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'''Sudanese Arabs''' ({{Lang-ar|عرب سودانيون|ʿarab sūdāniyyūn}}) are the inhabitants of [[Sudan]] who identify as [[Arabs]] and speak [[Sudanese Arabic|Arabic]] as their mother tongue.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Ibbotson |first1=Sophie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdKYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Sudan |last2=Lovell-Hoare |first2=Max |date=2012-11-26 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-413-6 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> Some of them are descendants of [[Arabs]] who migrated to Sudan from the [[Arabian Peninsula]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MilmDwAAQBAJ |title=Sudan |last2=Latif |first2=Zawiah Abdul |last3=Young-Brown |first3=Fiona |date=2017-04-15 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-5026-2602-8 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> although the rest have been described as [[Arabization|Arabized]] indigenous peoples of [[Sudan]] of mostly [[Nubians|Nubian]],<ref name=":0">Richard A. Lobban Jr. (2004): "Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia". The Scarecrow Press. P. 37</ref> [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]], and [[Cushitic speaking peoples|Cushitic]]<ref name=":1">Jakobsson, Mattias; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Babiker, Hiba; Günther, Torsten; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Hollfelder, Nina (24 August 2017). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". ''PLOS Genetics''. '''13'''(8): e1006976. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 1553-7404. [[PubMed Central|PMC]] 5587336. [[PubMed Identifier|PMID]] 28837655.</ref> ancestry who are culturally and linguistically Arab, with varying cases of admixture from [[Arabian Peninsula|Peninsular Arabs]].<ref name="almshaheer">{{cite web|url=http://www.almshaheer.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3339|title=المشاهير | الصفحة الرئيسية|publisher=almshaheer.com|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> This admixture is thought to derive mostly from the migration of Peninsular Arab tribes in the 12th century, who intermarried with the [[Nubians]] and other indigenous populations, as well as introducing [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=IBP |title=Sudan (Republic of Sudan) Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments |date=2017-06-15 |isbn=978-1-4387-8540-0 |pages=33 |publisher=Lulu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="google163">{{cite book |author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization) |url=https://archive.org/details/journalroyalant07irelgoog |title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17 |publisher=The Institute |year=1888 |page=[https://archive.org/details/journalroyalant07irelgoog/page/n34 16] |quote=jaalin. |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
Sudanese Arabs make up 70% of the population of [[Sudan]],<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Sudan |date=2022-08-31 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-09-04}}</ref> however prior to the independence of [[South Sudan]] in 2011, Sudanese Arabs made up only 40% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adebanwi |first1=Wale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D84qEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA368 |title=Elites and the Politics of Accountability in Africa |last2=Orock |first2=Rogers |date=2021-05-24 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-05481-7 |pages=368 |language=en}}</ref> They are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] and speak [[Sudanese Arabic]]. The great majority of the Sudanese Arabs tribes are part of larger tribal confederations: the [[Ja'alin tribe|Ja'alin]], who primarily live along the [[Nile|Nile river]] basin between [[Khartoum]] and [[Abu Hamad]]; the [[Shaigiya tribe|Shaigiya]], who live along the Nile between [[Korti]] and Jabal al-Dajer, and parts of the [[Bayuda Desert]]; the [[Juhaynah]], who live east and west of the Nile, and include the [[Rufaa people]], the [[Shukria clan]] and the [[Kababish]]; the [[Banu Fazara]] or [[Fezara people]] who live in [[North Kordofan|Northern Kordofan]]; the [[Kawahla people|Kawahla]], who inhabit eastern Sudan, Northern Kordofan, and White Nile State; and the [[Baggara Arabs|Baggara]], who inhabit [[South Kordofan]] and extend to [[Lake Chad]]. There are numerous smaller tribal units that do not conform to the above groups, such as the Messelemiya, the Rikabia, the [[Hawawir people]], the Magharba, the [[Awadia and Fadnia tribes]], the Kerriat, the Kenana people, the Kerrarish, the Hamran, amongst others.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacMichael |first1=Harold |title=A History of the Arabs in the Sudan And Some Account of the People who Preceded them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr |date=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511696947 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-arabs-in-the-sudan/414D48C9C92E472FEE003D0251381BE2}}</ref>
[[Sudan]] also houses non-Sudanese Arab populations such as the [[Rashaida]] that only recently settled in Sudan in 1846, after migrating from the [[Hejaz]] region of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>[http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html Rashaida People History], Niaz Murtaza The pillage of sustainability in Eritrea 1998, p.177</ref> Additionally, other smaller Sudanese groups who have also been Arabized, or partially Arabized, but retain a separate, non-[[Arab identity]], include the [[Nubians]], [[Copts]], and [[Beja people|Beja]].
==Regional variation==
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==Genetics==
In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Afonso |first1=C. |last2=Alshamali |first2=F. |last3=Pereira |first3=J. B. |last4=Fernandes |first4=V. |last5=Costa |first5=M. |last6=Pereira |first6=L. |date=2008-08-01 |title=mtDNA diversity in Sudan (East Africa) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875176808001613 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |series=Progress in Forensic Genetics 12 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=257–258 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.118 |issn=1875-1768|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
According to [[Y-DNA]] analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), among Sudanese Arabs, 67% of Arakien, 43% of Meseria, and 40% of Galilean individuals carry the [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]]. The remainder mainly belong to the [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] clade, which is borne by 18% of Galilean, 17% of Arakien, and 14% of Meseria. The next most frequently observed haplogroups among Sudanese Arabs are the European-associated [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] clade (25% Meseria, 16% Gaalien, 8% Arakien), followed by the Eurasian lineage [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]] (11% Meseria, 10% Galilean, 8% Arakien), the Europe-associated [[Haplogroup I-M170|I]] clade (7% Meseria, 4% Galilean), and the African [[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|A3b2]] haplogroup (6% Gaalien).<ref name="Hassan2008">{{cite journal|author=Hassan, Hisham Y. |display-authors=etal |title=Y‐chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2008|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–323|url=http://docdro.id/e90MDsD|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|pmid=18618658}}</ref>
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