research-article

Powering the internet of things

Authors:

Hrishikesh Jayakumar,

Vijay RaghunathanAuthors Info & Claims

ISLPED '14: Proceedings of the 2014 international symposium on Low power electronics and design

Pages 375 - 380

https://doi.org/10.1145/2627369.2631644

Published: 11 August 2014 Publication History

Abstract

Various industry forecasts project that, by 2020, there will be around 50 billion devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), helping to engineer new solutions to societal-scale problems such as healthcare, energy conservation, transportation, etc. Most of these devices will be wireless due to the expense, inconvenience, or in some cases, the sheer infeasibility of wiring them. Further, many of them will have stringent size constraints. With no cord for power and limited space for a battery, powering these devices (to achieve several months to possibly years of unattended operation) becomes a daunting challenge. This paper highlights some promising directions for addressing this challenge, focusing on three main building blocks: (a) the design of ultra-low power hardware platforms that integrate computing, sensing, storage, and wireless connectivity in a tiny form factor, (b) the development of intelligent system-level power management techniques, and (c) the use of environmental energy harvesting to make IoT devices self-powered, thus decreasing -- in some cases, even eliminating -- their dependence on batteries. We discuss these building blocks in detail and illustrate case-studies of systems that use them judiciously, including the QUBE wireless embedded platform, which exploits the characteristics of emerging non-volatile memory technologies to seamlessly and efficiently enable long-running computations in systems that experience frequent power loss (i.e., intermittently powered systems).

References

[1]

Belkin Wemo. http://www.belkin.com/us/Products/home-automation/c/wemo-home-automation/.

[2]

CubeSensors. https://cubesensors.com/.

[3]

Driblet. http://driblet.co/.

[4]

Fitbit. http://www.fitbit.com/.

[5]

Flood Beacon. http://floodbeacon.com.

[6]

Pavegen. http://www.pavegen.com/.

[7]

Pebble. https://getpebble.com/.

[8]

Quirky Wink. https://www.quirky.com/ge.

[9]

Revolv Home Automation hub. http://revolv.com/.

[10]

Self-Powered Ad-Hoc Network. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/span.html.

[11]

Spheramid Gateway for Ninjasphere. http://ninjablocks.com/.

[12]

Wally. https://www.wallyhome.com/.

[13]

Wireless Sensor Tags. https://www.mytaglist.com/.

[14]

B. Allen et al. Harvesting energy from ambient radio signals: A load of hot air? In LAPC, pages 1--4, 2012.

[15]

Ambiq Micro. AM08X5 real-time clock family. http://ambiqmicro.com/sites/default/files/AM08X5 Data Sheet DS0002V1p1.pdf.

[16]

Bluetooth Special Interest Group. https://www.bluetooth.org/.

[17]

D. Bol et al. SleepWalker: A 25-MHz 0.4-V sub- mm27 -- μW/MHz microcontroller in 65-nm LP/GP PCMOS for low-carbon wireless sensor nodes. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 20--32, 2013.

[18]

C. