Books by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Çamlıbel Tarlası by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Papers by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Quaternary International, 2020
By John M. Marston, Peter Kováčik and Ulf-Dietrich Schoop *** Çamlıbel Tarlası is a short-lived,... more By John M. Marston, Peter Kováčik and Ulf-Dietrich Schoop *** Çamlıbel Tarlası is a short-lived, mid 4th millennium BCE Chalcolithic archaeological site in northern central Anatolia, modern Turkey, with evidence for both intensive metallurgy and permanent occupation. Analysis of a wood charcoal assemblage from the site, totaling 2815 charcoal fragments, is the first from this period and region. Anthracological analysis indicates that the primary fuel wood used was deciduous oak, which comprised nearly 90% of identifiable fragments. We find little evidence of differences in wood species used for different functions or over time; however, a significant trend towards the increased use of large-diameter branch or trunk wood over time is noted both for oak and other minor taxa. We reconstruct a dense oak-dominated woodland in the vicinity of the site at the time of first use, with increased forest clearance over time, due to either diminished fuel availability or agricultural expansion, or a combination of the two. An intensification in metallurgical activity in later periods of occupation may have increased demand specifically for large-diameter wood.
Cell, 2020
Here, we report genome-wide data analyses from 110 ancient Near Eastern individuals spanning the ... more Here, we report genome-wide data analyses from 110 ancient Near Eastern individuals spanning the Late Neolithic to Late Bronze Age, a period characterized by intense interregional interactions for the Near East. We find that 6th millennium BCE populations of North/Central Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus shared mixed ancestry on a genetic cline that formed during the Neolithic between Western Anatolia and regions in today’s Southern Caucasus/Zagros. During the Late Chalcolithic and/or the Early Bronze Age, more than half of the Northern Levantine gene pool was replaced, while in the rest of Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus, we document genetic continuity with only transient gene flow. Additionally, we reveal a genetically distinct individual within the Late Bronze Age Northern Levant. Overall, our study uncovers multiple scales of population dynamics through time, from extensive admixture during the Neolithic period to long-distance mobility within the globalized societies of the Late Bronze Age.
In: Andreas Schachner (ed.), Innovation versus Beharrung. Was macht den Unterschied des hethitischen Reichs im Anatolien des 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr.? Byzas 23, 2017
This article discusses the role of technology and technological innovation in Anatolia during the... more This article discusses the role of technology and technological innovation in Anatolia during the Chalcolithic period. Traditional approaches often hold technological developments to represent driving forces for change in the economic and social sectors of society. This contribution investigates this claim considering three key technologies: copper metallurgy, the textile industry and the production of storable dairy products. In all three cases, a similar pattern of development can be seen: an early phase of low-intensity engagement with these materials (7th & 6th millennia BC), followed by a further phase of low-intensity use during which more systematic solutions of production were developed (5th millennium BC). At the end of the 5th millennium, at the beginning of the Late Chalcolithic period, we can observe a profound shift in this pattern signified by a sudden increase of evidence for all three technologies in the archaeological record. This situation was neither accompanied by an increase in social complexity nor did the adoption of these technologies result in systematic surplus production. It is more likely that the interest in these material was caused by new social strategies which aimed to generate personal prestige within a society which was still structured along largely egalitarian principles. The paper concludes that it is mistaken to assume unchanging social and economic functions for pre-industrial technologies. The role of technologies could vary strongly depending on the social requirements of the practicing societies.
Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da Teknoloji ve İnovasyon
Bu makalede, Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da teknoloji ve teknolojik inovasyonun rolü tartışılmaktadır. Geleneksel yaklaşımlar, toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik sektörlerindeki değişimin itici gücünün temsilcisi olarak, teknolojik gelişmeleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu iddiayı şu üç anahtar teknolojiyi değerlendirerek sorgulamaktadır: bakır metalürjisi, tekstil sanayii ve saklanabilir süt ürünleri üretimi. Bu üç alanda da benzer bir gelişme kalıbı görülmektedir: erken safhada bu endüstriler düşük yoğunluklu kullanılmış (MÖ 7. ve 6. Binyıl), müteakiben ileri safhada, daha sistematik üretim çözümlerinin geliştirildiği düşük yoğunluklu kullanım (MÖ 5. Binyıl) görülmüştür. 5. binyılın sonunda, Geç Kalkolitik Dönem’in başlangıcında ise, bu üç teknolojinin varlığını gösteren kanıtlarda ani ve yoğun bir artış gözlemlenmektedir. Teknolojik açıdan meydana gelen bu artışa toplumsal kompleksite eşlik etmemiş ya da bu teknolojilerin benimsenmesi sistematik üretim fazlası ile sonuçlanmamıştır. Bu yeni materyale karşı olan ilginin, hala eşitlikçi olan toplumda, kişisel prestij yaratmaya yönelik toplumsal stratejilerden kaynaklanıyor olması daha muhtemel görünmektedir. Bu çalışma, prehistorik teknolojiler için değişmez sosyal ve ekonomik işlevler varsayımının yanlış olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. Teknolojinin rolü, uygulayan toplumların toplumsal gereksinimlerine göre ciddi farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir.
Stable isotope analysis is an essential investigative technique, complementary to more traditiona... more Stable isotope analysis is an essential investigative technique, complementary to more traditional zooarchaeological approaches to elucidating animal keeping practices. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values of 132 domesticates (cattle, caprines and pigs) were evaluated to investigate one aspect of animal keeping, animal forage, at the Late Chalcolithic (mid-fourth millennium BC) site of Çamlıbel Tarlası, which is located in north-central Anatolia. The analyses indicated that all of the domesticates had diets based predominantly on C3 plants. Pig and caprine δ13C and δ15N values were found to be statistically indistinguishable. However, cattle exhibited distinctive stable isotope values and, therefore, differences in diet from both pigs and caprines at Çamlıbel Tarlası. This difference may relate to the distinct patterns of foraging behaviour exhibited by the domesticates. Alternatively, this diversity may result from the use of different grazing areas or from the foddering practices of the Çamlıbel Tarlası inhabitants.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2016
By Catriona Pickard, Ulf-Dietrich Schoop, Alan Dalton, Kerry L. Sayle, Ian Channell, Kevin Calvey... more By Catriona Pickard, Ulf-Dietrich Schoop, Alan Dalton, Kerry L. Sayle, Ian Channell, Kevin Calvey, Jayne-Leigh Thomas, László Bartosiewicz and Clive Bonsall *** Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from 57 human and 137 faunal samples was conducted with the aim of reconstructing human diet at the Late Chalcolithic (mid-4th millennium BC) site of Çamlıbel Tarlası, north-central Anatolia. The analyses indicate that the diet of the inhabitants of Çamlıbel Tarlası was based largely on C3 resources. Comparison of human and faunal δ15N values suggest that animal proteins were likely to be of secondary importance to diet, with cultigens such as wheat and barley and potentially pulses taking the role of dietary staples. Age-related variation in stable isotope signals was identified.
This paper explores the possible links between rapid climate change (RCC) and social change in th... more This paper explores the possible links between rapid climate change (RCC) and social change in the Near East and surrounding regions (Anatolia, central Syria, southern Israel, Mesopotamia, Cyprus and eastern and central Sahara) during the ‘long’ 4th millennium (∼4500–3000) BC. Twenty terrestrial and 20 marine climate proxies are used to identify long-term trends in humidity involving transitions from humid to arid conditions and vice versa. The frequency distribution of episodes of relative aridity across these records is calculated for the period 6300–2000 BC, so that the results may be interpreted in the context of the established arid episodes associated with RCC around 6200 and 2200 BC (the 8.2 and 4.2 kyr events). We identify two distinct episodes of heightened aridity in the early-mid 4th, and late 4th millennium BC. These episodes cluster strongly at 3600–3700 and 3100–3300 BC. There is also evidence of localised aridity spikes in the 5th and 6th millennia BC. These results are used as context for the interpretation of regional and local archaeological records with a particular focus on case studies from western Syria, the middle Euphrates, southern Israel and Cyprus. Interpretation of the records involves the construction of plausible narratives of human–climate interaction informed by concepts of adaptation and resilience from the literature on contemporary (i.e. 21st century) climate change and adaptation. The results are presented alongside well-documented examples of climatically-influenced societal change in the central and eastern Sahara, where detailed geomorphological studies of ancient environments have been undertaken in tandem with archaeological research. While the narratives for the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean remain somewhat speculative, the use of resilience and adaptation frameworks allows for a more nuanced treatment of human–climate interactions and recognises the diversity and context-specificity of human responses to climatic and environmental change. Our results demonstrate that there is a need for more local environmental data to be collected ‘at source’ during archaeological excavations.
