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Article

Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal

by
Bernhard Zagel
1,*,
Hans Wiesenegger
2,
Robert R. Junker
3 and
Gerhard Ehgartner
4
1
Department of Geoinformatics, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
2
Land Salzburg, Hydrological Service, 5010 Salzburg, Austria
3
Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
4
e:geo Informatics, 4892 Fornach, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Data 2024, 9(10), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110
Submission received: 31 July 2024 / Revised: 13 September 2024 / Accepted: 20 September 2024 / Published: 25 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Spatial Data Science and Digital Earth)
Browse Figures
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Abstract

:
This article provides a comprehensive overview of all currently available datasets of the Long-term Ecosystem Research (LTER) site Oberes Stubachtal. The site is located in the Hohe Tauern mountain range (Eastern Alps, Austria) and includes both protected areas (Hohe Tauern National Park) and unprotected areas (Stubach valley). While the main research focus of the site is on high mountains, glaciology, glacial hydrology, and biodiversity, the eLTER Whole-System Approach (WAILS) was used for data selection. This approach involves a systematic screening of all available data to assess their suitability as eLTER Standard Observations (SOs). This includes the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and sociosphere. These SOs are fundamental to the development of a comprehensive long-term ecosystem research framework. In total, more than 40 datasets have been collated for the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal and included in the Dynamic Ecological Information Management System—Site and Data Registry (DEIMS-SDR), the eLTER’s data platform. This paper provides a detailed inventory of the datasets and their primary attributes, evaluates them against the WAILS-required observation data, and offers insights into strategies for future initiatives. All datasets are made available through dedicated repositories for FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) use.

1. Introduction

In recent years, ecosystems and biodiversity have changed significantly due to factors like climate change, land use, and resource overuse, as well as population growth, consumer habits, and economic growth [1,2]. Long-term ecological research (LTER) is essential for understanding natural changes and human impacts on biodiversity [3]. Open and harmonized long-term monitoring data are crucial for gaining insights into ecosystem structures, functions, and their responses to environmental changes [4]. At a global level, the International Long Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) has been established, comprising a network of independent and site-specific research infrastructures that deal with global ecosystem challenges [5]. At the European level, the infrastructure is known as European Long-Term Ecosystem Research (eLTER) [6]. This article refers to the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal and the standard observations (SO) currently measured there, according to the concept of the holistic ecosystem approach [7]. Accordingly, the pertinent SOs from the five defined WAILS spheres (geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and, sociosphere) were observed in accordance with the type of habitat present at the research site. The specification of these habitat types was based on the EUNIS (European Nature Information System) habitat classification developed by the European Topic Centre for Biodiversity for the European Environment Agency [8,9]. The primary habitat type at the research site Stubachtal is “sparsely vegetated habitats and deserts”. The data currently measured at the site are presented in accordance with the FAIR approach (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable) [10]. The datasets are described in the Dynamic Ecological Information Management System Site and Dataset Registry (DEIMS-SDR) [11,12], a web portal where all information about sites and the associated data documentation can be found or referenced [13]. Finally, the potential opportunities and challenges for future and long-term monitoring at the high-mountain LTER site of Oberes Stubachtal are outlined.

2. LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal—An Overview

The Stubach valley is situated in the Austrian province of Salzburg. It is located within the Hohe Tauern mountain range and is part of the Eastern Alps. The valley is surrounded by several mountain ranges within the Hohe Tauern National Park—NPHT (see Figure 1a,b). The Granatspitz group lies to the west of the valley and includes peaks such as the Granatspitze (3086 m a.s.l.) and the Stubacher Sonnblick (3088 m a.s.l.). The Glockner group borders the Stubach valley to the south-east. It includes the peaks Hohe Riffl (3338 m a.s.l.), Johannisberg (3453 m a.s.l.), and Eiskögele (3423 m a.s.l.).
The total area of the Stubach valley is approximately 128 km2, with significant variation in elevation, which is a dominant factor in the natural processes occurring in the area. The valley at Schneiderau is situated at an altitude of 1000 m a.s.l., while the highest elevations are in the main Alpine ridge to the south (over 3400 m a.s.l.). Due to the great range of altitudes within a small area, the Stubach valley encompasses diverse habitats and, consequently, species of animals and plants. The climate of the region is characterized by annual mean air temperatures of approximately 6.7 °C in the Salzach valley at Uttendorf and approximately −6 °C in the highest summit regions [14]. Annual precipitation ranges from about 1100 mm (Uttendorf) to more than 2600 mm at the weather station Rudolfshütte [14]. In general, the upper Stubach valley is characterized by sparse vegetation cover, interspersed with high Alpine rock formations, glaciers, and debris cover. Alpine grasslands and mountain forests increase at lower altitudes. These complex topographic, glaciological, hydrological, geological, and meteorological conditions present a significant scientific challenge for the monitoring and modelling of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the combination of protected areas in the south and unprotected areas around the reservoirs and in the north makes the site particularly interesting, as the impact of human intervention on nature can be studied under contrasting conditions.
The LTER site Oberes Stubachtal is a long-term research location with a primary focus on the measurement of various glaciological and hydrological parameters of different glaciers since 1960 [15,16]. This is conducted in conjunction with water balance estimations in the catchment areas of the Weißsee (2250 m a.s.l.) and Tauernmoos (2023 m a.s.l.) reservoirs, which are controlled by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB Infra).
The current climatic changes in the alpine region have affected not only the extent of the glaciers but also the organisms that inhabit these landscapes. The exposure of animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi to these new conditions results in species-specific or ecosystem-level reactions. The stability of these communities is largely determined by the interactions of all species, which makes extensive research essential [17,18,19,20].
The LTER site covers an area of 99 km2 in the upper part of the Stubach valley (see Figure 2). The meteorological station Rudolfshütte (2314 m a.s.l.), operated by Geosphere Austria, is located centrally within the LTER site [21]. Additionally, the Rudolfshütte serves as a mountain hotel and can be used as a basecamp.

3. Data Description

For decades, the original focus of the systematic collection of long-term data at the site was primarily on glaciological, meteorological, and hydrological data. While pedological surveys are difficult due to the altitude and high alpine characteristics, long-term biological studies have only been carried out systematically for a few years. These new initiatives and measurements are very valuable and complement the ecosystem monitoring at the research site. The standard observations (SOs) defined by eLTER [24] are assigned to the WAILS spheres and categorized as described below:
  • Geosphere: observations on geological and pedological properties;
  • Atmosphere: meteorological observations (temperature, precipitation, etc.);
  • Hydrosphere: glacial-hydrological observations (runoff, water temperatures, etc.);
  • Biosphere: observations of fauna and flora;
  • Sociosphere: selected economic and social parameters.
Within each sphere, there are several SOs that are measured or available at the site. An SO can either comprise only one variable (e.g., the area of a given glacier) or be defined by a bundle of variables (e.g., meteorological data at the weather station Rudolfshütte). Such variables are referred to as composite SO variables. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5 list all SO variables with available data for the Oberes Stubachtal site. In some cases, there are considerable correlations and dependencies between these parameters. One example is the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and the mass balance of glaciers. Another example is the frontal variation of a glacier and its impact on flora and fauna through succession in the glacier forefield. Therefore, it is of great importance to include all spheres and as many variables as possible in a long-term monitoring program. The data presented in this paper are published under the CC-BY license.

