Sudanese Arabs: Difference between revisions

'''Sudanese Arabs''' ({{Lang-ar|عرب سودانيون|ʿarab sūdāniyyūn}}) are the inhabitants of [[Sudan]] who identify as [[Arabs]] and speak [[Sudanese Arabic|Arabic]] as their mother tongue.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Ibbotson |first1=Sophie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdKYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Sudan |last2=Lovell-Hoare |first2=Max |date=2012-11-26 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-413-6 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref> Some of them are descendants of [[Arabs]] who migrated to Sudan from the [[Arabian Peninsula]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MilmDwAAQBAJ |title=Sudan |last2=Latif |first2=Zawiah Abdul |last3=Young-Brown |first3=Fiona |date=2017-04-15 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-5026-2602-8 |pages=64 |language=en}}</ref> although the rest have been described as [[Arabization|Arabized]] indigenous peoples of [[Sudan]] of mostly [[Nubians|Nubian]],<ref name=":0">Richard A. Lobban Jr. (2004): "Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia". The Scarecrow Press. P. 37</ref> [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]], and [[Cushitic speaking peoples|Cushitic]]<ref name=":1">Jakobsson, Mattias; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Babiker, Hiba; Günther, Torsten; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Hollfelder, Nina (24 August 2017). "Northeast African genomic variation shaped by the continuity of indigenous groups and Eurasian migrations". ''PLOS Genetics''. '''13'''(8): e1006976. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006976. [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSN]] 1553-7404. [[PubMed Central|PMC]] 5587336. [[PubMed Identifier|PMID]] 28837655.</ref> ancestry who are culturally and linguistically Arab, with varying cases of admixture from [[Arabian Peninsula|Peninsular Arabs]].<ref name="almshaheer">{{cite web|url=http://www.almshaheer.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3339|title=المشاهير &#124; الصفحة الرئيسية|publisher=almshaheer.com|access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> This admixture is thought to derive mostly from the migration of Peninsular Arab tribes in the 12th century, who intermarried with the [[Nubians]] and other indigenous populations, as well as introducing [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=IBP |title=Sudan (Republic of Sudan) Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments |date=2017-06-15 |isbn=978-1-4387-8540-0 |pages=33 |publisher=Lulu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="google163">{{cite book |author=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization) |url=https://archive.org/details/journalroyalant07irelgoog |title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 17 |publisher=The Institute |year=1888 |page=[https://archive.org/details/journalroyalant07irelgoog/page/n34 16] |quote=jaalin. |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> The Sudanese Arabs were described as a "hybrid of Arab and indigenous blood", A detailed account of this issue is found in Yusuf Fad Hasan's “The Arabs and the Sudan” (1967). He writes: “The genealogical traditions, which are now current in the Sudan and which have been current as far back as evidence goes--that is for two or three centuries past--indicate a high degree of [[Arabization]]. This is implied by the almost total adoption of Arab genealogies by the inhabitants of the Sudan. This, at least, establishes that they were thoroughly Arabized”. (Hasan 1967, 135) ,Hasan here views Arabization as a cultural rather than an ethnic process.He explains, “By the tenth/sixteenth century actually Arabized stock emerged as a result of at least two centuries of close contact between the Arabs and the inhabitants of the Sudan. Regardless of a few exceptions, the term Arab was progressively being emptied of nearly all its ethnic significance”.(Hasan 1967, 176)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kadoda |first=Gada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEpmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |title=Sudanese Intellectuals in the Global Milieu: Capturing Cultural Capital |date=2022-03-28 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-2277-8 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> and the Arabic they spoke was reported as "a pure but archaic Arabic".<ref name=":4" /> [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt|Burckhardt]] noted that the [[Ja'alin tribe|Ja'alin]] of the [[Eastern Desert]] are exactly like the [[Bedouin]] of [[Eastern Arabia]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Jā'alin|volume=15|page=103}} Citation: ''The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan'', edited by Count Gleichen (London, 1905)</ref>

[[Sudan]] also houses non-Sudanese Arab populations such as the [[Rashaida]] that only recently settled in Sudan in 1846, after migrating from the [[Hejaz]] region of the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>[http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html Rashaida People History], Niaz Murtaza The pillage of sustainability in Eritrea 1998, p.177</ref> Additionally, other smaller Sudanese groups who have also been Arabized, or partially Arabized, but retain a separate, non-[[Arab identity]], include the [[Nubians]], [[Copts]], and [[Beja people|Beja]].

In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Afonso |first1=C. |last2=Alshamali |first2=F. |last3=Pereira |first3=J. B. |last4=Fernandes |first4=V. |last5=Costa |first5=M. |last6=Pereira |first6=L. |date=2008-08-01 |title=mtDNA diversity in Sudan (East Africa) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1875176808001613 |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |series=Progress in Forensic Genetics 12 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=257–258 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.118 |issn=1875-1768|url-access=subscription }}</ref>