1, especially for actions taken on his own initiative.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=150–153}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=175–184}}

===Task Force 38 commander===
On 30 October 1944, McCain assumed command of Task Force 38.{{sfn|Boatner|1996|p=351}} McCain conducted air strikes against targets in the central Philippines and [[Luzon]] while covering the [[Battle of Leyte]]. Being tied to a single location made the Third Fleet vulnerable, and between October and December, three aircraft carriers were sufficiently badly damaged by [[kamikaze]] attacks to have to return to shipyards for repairs. McCain instituted new tactics to deal with them.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=159–165}} McCain continued to press for more fighters on his carriers, recommending on 20 November that the Helldivers be replaced with fighters. On 23 December, King announced that for the next cycle of operations, the ''Essex''-class carriers would have 72 fighters, 15 dive bombers and 15 torpedo planes.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=198}}

[[File:Vice Admiral McCain and AsstSecNav Sullivan aboard USS Shangri-La (CV-38).jpg|thumb|left|With [[Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)]] [[John L. Sullivan (United States Navy)|John L. Sullivan]] aboard the aircraft carrier {{USS|Shangri-La|CV-38|6}} in July 1945|alt=Black and white photograph of four men in khakis on a ship at sea]]
While conducting operations off the Philippines on 17 December, McCain participated in Halsey's decision to keep the combined naval task force on station rather than avoid a major storm, [[Typhoon Cobra]] (later known also as "Halsey's Typhoon"), which was approaching the area. The storm sank three destroyers and inflicted heavy damage on many other ships. Some 800&nbsp;men were lost, in addition to 186&nbsp;aircraft. A Navy court of inquiry found that Halsey committed "errors of judgment" in sailing into the typhoon, but did not recommend sanction.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=171–173}}

On 8 and 9 January, McCain conducted air strikes against targets in Formosa and the [[Ryukyus]]. Task Force 38 then sailed through the [[Luzon Strait]] and [[South China Sea raid|raided the South China Sea]]. {{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=175–179}} A series of air strikes against targets in [[French Indochina]] saw Task Force 38 sink 15 warships and 29 merchant ships, twelve of which were [[oil tanker]]s.{{sfn|Morison|1959|p=169}} Spruance relieved Halsey and McCain was relieved by Mitscher on 26 January 1945, and Task Force 38 became Task Force 58 once more.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=180}}

Between 30 October 1944 and 26 January 1945, Task Force 38 had destroyed or damaged 101 Japanese warships and 298 merchant ships; its aircraft had shot down 357 Japanese aircraft over targets and 107 in the air over the task force; its anti-aircraft guns had accounted for 21 more, and 1,172 were destroyed on the ground. On the other side of the ledger, Task Force 38 had lost 203 aircraft, 155 pilots and 96 aircrew during operations, and 180 aircraft, 43 pilots and 9 aircrew in accidents.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=180}} McCain was awarded a [[5/16 inch star|Gold Star]] to his Distinguished Service Medal on 23 March 1945, for his "brilliant tactical control" of the fast carrier forces during operations in the Philippines and South China Sea from September 1944 to January 1945.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=182}}{{sfn|Trimble|2019|p=242}}
[[File:80-G-331688 Surrender of Japan, 1945.jpg|thumb|Senior U.S. and British Navy officers toast the end of World War II aboard the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} on 22 August 1945. Those present are (left to right): Rear Admiral [[Robert B. Carney]], Captain [[Peter Reid (Royal Navy officer)|Peter Reid]], Vice Admiral Sir [[Bernard Rawlings (Royal Navy officer)|Bernard Rawlings]], Admiral [[William F. Halsey]], McCain, and Rear Admiral [[Wilder D. Baker]] |alt=Black and white photograph of six men in khakis standing around a table raising their glasses]]
After a period of leave in the United States, McCain reported back to Pearl Harbor on 1 April 1945. On 17 May, he hoisted his flag on the aircraft carrier {{USS|Shangri-La|CV-38|6}} at Ulithi. He relieved Mitscher on 28 May, and resumed command of Task Force 38.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|p=183}} On 4 June, Task Force 38 ran into a [[Typhoon Connie|typhoon]] again after Halsey and McCain ignored advice from their task group commanders. No ships sank, but six men died and 36 ships were damaged, including the cruiser {{USS|Pittsburgh|CA-72|6}}, which lost its bow. The court of inquiry recommended that consideration be given to relieving Halsey and McCain  of their commands.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=186–189}}{{sfn|Drury|Clavin|2006|p=284}}{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=308}}