3.1. Geosphere Data

In general, the Hohe Tauern National Park (NPTH, https://www.parcs.at/npht), the Salzburg Geographical Information Service (SAGIS, https://www.salzburg.gv.at/sagis) and various federal services like eBod (Digital SoilMap, https://bodenkarte.at) and Geosphere Austria (https://www.geologie.ac.at/en/) provide a wide range of data for the area of the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal. These are further enhanced at the European level by data from the Copernicus program (https://dataspace.copernicus.eu), Eurostat (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data), and other online services (all accessed on 20 June 2024). As a result, some SO values in DEIMS are automatically filled from the relevant global or European datasets. This also applies to several SOs for the geosphere. However, the main focus of the long-term monitored SOs is directly on site, as demonstrated by the measurements of various soil parameters for 140 plots at Ödenwinkel [17].
Table 1. Geosphere—SO Variables.
Table 1. Geosphere—SO Variables.
Standard Observation (SO)SO CodeSO Variables IncludedUnitSource|DOI
Soil inventory—pedological
geological characterization		SOGEO_001Geological site characterization https://bodenkarte.at/#/center/12.5956,47.212/zoom/13.2 (accessed on 20 June 2024)
https://www.geologie.ac.at/en/services/web-applications/multi-thematic-geological-map (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Soil chemical and
physical properties		SOGEO_003Soil nutrient content
Soil temperature
Soil pH		%
°C
pH		https://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1
https://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1
https://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1

3.2. Atmosphere Data

The Rudolfshütte weather station, situated in the center of the Upper Stubach valley was established in 1961, by Heinz and Werner Slupetzky [25]. Since 1980, GeoSphere Austria has operated the manned, semi-automated weather station (TAWES-ID 11138) [26]. The weather station (location: lat 47.1349983; long 12.62583256; 2317 m. a.s.l.) is the key instrument for continuous meteorological and atmospheric measurements in the LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal, which are acquired according to WMO standards. Long series of measurements are well documented and freely accessible via the data portal of Geosphere Austria [14]. The most important variables are listed in Table 2. In addition, there are other stations in the Stubach valley where precipitation and other variables are measured. These are mainly operated by the Hydrographic Service of the Province of Salzburg—https://www.salzburg.gv.at/wasser/hydro—and ÖBB Infra, available via https://ehyd.gv.at HZB ID 203554 (all accessed on 20 June 2024). However, only some of this data are open-access and available to the public.
Two important SO variables from the Atmosphere table are vegetation phenology and leaf area index (LAI), as well as vegetation aboveground biomass for non-forest sites, which is also measured on-site. Vegetation phenology and LAI are products of the Copernicus Land Monitoring Service High-Resolution Vegetation Phenology and Productivity suite [27]. This is another example of the use of Copernicus data available throughout Europe, which are standardized for eLTER standard observations. The data include information such as start date, end date, peak of the season, and LAI. The detailed validation process of the following summary is outlined in [28]. Validation involves comparing Sentinel satellite data with ground measurements. However, the available reference data are scarce. Consequently, intercomparison with related products is conducted, thereby facilitating validation over larger areas or greater time periods [29]. The LAI is derived from Sentinel-3/OLCI data, which has a spatial resolution of 300 m. Its validation follows the guidelines of the CEOS Land Production Validation Group (LPV)-https://ceos.org (accessed on 20 June 2024). The accuracy assessment is continuously updated as part of the quality monitoring process. Based on [30], the LAI product is operational; further information on accuracy can be found in [31].
Table 2. Atmosphere—SO Variables.
Table 2. Atmosphere—SO Variables.
Standard Observation (SO)SO CodeComprised SO VariablesUnitSource|DOI
meteorological dataSOATM_027relative air humidity
precipitation
air temperature
wind speed|wind direction surface atmospheric pressure		%
mm
°C
m/s|°
hPa		https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
radiationSOATM_028global radiation Wm−2https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
Vegetation phenology and leaf area index—European scaleSOBIO_015phenological traits
(start, max. and end of season, LAI)		datehttps://land.copernicus.eu/ (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Vegetation aboveground biomass—non-forested sitesSOBIO_024-indexhttps://land.copernicus.eu/ (accessed on 20 June 2024)

3.3. Hydrosphere Data

Regular observations and systematic studies commenced in 1960 with the measurement of frontal variations of several glaciers, carried out by Heinz and Werner Slupetzky [32]. The mass balance of Stubacher Sonnblickkees (SSK) has been measured and photogrammetrically mapped since 1963 and calculated back to 1946 (see Figure 3) [33,34,35]. Today, the area of Hohe Tauern National Park including the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal is home to one of the longest glacier monitoring series in the Eastern Alps [36,37].
The dynamic glacial processes influence not only the flora and fauna, but also the changes in the landscape and the hydrosphere in the immediate glacier forefield and in the entire upper Stubach valley. A good example is the formation of the lake Unterer Eisbodensee in the 1980s, which has been monitored for temperature, water level, and runoff by the Hydrographic Service Salzburg since 2002 [39].
Table 3. Hydrosphere—SO Variables.
Table 3. Hydrosphere—SO Variables.
Standard Observation (SO)SO CodeComprised SO VariablesUnitSource|DOI
water level (running water)SOHYD_010water levelcm|m3https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12510205
snow cover and depthSOHYD_012snow covercmhttps://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
https://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70
snow depth
glacier front variationSOHYD_164glacier front variationmhttps://doi.org/10.5904/wgms-fog-2024-01
glacier mass balanceSOHYD_165specific mass balancemm w.e.https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.829950
glacier areaSOHYD_166glacier area m2https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.844988
soil water content/temp.SOHYD_168soil temperature°Chttps://doi.org/10.60669/gs6w-jd70

3.4. Biosphere Data

In summer 2019, n = 140 permanent plots were established along the successional gradient of the forefield of the Ödenwinkelkees glacier, with regular monitoring of the recorded multidiversity [17,18]. In the same year, a vegetation analysis was conducted in each of these plots [17]. Additionally, soil samples were collected to extract eDNA and to analyze soil chemical and physical properties [17]. The eDNA was used to characterize the bacterial and fungal communities on each of the plots [17]. A detailed description of the data and the methods can be found in [17]. In the 2021 vegetation period, the vegetation in each of these plots was scanned using the 3D plant scanner PlantEye (Phenospex, F500, Heerlen, The Netherlands). Based on these scans, digital biomass and vegetation structure were estimated. A detailed description of the data and the methods can be found in [19]. All recorded SO variables for the biosphere are listed in Table 4.
Table 4. Biosphere—SO Variables.
Table 4. Biosphere—SO Variables.
Standard Observation (SO)SO CodeComprised SO VariablesUnitSource|DOI
Vegetation—compositionSOBIO_017Species abundances/cover%https://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1
eDNA soilSOBIO_022Bacterial OTU abundancesRead numbershttps://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1
eDNA soilSOBIO_022Fungal OTU abundancesRead numbershttps://doi.org/10.17632/xkv89tbftc.1
Vegetation aboveground biomass—non-forested sitesSOBIO_024Aboveground biomass of plants (estimated by 3D plant scanner)-https://doi.org/10.17632/ztmwmbg9pd.3
Vegetation structure—site scaleSOBIO_140Vegetation structure (assessed by 3D plant scanner)Various indiceshttps://doi.org/10.17632/ztmwmbg9pd.3

