Effects of Self-Efficacy, Depression, and Anger on Health-Promoting Behaviors of Korean Elderly Women with Hypertension
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics and Health-Related Characteristics
2.2.2. Self-Efficacy
2.2.3. Depression
2.2.4. Trait Anger and Anger Expression
2.2.5. Health-Promoting Behaviors
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics
3.2. Differences in Health-Promoting Behaviors According to Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics
3.3. Effects of Self-Efficacy, Depression, Trait Anger, and Anger Expression on Health-Promoting Behaviors
3.4. Correlations of Health-Promoting Behaviors with Self-efficacy, Depression, Trait Anger, and Anger Expression
3.5. Factors Influencing Health-Promoting Behaviors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Categories | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) Mean (SD) = 75.7 (6.09) | 65–69 | 35 | 16.8 |
70–79 | 116 | 55.8 | |
≥80 | 57 | 27.4 | |
Education | ≤Elementary school | 135 | 64.9 |
≥Middle school | 73 | 35.1 | |
Religion | Yes | 167 | 80.3 |
No | 41 | 19.7 | |
Monthly income (US dollars) Mean (SD) = 1043.7 (0.64) | <833.3 $ | 178 | 85.6 |
≥833.3 $ | 30 | 14.4 | |
Perceived health status | Bad | 80 | 38.5 |
Moderate | 98 | 47.1 | |
Good | 30 | 14.4 | |
Regular exercise (3 times/week) | Yes | 152 | 73.1 |
No | 56 | 26.9 | |
Smoking | Yes | 5 | 2.4 |
No | 203 | 97.6 | |
Drinking | Yes | 39 | 18.8 |
No | 169 | 81.3 | |
Hypertension drugconsumption | None | 14 | 6.7 |
Regular | 187 | 89.9 | |
Irregular | 7 | 3.4 | |
Hypertension educational experience | Yes | 62 | 29.8 |
No | 146 | 70.2 |
Characteristics | Categories | M ±SD | t or F(df) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) Mean (SD) = 75.7 (6.09) | 65–69 | 133.11 ± 25.33 | 1.42 (2, 205) |
70–79 | 126.33 ± 20.73 | ||
≥80 | 129.09 ± 20.00 | ||
Education | ≤Elementary school | 127.28 ± 21.63 | −0.85 (207) |
≥Middle school | 129.97 ± 21.06 | ||
Religion | Yes | 129.67 ± 21.07 | −1.98 (207) * |
No | 122.34 ± 22.07 | ||
Monthly income (US dollars) Mean (SD) = 1043.7 (0.64) | <$833.3 | 127.69 ± 20.59 | −0.74 (207) |
≥$833.3 | 131.40 ± 25.95 | ||
Perceived health status | Bad | 124.64 ± 22.64 | |
Moderate | 129.08 ± 20.68 | 2.74 (2, 205) | |
Good | 135.00 ± 19.03 | ||
Regular exercise (3 times/week) | Yes | 132.84 ± 18.69 | 8.82 (207) *** |
No | 108.02 ± 15.92 | ||
Smoking | Yes | 115.60 ± 23.37 | −1.34 (207) |
No | 128.54 ± 21.33 | ||
Drinking | Yes | 133.74 ± 20.57 | −1.80 (207) |
No | 126.95 ± 21.47 | ||
Hypertension drug consumption | None | 119.79 ± 19.71 | 2.63(2, 205) |
Regular | 129.34 ± 21.39 | ||
Irregular | 115.43 ± 19.97 | ||
Hypertension educational experience | Yes | 132.18 ± 21.42 | −1.72 (207) |
No | 126.61 ± 21.32 |
Variables | Items | M ± SD | Minimum | Maximum | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health-promoting behaviors | 52 | 128.23 ± 21.42 (2.02 ± 1.02) | 82 | 182 | 52-208 |
Physical activity | 8 | 18.25 ± 6.99 (2.28 ± 0.87) | 8 | 32 | 8-32 |
Responsibility for health | 9 | 21.43 ± 4.77 (2.38 ± 0.53) | 10 | 34 | 9-36 |
Spiritual growth | 9 | 20.10 ± 5.13 (2.23 ± 0.57) | 10 | 35 | 9-36 |
Diet | 9 | 25.07 ± 4.12 (3.13 ± 0.51) | 13 | 35 | 9−36 |
