Kuding (Chinese: 苦丁茶; pinyin: kǔdīng chá; lit. 'bitter nail tea'; pronounced [kʰù.tíŋ ʈʂʰǎ]) is a particularly bitter-tasting Chinese infusion, which due to their similarities in appearance is derived from several plant species.[1] The two most common plants used to make kuding are the wax tree species Ligustrum robustum and the holly species Ilex kaushue (synonym: Ilex kudingcha), the former being more commonly grown in Sichuan and Japan while the latter is most commonly grown and used in the rest of China.[2] Tea produced from Ligustrum or many species of Ilex is caffeine-free, although not Ilex paraguariensis, the source of mate drank in South America.[3][4][5]
Folk medicine
editThe traditional Chinese medicinal properties associated with kuding (and many other plants) include its ability to disperse fever, clear the head and the eyes, and resolve toxin, thus being used for common cold, rhinitis, itching eyes, red eyes, and headache. It is also said to calm fidgets and alleviate thirst, especially when one is suffering from a disease that causes fever or severe diarrhea. It transforms phlegm and alleviates coughing, thus used in treating bronchitis. Finally, it is said to invigorate digestion and improve mental focus and memory.
Some research may suggest that the herb, derived from either Ilex or Ligustrum, promotes blood circulation, lowers blood pressure, and lowers blood lipids, including cholesterol. It has the reputation of preventing deterioration of the heart and brain function and maintaining proper body weight. It has also been found that Kuding made from L. robustum has similar anti-oxidative effects to tea in addition to additional anti-inflammatory properties.[6]
Chemistry
editTriterpenes and their glycosides (saponins) are contained as bitter components, and a variety of them have been isolated from the plants that produce kuding, such as ursolic acid, pentene, lupeol, taraxerol, and uvaol.[7][8] Additionally, β-sitosterol, a phytosterol, has been reported.[8]
Compared to green tea, catechins (about 1.7%) are reported to be less abundant, while rutin (about 0.4%) is more abundant.[9] In addition, kuding is reported to contain more zinc, manganese, copper, and selenium, and less amino acids and ascorbic acid than green tea.[9]
See also
edit- Yerba mate or Ilex paraguariensis - A species of holly that also contains caffeine and is popularly used to make mate in Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil.
- Ilex guayusa - also known as "guayusa", is an Amazonian tree, native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest.
- Ilex vomitoria - "Yaupon Holly", a caffeine containing plant from North America.
- Green tea
References
edit- ^ Tam, Chun-Fung; Peng, Yong; Liang, Zhi-Tao; He, Zhen-Dan; Zhao, Zhong-Zhen (2006). "Application of microscopic techniques in authentication of herbal tea—Ku-Ding-Cha". Microscopy Research and Technique. 69 (11): 927–932. doi:10.1002/jemt.20369. PMID 16941643. S2CID 34178436.
- ^ Subhuti Dharmananda, "KU DING CHA"., Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland, Oregon, Retrieved November 2, 2006
- ^ Yu, J. (1997). "The plant resources and its chemical constituents of Kuding Tea in Guizhou Province". Journal of Plant Resources and Environment. 6 (2): 22–25.
- ^ Yu, J.; Wan, Q. (1996). "Studies on chemical compositions of Kuding Tea in Guizhou--the analysis of amino acids, vitamins, trace elements and other major compositions". Journal of Guizhou Agricultural College. 15 (4): 60–64.
- ^ Negrin, A.; Long, C.; Motley, T. J.; Kennelly, E. J. (2019). "LC-MS Metabolomics and Chemotaxonomy of Caffeine-Containing Holly (Ilex) Species and Related Taxa in the Aquifoliaceae". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 67 (19): 5687–5699. Bibcode:2019JAFC...67.5687N. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07168. PMID 31042034. S2CID 141466124.
- ^ Lau, Kit-Man; He, Zhen-Dan; Dong, Hui; Fung, Kwok-Pui; But, Paul Pui-Hay (2002). "Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and hepato-protective effects of Ligustrum robustum". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 83 (1–2): 63–71. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00192-7. PMID 12413708.
- ^ Osamu, Negishi (2007). "Health science of ku-ding-cha". Journal for the Integrated Study of Dietary Habits (in Japanese). 18 (1): 25–31. doi:10.2740/jisdh.18.25.
- ^ a b Alikaridis, F. (July 1987). "Natural constituents of Ilex species". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 20 (2): 121–144. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(87)90084-5. PMID 3657245.
- ^ a b Liang, Yuerong; Ma, Weiyang; Lu, Jianliang; Wu, Ying (November 2001). "Comparison of chemical compositions of Ilex latifolia Thumb and Camellia sinensis L." Food Chemistry. 75 (3): 339–343. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00209-6.