The new Secretary of the Navy [[James Forrestal]] was in favor of retiring Halsey. King agreed, but felt that since Halsey was a popular hero, his relief would make the Navy look bad. McCain was more vulnerable, and Nimitz decided to replace him.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=186–189}}{{sfn|Drury|Clavin|2006|p=284}}{{sfn|Morison|1960|p=308}} On 15 July, McCain was informed that he would be handing over command of Task Force 38 to Towers on 1 September 1945 and become the deputy head of the [[Veterans Administration]] under General [[Omar Bradley]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=191–192}}

McCain remained in command of Task Force 38 through July, as Task Force 38 conducted raids on the home islands of Japan. McCain had doubts about the wisdom of conducting [[attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)|attacks on warships and shipping]] in [[Kure]] and the [[Seto Inland Sea]], believing that attacks on airfields and aircraft factories were a better use of his resources, but he complied with Nimitz's orders.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=192–193}}

==Death==

[[File:McCainFatherandGrandfather.jpg|thumb|left|With son [[John S. McCain Jr.]] in [[Tokyo Bay]], 2 September 1945. McCain died four days later.|alt=Black and white photograph of two men, one young and one old, both in khakis standing near a railing on some kind of elevated structure]]
By war's end in August 1945, the stress of combat operations, lifelong anxiety, and probable heart disease had taken its toll.{{sfn|Trimble|2019|pp=216–217}} McCain requested home leave to recuperate, but Halsey insisted that he be present at the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Japanese surrender ceremony]] in [[Tokyo Bay]] on 2 September.{{sfn|Drury|Clavin|2006|p=284}}

Departing immediately after the ceremony, McCain arrived home in [[Coronado, California]], on 5 September. In the middle of a welcome-home party the following afternoon, he told his wife that he did not feel well. At 17:10, he died of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. He was 61 years old.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=219–221}}{{sfn|Drury|Clavin|2006|p=284}}<ref name="ppgobtap">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vWMwAAAAIBAJ&pg=6009%2C1522099 |newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |agency=Associated Press |title=McCain dies suddenly at his home |date=7 September 1945 |page=1}}</ref> His death was front-page news across the United States.<ref name=ppgobtap/><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times|St. Petersburg Times]] |title=Adm Mccain, Famed Head Of Task Force 38, Dies. |date=7 September 1945 |page=1 |agency=Associated Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U19PAAAAIBAJ&dq=Adm+Mccain,+Famed+Head+Of+Task+Force+38,+Dies&pg=PA1&article_id=2720,5355263 |access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> He was buried at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZtY2NhaW4SBGpvaG4-/ | access-date = 4 March 2023 | website = ANC Explorer | title = Burial detail: McCain, John S | archive-date = 16 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201016165543/https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/CgZtY2NhaW4SBGpvaG4-/ | url-status = live }}</ref> His honorary pall bearers were General [[Alexander Vandegrift]], Vice Admirals Russell Willson, Leigh Noyes and [[Ferdinand Reichmuth]], and Rear Admirals George S. Bryan and [[Matthias Gardner]].{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=223–224}}

Short in stature and of rather thin frame, McCain was gruff and profane; he liked to drink and gamble. He showed courage and was regarded as a natural, inspirational leader. In the words of one biographical profile, McCain "preferred contentious conflict to cozy compromise."<ref name="wapo083108"/>{{-}}

==Posthumous honors==
In 1949, McCain was posthumously promoted to admiral by a resolution of [[81st United States Congress|Congress]]. This followed a recommendation of [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[Francis P. Matthews]], who said that McCain's combat commendations would have earned him the promotion had he not died so soon after the war.<ref name="nyt082849">{{Cite news | url=https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F30C10F7385D13728DDDA10A94D0405B8988F1D3 | title=M'Cain Promotion Passed |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | date=28 August 1949}}</ref> The date of rank was 6 September 1945, the day he died.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=223–224}} When his son later achieved this rank, they became the first father-and-son pair to do so.<ref name="Stars and Stripes">{{cite news |first=Caitlin |last=Doornbos |date=12 July 2018 |title=McCain joins father and grandfather on ship's list of namesakes  |newspaper=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=https://www.stripes.com/theaters/asia_pacific/mccain-joins-father-and-grandfather-on-ship-s-list-of-namesakes-1.537209 |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