in: Barbara Horejs & Mathias Mehofer (ed.), Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in t... more in: Barbara Horejs & Mathias Mehofer (ed.), Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in the 4th millennium BC? Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria, 21‒24 November, 2012 (Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: Vienna 2014) 421–446.
Abstract: The nature and development of textile production in prehistoric Anatolia has received very little systematic attention so far. This paper attempts to show that it is at the end of the 5th millennium BC when we first see a great increase of effort being invested into this field, a development which may be linked to the introduction of wool-producing caprids into the region. The social and economic implications of this development are investigated through a review of the evidence for flax-cultivation, pastoral strategies and the distribution of tools used in textile manufacture. The paper questions views that woven textiles were produced for their use-value and that they served the generation of cumulative wealth in this initial configuration. Alternative explanations are sought to understand better why the production and consumption of textiles suddenly became of central interest to Anatolian societies during the Late Chalcolithic and following times.
Antiquity 88, 1180–1200., 2014
The island of Cyprus was a major producer of copper and stood at the heart of east Mediterranean ... more The island of Cyprus was a major producer of copper and stood at the heart of east Mediterranean trade networks during the Late Bronze Age. It may also have been the source of the Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware that has been found in mortuary contexts in Egypt and the Levant, and in Hittite temple assemblages in Anatolia. Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) has enabled the source area of this special ceramic to be located in a geologically highly localised and geochemically distinctive area of western Cyprus. This discovery offers a new perspective on the spatial organisation of Cypriot economies in the production and exchange of elite goods around the eastern Mediterranean at this time.
Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica, Natural Sciences in Archaeology V.1, 19–30., 2014
Çamlıbel Tarlası (3590–3470 cal BC) is a small farming settlement with metallurgical activity in ... more Çamlıbel Tarlası (3590–3470 cal BC) is a small farming settlement with metallurgical activity in north central Anatolia. Studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between diet, subsistence patterns, occupational habits and macrowear patterns and dental pathologies. In total 282 teeth from 26 individuals were macroscopically examined. The results showed that in many ways the inhabitants were typical of a Late Chalcolithic population with a subsistence based on mixed agriculture. Dental wear and pathologies were documented including abrasion, attrition, chipping, “cupping”, grooves, caries, calculus and enamel hypoplasias. There was also an interesting age-differentiated wear pattern, and purple/red discoloured teeth. These dental pathologies and lesions are hypothesised to have been the result of dietary and food processing habits such as the consumption of carbohydrates and the use of grinding stones. Habitual extra masticatory use during the manufacturing of lithics, metal, and fibre processing is also thought to have resulted in the observed dental lesions.