3.5. Sociosphere Data

The LTER site Oberes Stubachtal is located entirely within the municipality of Uttendorf in the political district of Zell am See, province of Salzburg. Most of the data in the sociosphere also refer to the administrative unit of the municipality of Uttendorf. The main sources are data from Statistics Austria [40], the province of Salzburg [41], and the municipality of Uttendorf itself [42]. Much of the sociosphere data comprise qualitative descriptive information. This means that much of the information is based on reports and fact sheets rather than a specific quantitative dataset. For this reason, Table 5 often links directly to the original source of the report.
A closer look at the data shows that tourism, employment, demographic and socio–economic characteristics, as well as natural land use and economic factors are very closely related. The zone boundaries of the Hohe Tauern National Park show that large parts of the LTER site are protected [22].
Table 5. Sociosphere—SO Variables.
Table 5. Sociosphere—SO Variables.
Standard Observation (SO)SO CodeComprised VariablesUnitSource|DOI
Governance structure and characterSOSOC_032-descriptivehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12511408
https://www.uttendorf.at/Gemeindevertretung_5 (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Basic services provision: educationSOSOC_034-descriptivehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12511408
Land cover, land use, land cover change, land use changeSOSOC_036-descriptivehttps://www.statistik.at/blickgem/G0101/g50624.pdf (accessed on 20 June 2024)
General information (DEIMS)SOSOC_039-descriptivehttps://deims.org/e26012b5-8a4f-4ad1-b20a-f6e615e27911 (accessed on 20 June 2024)
NUTS3 and local administrative units (LAUs) spatial databasesSOSOC_041-maphttps://www.statistik.at/atlas/blick/?gemnr=50624# (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Status of employmentSOSOC_044employment
(employment rate %;
employment by sector;
unemployment) 		%https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12511408
Number of tourists/visitors SOSOC_122-descriptivehttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12511408
Buildings and other structuresSOSOC_131-descriptivehttps://www.statistik.at/atlas/blick/?gemnr=50624# (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Roads, railways, settlement areasSOSOC_132-descriptivehttps://www.statistik.at/atlas/blick/?gemnr=50624# (accessed on 20 June 2024)
Protected areasSOSOC_153-geodatahttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13120848

4. Discussion: Opportunities and Risks

The LTER site Oberes Stubachtal is a good example of a long-standing interdisciplinary research site. In particular, the cross-connections between the various specialist disciplines have repeatedly provided impetus for highmountain research—for example, in the fields of hydrology and glaciology [43]. However, there have also been very specialized research achievements, such as the ornithological work carried out by Mazzucco in the Stubach valley in the 1960s [44]. These show that the concentrated availability of data in the sense of the WAILS approach encourages and attracts interdisciplinary research. The proximity to the national park, the various initiatives of the national park research itself, and the existing infrastructure on site have made the location even more attractive over the years.
Although not all SO variables have been finalized and the corresponding measurement protocols agreed, the authors believe that the site is well on the way to achieving the specified criteria. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to elevate the research location to an appropriate site category in terms of an eLTER research infrastructure [45].
This article should be seen as the first step in a data inventory. A fruitful exchange between the various research institutions active at the site, coupled with a concerted effort to provide compatible data in accordance with the FAIR data principles, offers a significant opportunity to achieve the shared objectives of the eLTER initiative. The use of synergies under the umbrella of a common national park platform can greatly help to realize the full potential of a common (geo)data infrastructure for a better understanding of the natural processes driven mainly by climate change in this sensitive mountain landscape.