[[File:80-G-325717 Vice Admiral John S. McCain's lucky cap.jpg|thumb|McCain's lucky cap was donated to the [[San Diego Air & Space Museum]] but was destroyed in a fire in 1978.|alt=Black and white photograph of a cap placed on a table]]
There were other posthumous honors. In December 1945, [[King George VI]] made McCain an honorary [[knight commander of the Order of the British Empire]]. An [[investiture]] ceremony was held on board the cruiser {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|6}} (anchored in [[Long Beach harbor]]) in July 1948.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=226–227}} In April 1946, McCain was awarded a second gold star to his Distinguished Service Medal for his service in command of Task Force 38 from 28 May to 1 September 1945. His citation read: {{quote|Combining brilliant tactics with effective measures to counter the enemy's fanatical aerial onslaughts, he hurled the might of his aircraft against the remnants of the much-vaunted Japanese Navy to destroy or cripple the every remaining major hostile ship by 28 July. An inspiring and fearless leader, Vice Admiral McCain maintained a high standard of fighting efficiency in his gallant force while pressing home devastating attacks which shattered the enemy's last vital defensive hope and rendered him unable to protect his shipping even in waters off the mainland of Japan.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=226–227}} }}

McCain Field, the operations center at [[Naval Air Station Meridian]], [[Mississippi]], was named in his honor.<ref name="wapo083108">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083001786_pf.html | title=A Turbulent Youth Under a Strong Father's Shadow | author=Leahy, Michael | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=31 August 2008 | access-date=8 November 2008 | author-link=Michael Leahy (author) | archive-date=12 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212074633/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/30/AR2008083001786_pf.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The observatory building at the University of Mississippi was renamed McCain Hall on 7 October 1947. It housed the university's [[Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps]] (ROTC) unit until 1989. It has since been renamed [[Barnard Observatory]], but the new Naval ROTC spaces, in another building, were named the McCain Quarterdeck in April 2003.{{sfn|Gilbert|2006|pp=227–228}}

The guided-missile destroyer {{USS|John S. McCain|DL-3}} (in service from 1953 to 1978) was named after him,<ref>{{cite web |title=John S. McCain I (DL-3) |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/j/john-s-mccain-dl-3.html |access-date=10 June 2024 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610031811/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/j/john-s-mccain-dl-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Three Sailors, Three Legacies">{{cite web |title= Naval Surface Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet > Ships > USS John S. McCain (DDG 56) > About  |publisher=United States Navy |url=https://www.surfpac.navy.mil/Ships/USS-John-S-McCain-DDG-56/About/ |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> and the destroyer {{USS|John S. McCain|DDG-56}} (commissioned in 1994 and still in service {{as of|2024|lc=y}}) was named for him, his son, Admiral John S. McCain Jr., and, as of a rededication ceremony 11 July 2018, his grandson [[John McCain|John S. McCain III]].<ref name="Stars and Stripes" /><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=What You Need to Know About the U.S.S. John S. McCain |first=Alan |last=Blinder |date=30 May 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/us/uss-mccain-navy-ship.html |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ken |last=Moritsugu |date=12 July 2018 |title=US Navy dedicates Japan-based destroyer to US Sen. McCain  |publisher= [[AP News]] |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-44fbed024e1041d99addc51f606663ef |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

==Dates of rank==
* [[United States Naval Academy]]  [[midshipman]] – 25 September 1902
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
![[Ensign (rank)#United States|Ensign]]
![[Lieutenant, Junior Grade|Lieutenant (junior grade)]]
![[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]]
![[Lieutenant Commander (United States)|Lieutenant Commander]]
![[Commander (United States)|Commander]]
![[Captain (U.S. Navy)|Captain]]
|-
!O-1
!O-2
!O-3
!O-4
!O-5
!O-6
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O1 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O2 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O3 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O4 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O5 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O6 insignia.svg|60px]]
|-
!18 March 1908
!13 February 1911
!1 July 1912
!22 September 1917
!28 May 1918
!30 June 1931
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
![[Rear Admiral (United States)#Rear admiral|Rear Admiral]]
![[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]]
![[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]]
|-
!O-8
!O-9
!O-10
|-
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O8 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O9 insignia.svg|60px]]
|  style="text-align:center; width:16%;"|[[File:US Navy O10 insignia.svg|60px]]
|-
!23 January 1941
!28 July 1943
!6 September 1945
|}