in: Meltem Doğa-Alparslan & Metin Alparslan (ed.), Hititler. Bir Anadolu İmparatorluğu / Hittites: An Anatolian Empire. Anadolu Ugarlıkları 2 (Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları) 356–371., 2013
In: Bea De Cupere, Veerle Linseele & Sheila Hamilton-Dyer (ed.), Archaeozoology of the Near East X. Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of South-Western Asia and adjacent areas (Leuven: Peeters) 101–120., 2013
The Late Chalcolithic site of Çamlıbel Tarlası (3590–3470 cal BC) located near Bogazkale in Anato... more The Late Chalcolithic site of Çamlıbel Tarlası (3590–3470 cal BC) located near Bogazkale in Anatolia was a rural settlement spanning an estimated time interval of 120 years. While the main domestic ungulates were represented by comparable numbers of bones among the faunal remains, this paper is aimed at studying pigs within the context of other animals. It seems that pig still played a major role in Chalcolithic meat diets at a site that shows little evidence of hunting. The domestic status of pigs was therefore studied from different angles, including traditional morphometry supported by ancient DNA studies and geometric morphometrics. All results point to the overwhelming dominance of domestic pig characteristics in the Chalcolithic assemblage. While the influence of local wild boar seems evident, most bones fall below the size range of the wild ancestor. Ancient DNA is indicative of local origins for these pigs. Geometric morphometric analyses revealed a domestic signature for nearly all the specimens analysed. The overall results are indicative of small scale, household-level animal husbandry in which pigs had a fair share before the onset of sheep and goat based systems of animal husbandry at the beginning of the Anatolian Bronze Age.
Archeometriai Műhely X.4, 2013
The first results of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) stable isotope analyses of domestic pig (Su... more The first results of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) stable isotope analyses of domestic pig (Sus domesticus Erxl., 1777) remains from three prehistoric sites are presented. Of these, comparison of the datasets from Tell Aqab in Syria and Çamlıbel Tarlası in Turkey suggests different dietary patterns, and possibly different pig husbandry practices, at these sites. The study highlights the need for supporting evidence from archaeobotanical and palaeoenvironmental investigations in the interpretation of stable isotope data.
Heritage Turkey 3, 27. , 2013
A very short report on obsidian characterisation at Late Chalcolithic Çamlıbel Tarlası. More on t... more A very short report on obsidian characterisation at Late Chalcolithic Çamlıbel Tarlası. More on this to come soon...
Archaeometry 55.1, 14–32., Feb 2013
Micro-bead manufacture is geographically widespread from the fifth millennium BC. Previous studie... more Micro-bead manufacture is geographically widespread from the fifth millennium BC. Previous studies of comparable micro-beads from sites in the Indus Valley region and the Near East suggest that many of these beads were formed from synthetic enstatite. Characterization of micro-beads from the Late Chalcolithic site of Çamlıbel Tarlası was carried out by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The chemical composition of the micro-beads analysed indicated that they were made from three distinctive materials; namely, bulk talc (i.e., synthetic enstatite precursor), apatite and mineral-rich clay pastes.
See also the following report on the human remains by Jayne-Leigh Thomas (part of this PDF). A ge... more See also the following report on the human remains by Jayne-Leigh Thomas (part of this PDF). A general report on this assemblage can be found in: Schoop, Ulf-Dietrich 2005. Early Chalcolithic in North-Central Anatolia: The evidence from Boğazköy-Büyükkaya. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi / Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology 8, 15–37.
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Books by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Çamlıbel Tarlası by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Papers by Ulf-Dietrich Schoop
Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da Teknoloji ve İnovasyon
Bu makalede, Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da teknoloji ve teknolojik inovasyonun rolü tartışılmaktadır. Geleneksel yaklaşımlar, toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik sektörlerindeki değişimin itici gücünün temsilcisi olarak, teknolojik gelişmeleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu iddiayı şu üç anahtar teknolojiyi değerlendirerek sorgulamaktadır: bakır metalürjisi, tekstil sanayii ve saklanabilir süt ürünleri üretimi. Bu üç alanda da benzer bir gelişme kalıbı görülmektedir: erken safhada bu endüstriler düşük yoğunluklu kullanılmış (MÖ 7. ve 6. Binyıl), müteakiben ileri safhada, daha sistematik üretim çözümlerinin geliştirildiği düşük yoğunluklu kullanım (MÖ 5. Binyıl) görülmüştür. 5. binyılın sonunda, Geç Kalkolitik Dönem’in başlangıcında ise, bu üç teknolojinin varlığını gösteren kanıtlarda ani ve yoğun bir artış gözlemlenmektedir. Teknolojik açıdan meydana gelen bu artışa toplumsal kompleksite eşlik etmemiş ya da bu teknolojilerin benimsenmesi sistematik üretim fazlası ile sonuçlanmamıştır. Bu yeni materyale karşı olan ilginin, hala eşitlikçi olan toplumda, kişisel prestij yaratmaya yönelik toplumsal stratejilerden kaynaklanıyor olması daha muhtemel görünmektedir. Bu çalışma, prehistorik teknolojiler için değişmez sosyal ve ekonomik işlevler varsayımının yanlış olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. Teknolojinin rolü, uygulayan toplumların toplumsal gereksinimlerine göre ciddi farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir.
