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Latvians (Latvian: latvieši) are a Baltic ethnic group and nation native to Latvia and the immediate geographical region, the Baltics. They are occasionally also referred to as Letts,[42][43] especially in older bibliography. Latvians share a common Latvian language, culture, history and ancestry.
latvieši | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Total population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
c. 1.7 million[1]
![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regions with significant populations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() Other significant population centers: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 124,000 (2020)[4][5][6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 85,723 (2019)[7] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 53,000 (2021)[8] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 30,725 (2016)[9] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 25,000 (2002)[10][11][12] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 23,233 (2021)[13] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 19,933 (2016)[14] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 18,979 (2010) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 11,723 (2019)[15] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 10,323 (2022)[16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latvian and its dialects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Religion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predominantly Lutheran,[41] Roman Catholic and Latvian Orthodox minorities | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Related ethnic groups | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other Balts |
History
editA Balto-Finnic-speaking tribe known as the Livs settled among the northern coast of modern day Latvia. The Germanic settlers derived their name for the natives from the term Liv. They referred to all the natives as "Letts" and the nation as "Lettland", naming their colony Livonia or Livland.
The Latin form, Livonia, gradually referred to the whole territory of modern-day Latvia as well as southern Estonia, which had fallen under a minimal Germanic influence. Latvians and Lithuanians are the only surviving members of the Baltic branch of the Indo-European family.
Genetics
editPaternal haplogroups R1a and N1a1-Tat are the two most frequent, reaching 39.9% each among ethnic Latvians.[44] R1a has originated in Eastern Europe and is associated with spread of Indo-European languages. R1a of Latvians is predominantly M558 and compared to other populations also has the highest concentration of M558 among R1a. N1a1-Tat mutation originated in East Asia and had spread through the Urals into Europe where it is currently most common among Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Eastern-Slavic peoples. Latvians and Lithuanians have a predominance of the L550 branch of N1a1-Tat.
N1c1a was present in 41.5%, R1a1a-M558 in 35.2% and I1 (M253) in 6.3% of the samples analyzed.[45] In lower levels, 2.5% of I2b (M223) and 0.6% I2a (P37.2) was found as well.
Culture
editInfluences
editLatvians share a common language and have a unique culture with traditions, holidays, customs and arts. The culture and religious traditions have been somewhat influenced by Germanic, Scandinavian, and Russian traditions. Latvians have an ancient culture that has been archaeologically dated back to 3000 BC. Latvians maintained a considerable connection and trade with their neighbors. The first indications of human inhabitants on the lands of modern Latvia date archaeologically to c. 9000 BC, suggesting that the first settlers were hunters that stayed almost immediately following the end of the last ice age. Colonizers from the south arrived quickly, driving many of the hunters northward as polar ice caps melted further, or east, into modern-day Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. The Roman author Tacitus remarked upon the "Aestii" peoples, thought to be inhabitants of the modern Baltic lands, suggesting that they were abound with formidable, yet peaceful and hospitable people. The Latvian peoples remained relatively undisturbed until Papal intervention via the Germanic, Teutonic Order colonized Kurzeme (Courland in English, Kurland in German), beginning in the first half of the 13th century. Papal decrees ordered the Teutonic Order to spread the "Word of the Lord" and the Gospel of Christianity throughout "uncivilized", "Pagan lands". Though these attempts to Christianize the population failed, and the Teutonic Order eventually redeployed southward, to the region of what was once known as East Prussia.[citation needed]
South-Eastern Latvia (Latgale), due to having a relatively large ethnic Russian population, has maintained a large Russian influence.
Religion
editBaltic ethnic religion was followed in Latvia before it was invaded by the Christian Teutonic Order (see: Latvian mythology).[46][47][48] Latvians still celebrate traditional feasts (Jāņi).[49] Dievturība is a modern revival of the ethnic religion of the Latvians before Christianization in the 13th century CE.[46][50]
Most of the Christian Latvians claim to belong to the Evangelical Lutheran Church, but in Latgale and Alsunga Municipality the Roman Catholic Church is predominant, a small minority of Latvians belong to the Latvian Orthodox Church and other religious congregations.[41] In the late 18th century, a small but vibrant Herrnhutist movement played a significant part in the development of Latvian literary culture before it was absorbed into the mainstream Lutheran denomination.
Language
editLatvians' ancestral language, Latvian, has been recorded since at least the 16th century.[51] It developed into a distinct language by the 9th century. It is part of a distinct linguistic branch of Indo-European languages: the Baltic languages.
Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct Livonian language, a member of the Baltic-Finnic sub-branch of the Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law. The Latgalian language (a dialect of Latvian) is also protected by Latvian law as a historical variation of the Latvian language.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
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- ^ "Population by ethnicity in regions, cities, 21 development centres and municipalities at the beginning of the year by Ethnicity, Territorial unit, Indicator and Time period". Oficiālās statistikas portāls. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
- ^ "ISG08. Latviešu skaits Latvijā un Rīgā gada sākumā". Data.csb.gov.lv. Retrieved 2017-08-02.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
- ^ Population by country of birth and nationality, Annual Population Survey, Office of National Statistics, 2014] Archived August 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ BNS (13 June 2011). "TVNET :: Ārvalstīs - Lielbritānijā pašlaik dzīvo 39 tūkstoši viesstrādnieku no Latvijas". Tvnet.lv. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=PEOPLE%20REPORTING%20ANCESTRY&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
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- ^ "Befolkning 31.12. Efter Område, Bakgrundsland, Kön, År och Uppgifter".
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- ^ [1] Archived December 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Gyventojų skaičius metų pradžioje. Požymiai: tautybė - Rodiklių duomenų bazėje". Db1.stat.gov.lt. Archived from the original on 2012-09-06. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "OCMA: majority of Latvian immigrants live in Britain, Ireland and Germany". 25 September 2018.
- ^ "Demografie van de allochtonen in Nederland" (PDF). Cbs.nl. Retrieved 2017-08-02.
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- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
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- ^ "Frontpage - Hagstofa". Hagstofa. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
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- ^ "Latvian | Joshua Project".
- ^ "Error" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-22. Retrieved 2014-11-13.
- ^ Population and Housing Census 2009. Chapter 3.1. Resident population by nationality (PDF) (in Russian), Bishkek: National Committee on Statistics, 2010, retrieved 2021-12-14
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- ^ a b "Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā" (in Latvian). Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
- ^ "Lett - definition of Lett in English - Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
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- ^ Kasperavičiūtė, D.; Kučinskas, V.; Stoneking, M. (2004). "Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Lithuanians" (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (5): 438–452. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00119.x. PMID 15469421. S2CID 26562505. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2010-05-20. Kasperaviciute et al. 2004 (link broken)
- ^ Pliss, Liana; Timša, Līga; Rootsi, Siiri; Tambets, Kristiina; Pelnena, Inese; Zole, Egija; Puzuka, Agrita; Sabule, Areta; Rozane, Sandra; Lace, Baiba; Kucinskas, Vaidutis (November 2015). "Y-Chromosomal Lineages of Latvians in the Context of the Genetic Variation of the Eastern-Baltic Region". Annals of Human Genetics. 79 (6): 418–430. doi:10.1111/ahg.12130. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 26411886. S2CID 13050610.
- ^ a b Žemaitis, Augustinas. "Dievturība (neo-paganism)". OnLatvia.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
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External links
edit- Latvia. Lettish Life in Legendary & Modern Times by Florence Farmborough. In: Peoples of All Nations: Their Life Today and Story of Their Past. Vol 5 – pp. 3267-3296 (first published in 1920)
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. 789–791.