<!--

==Awards==

<div class="center">
{|  style="margin-top:2em;"
|-
|colspan="3"|[[File:Naval Aviator Badge.jpg|200px]]
|-
|colspan="3"|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy Cross ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=award-star|name=Navy Distinguished Service ribbon|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Mexican Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=World War I Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=4|type=service-star|other_device=bss|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Army of Occupation ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Commander BAR.png|width=106}}
|-
|{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=PER Order of Aeronautical Merit Grand Cross.png|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=0|type=service-star|ribbon=CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Commander BAR.png|width=106}}{{ribbon devices|number=2|type=service-star|ribbon=Phliber rib.svg|width=106}}
|}
{|  class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
|-
|colspan="14" align="center"|[[Naval Aviator|Naval Aviator badge]]
|-
!1st<br /> Row
|colspan="5" align="center"|[[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]]
|colspan="6" align="center"|[[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]<br>with two [[5/16 inch star|{{frac|5|16}}" Gold Star]]s
|-
!2nd<br /> Row
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Mexican Service Medal]]
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[World War I Victory Medal (United States)|World War I Victory Medal]]<br>with "ESCORT" [[medal bar|clasp]]
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[American Defense Service Medal]]<br>with "FLEET" clasp
|-
!3rd<br /> Row
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[American Campaign Medal]]
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]]<br />with five [[Service star|3/16 inch service star]]s
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[World War II Victory Medal (United States)|World War II Victory Medal]]
|-
!4th<br /> Row
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Navy Occupation Service Medal]]<br>with "ASIA" clasp
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander, Order of the British Empire<br>(Military Division)]]
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Order of the Sun of Peru|Commander of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
|-
!5th<br /> Row
|colspan="3" align="center"|Peruvian Aviation Cross, 1st Class
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Order of Merit (Chile)|Commander of the Order of Merit]] (Chile)
|colspan="3" align="center"|[[Philippine Liberation Medal]]<br>with two stars
|}
</div>

-->

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Boatner |first=Mark M. |author-link=Mark M. Boatner III |year=1996 |title=The Biographical Dictionary of World War II |publisher=Presidio Press |location=Novato, California |isbn=0-89141-548-3 |oclc=60230621 |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000boat }}
* {{cite book |last1=Drury |first1=Robert |last2=Clavin |first2=Tom |title=Halsey's Typhoon: The True Story of a Fighting Admiral, an Epic Storm, and an Untold Rescue |year=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=0-87113-948-0 |oclc=71288798 |url=https://archive.org/details/halseystyphoontr00bobd }}
* {{cite book |last=Furer |first=Julius Augustus |author-link=Julius A. Furer |title=Administration of the Navy Department in World War II |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1959 |location=Washington, DC |pages=217–222 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Admin-Hist/USN-Admin |access-date=14 June 2024 }}
* {{cite book |last=Gilbert |first=Alton |year=2006 |title=A Leader Born: The Life of Admiral John Sidney McCain, Pacific Carrier Commander |publisher=Casemate |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |isbn=1-932033-50-5 |oclc=71012417 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=McCain |first=John S. |title=A Personnel Survey |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings]] |issn=0041-798X |volume=49 |date=January 1923 |pages=19–37 |url=https://usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1923/august/discussion |access-date=29 May 2024 }}
* {{cite magazine |last=McCain |first=John S. |title=The Staff Equalization Bill |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings]] |issn=0041-798X |volume=50 |date=March 1924 |pages=417–423 |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1924/march/staff-equalization-bill |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528205013/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1924/march/staff-equalization-bill |url-status=live }}
* {{cite magazine |last=McCain |first=John S. |title=Service since Graduation vs. Age in Grade Retirement |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings]] |issn=0041-798X |volume=51 |date=May 1925 |pages=737–745 |url=https://usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1925/june/length-service-retirement-vs-age-grade-retirement |access-date=29 May 2024 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=McCain |first1=John S. III |author-link1=John McCain |last2=Salter |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Salter |title=[[Faith of My Fathers]] |publisher=Random House |year=1999 |location=New York |isbn=0-375-50191-6 |oclc=40776751 }}
* {{cite book |last=Morison |first=Samuel E. |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |year=1958 |title=Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XII |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |oclc=1035611842 }}
* {{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |title=The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944–1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XIII |year=1959 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |oclc=7649371  }}
* {{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison |title=Victory in the Pacific 1945 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=XIV |year=1960 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |oclc=7649498}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Clark G. |author-link=Clark G. Reynolds |title=Famous American Admirals |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2002 |isbn=1-55750-006-1 |oclc=47996093 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Clark G. |author-link=Clark G. Reynolds |title=The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy  |publisher=U.S. Naval Institute |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59114-722-0 |oclc=854618212 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Trimble |first=William F. |title=Admiral John S. McCain and the Triumph of Naval Air Power |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-68247-370-2 |oclc=1047650916 }}
* {{cite book |last=U.S. Navy Department |title=Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, Volume II |series=History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps 1940–1946 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |year=1947 |oclc=1023942 }}
{{refend}}
{{Portal bar|Biography}}
{{John McCain|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCain, John S. Sr.}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:McCain family]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mississippi]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Carroll County, Mississippi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:United States Naval Academy alumni]]
[[Category:United States Navy admirals]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:United States Navy World War II admirals]]
[[Category:University of Mississippi alumni]]
[[Category:United States Naval Aviators]]
[[Category:Phi Delta Theta members]]