Abstract: The nature and development of textile production in prehistoric Anatolia has received very little systematic attention so far. This paper attempts to show that it is at the end of the 5th millennium BC when we first see a great increase of effort being invested into this field, a development which may be linked to the introduction of wool-producing caprids into the region. The social and economic implications of this development are investigated through a review of the evidence for flax-cultivation, pastoral strategies and the distribution of tools used in textile manufacture. The paper questions views that woven textiles were produced for their use-value and that they served the generation of cumulative wealth in this initial configuration. Alternative explanations are sought to understand better why the production and consumption of textiles suddenly became of central interest to Anatolian societies during the Late Chalcolithic and following times.
Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da Teknoloji ve İnovasyon
Bu makalede, Kalkolitik Dönem’de Anadolu’da teknoloji ve teknolojik inovasyonun rolü tartışılmaktadır. Geleneksel yaklaşımlar, toplumun sosyal ve ekonomik sektörlerindeki değişimin itici gücünün temsilcisi olarak, teknolojik gelişmeleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışma, bu iddiayı şu üç anahtar teknolojiyi değerlendirerek sorgulamaktadır: bakır metalürjisi, tekstil sanayii ve saklanabilir süt ürünleri üretimi. Bu üç alanda da benzer bir gelişme kalıbı görülmektedir: erken safhada bu endüstriler düşük yoğunluklu kullanılmış (MÖ 7. ve 6. Binyıl), müteakiben ileri safhada, daha sistematik üretim çözümlerinin geliştirildiği düşük yoğunluklu kullanım (MÖ 5. Binyıl) görülmüştür. 5. binyılın sonunda, Geç Kalkolitik Dönem’in başlangıcında ise, bu üç teknolojinin varlığını gösteren kanıtlarda ani ve yoğun bir artış gözlemlenmektedir. Teknolojik açıdan meydana gelen bu artışa toplumsal kompleksite eşlik etmemiş ya da bu teknolojilerin benimsenmesi sistematik üretim fazlası ile sonuçlanmamıştır. Bu yeni materyale karşı olan ilginin, hala eşitlikçi olan toplumda, kişisel prestij yaratmaya yönelik toplumsal stratejilerden kaynaklanıyor olması daha muhtemel görünmektedir. Bu çalışma, prehistorik teknolojiler için değişmez sosyal ve ekonomik işlevler varsayımının yanlış olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır. Teknolojinin rolü, uygulayan toplumların toplumsal gereksinimlerine göre ciddi farklılıklar gösterebilmektedir.
Abstract: The nature and development of textile production in prehistoric Anatolia has received very little systematic attention so far. This paper attempts to show that it is at the end of the 5th millennium BC when we first see a great increase of effort being invested into this field, a development which may be linked to the introduction of wool-producing caprids into the region. The social and economic implications of this development are investigated through a review of the evidence for flax-cultivation, pastoral strategies and the distribution of tools used in textile manufacture. The paper questions views that woven textiles were produced for their use-value and that they served the generation of cumulative wealth in this initial configuration. Alternative explanations are sought to understand better why the production and consumption of textiles suddenly became of central interest to Anatolian societies during the Late Chalcolithic and following times.