Interpersonal relationships | 9 | 22.72 ± 4.90 (2.52 ± 0.54) | 11 | 34 | 9−36 |
Stress management | 8 | 20.47 ± 3.97 (2.27 ± 0.44) | 10 | 31 | 8−32 |
Self-efficacy | 10 | 62.60 ± 9.28 (7.58 ± 1.03) | 28 | 80 | 1−100 |
Depression | 15 | 5.03 ± 3.30 (0.34 ± 0.22) | 0 | 14 | 0−15 |
Trait anger | 10 | 19.12 ± 5.65 (1.91 ± 0.26) | 10 | 38 | 10−40 |
Anger-in | 8 | 13.25 ± 3.86 (1.66 ± 0.48) | 8 | 25 | 8−32 |
Anger-out | 8 | 13.63 ± 4.01 (1.70 ± 0.50) | 8 | 27 | 8−32 |
Anger control | 8 | 20.75 ± 4.95 (2.59 ± 0.62) | 9 | 32 | 8−32 |
Variables | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | X5 | X6 | Y1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X1 Self-efficacy | 1 | ||||||
X2 Depression | −0.296 *** | 1 | |||||
X3 Trait anger | −0.002 | 0.099 | 1 | ||||
X4 Anger-in | 0.074 | 0.256 *** | 0.374 *** | 1 | |||
X5 Anger-out | −0.002 | −0.009 | 0.582 *** | 0.268 *** | 1 | ||
X6 Anger control | 0.222 *** | −0.009 | −0.064 | 0.205 ** | −0.113 | 1 | |
Y Y1 Health-promoting behaviors | 0.514 *** | −0.439 *** | 0.084 | 0.006 | 0.066 | 0.230 *** | 1 |
Model. | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | β | p | Multicollinearity | Β | p | Multicollinearity | β | p | Multicollinearity | β | p | Multicollinearity | ||||
TOL | VIF | TOL | VIF | TOL | VIF | TOL | VIF | |||||||||
Religion * | 0.11 | 0.067 | 0.997 | 1.003 | 0.11 | 0.043 | 0.997 | 1.003 | 0.14 | 0.008 | 0.987 | 1.013 | 0.18 | 0.001 | 0.953 | 1.050 |
Exercise * | 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.997 | 1.003 | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.769 | 1.300 | 0.32 | <0.001 | 0.763 | 1.311 | 0.36 | <0.001 | 0.724 | 1.380 |
Self-efficacy | 0.35 | <0.001 | 0.771 | 1.296 | 0.08 | <0.001 | 0.719 | 1.391 | 0.18 | 0.003 | 0.634 | 1.576 | ||||
Depression | −0.29 | <0.001 | 0.873 | 1.145 | −0.31 | <0.001 | 0.785 | 1.274 | ||||||||
Trait anger | 0.21 | 0.002 | 0.587 | 1.704 | ||||||||||||
Anger-in | −0.08 | 0.167 | 0.720 | 1.389 | ||||||||||||
Anger-out | −0.02 | 0.771 | 0.641 | 1.560 | ||||||||||||
Anger control | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.814 | 1.229 | ||||||||||||
R2 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.51 | ||||||||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.49 | ||||||||||||
F | 40.38 (<0.001) | 40.75 (<0.001) | 41.16 (<0.001) | 25.49 (<0.001) | ||||||||||||
R2 change | 0.09 (<0.001) | 0.07 (<0.001) | 0.06 (<0.001) |
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Kim, A.S.; Jang, M.H.; Park, K.H.; Min, J.Y. Effects of Self-Efficacy, Depression, and Anger on Health-Promoting Behaviors of Korean Elderly Women with Hypertension. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176296
Kim AS, Jang MH, Park KH, Min JY. Effects of Self-Efficacy, Depression, and Anger on Health-Promoting Behaviors of Korean Elderly Women with Hypertension. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176296
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Ae Sil, Mi Heui Jang, Kyung Hwan Park, and Ji Young Min. 2020. "Effects of Self-Efficacy, Depression, and Anger on Health-Promoting Behaviors of Korean Elderly Women with Hypertension" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176296