5. Conclusions

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the standard observations currently available for the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal according to the FAIR principle. The data are presented in a structured way, with links to the respective data repositories provided to facilitate future research and applications. Despite the efforts made, there are still significant data gaps with regard to the required standard observations.
It is evident that these gaps are more pronounced when considering all SOs within the WAILS concept in site category 1 than when considering only the SOs of the thematic focus on sparsely vegetated habitats and deserts [8]. Nevertheless, further efforts must be made to provide even more SOs in this standardized and FAIR way. There is potential for even stronger cooperation with stakeholders in the study area to share more data. In addition to the Hohe Tauern National Park, these include ÖBB Infra, the Austrian Alpine Association (ÖAV) and various specialized departments of the province of Salzburg. The approach outlined in this paper and the referenced repositories represent a preliminary attempt to consolidate the existing data, which are distributed in terms of content, location, and institution. This will facilitate more effective integration in the future.
A further vision is to establish a more integrated platform of LTER research sites in the Hohe Tauern, or even across the Eastern Alps, to provide a strong digital research data infrastructure. This would facilitate the sharing of data and the coordination of research activities. The European eLTER research infrastructure (eLTER-RI) offers a valuable opportunity to fully utilize and coordinate the potential of the long-term observations already available, while also supplementing them with new observations.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.Z. and H.W.; methodology, B.Z., H.W. and R.R.J.; validation, B.Z. and H.W.; data curation, G.E., B.Z. and R.R.J.; writing—original draft preparation, all authors; writing—review and editing, all authors; visualization, B.Z.; project administration, B.Z.; funding acquisition, B.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research project was funded by the Earth System Sciences funding program of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (eLTER22_06_Zagel). Original text according to contract: Das Projekt eLTER22_06_Zagel wird aus Mitteln des Earth System Sciences Förderprogramms der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften finanziert.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets and metadata referenced in this article are accessible through the following portals: zenodo.org/communities/lter-stubachtal/, PANGAEA.de, wgms.ch, data.hub.geosphere.at, www.parcs.at/npht/, www.bodenkarte.at, www.geologie.ac.at/en, www.statistik.at, www.salzburg.gv.at, www.uttendorf.at, and deims.org (all accessed on 20 June 2024). Detailed information on spatial and temporal resolution, metadata, and download links can be found in the DEIMS Data and Site Registry [9,10]. All long-term datasets will be continuously added and updated.

Acknowledgments

Open Access Funding by the University of Salzburg. We would like to thank the Hydrological Service of the Province of Salzburg for their support. Special thanks to Weißsee Gletscherbahnen, Berghotel Rudolfshütte and ÖBB Infra for their support with transportation, logistics, and accommodation.

Conflicts of Interest

Author Gerhard Ehgartner was employed by the company e:geo Informatics. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) View towards Ödenwinkel in the upper Stubach valley, Ödenwinkelkees glacier and Eiskögle in the background. (b) View from the top of the Hohe Riffl across the upper Stubach valley to the Weißsee reservoir, with Berghotel Rudolfshütte (lower right) and Stubacher Sonnblickkees glacier in the background. (Photos by B. Zagel, 2023).
Figure 1. (a) View towards Ödenwinkel in the upper Stubach valley, Ödenwinkelkees glacier and Eiskögle in the background. (b) View from the top of the Hohe Riffl across the upper Stubach valley to the Weißsee reservoir, with Berghotel Rudolfshütte (lower right) and Stubacher Sonnblickkees glacier in the background. (Photos by B. Zagel, 2023).
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Figure 2. Overview of the upper Stubach valley, including the protected area of the Hohe Tauern National Park and monitoring stations of various stakeholders. Geodata source: [11,22,23].
Figure 2. Overview of the upper Stubach valley, including the protected area of the Hohe Tauern National Park and monitoring stations of various stakeholders. Geodata source: [11,22,23].
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Figure 3. Annual mass balance of Stubacher Sonnblickkees (SSK) glacier from 1946–2023, the longest continuous series of measurements in the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal. Since 1982, SSK has lost approximately 45 million m3 of ice [38].
Figure 3. Annual mass balance of Stubacher Sonnblickkees (SSK) glacier from 1946–2023, the longest continuous series of measurements in the LTER site Oberes Stubachtal. Since 1982, SSK has lost approximately 45 million m3 of ice [38].
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Zagel, B.; Wiesenegger, H.; Junker, R.R.; Ehgartner, G. Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal. Data 2024, 9, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110

AMA Style

Zagel B, Wiesenegger H, Junker RR, Ehgartner G. Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal. Data. 2024; 9(10):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110

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Zagel, Bernhard, Hans Wiesenegger, Robert R. Junker, and Gerhard Ehgartner. 2024. "Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal" Data 9, no. 10: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110

APA Style

Zagel, B., Wiesenegger, H., Junker, R. R., & Ehgartner, G. (2024). Comprehensive Overview of Long-Term Ecosystem Research Datasets at LTER Site Oberes Stubachtal. Data, 9(10), 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/data9100110

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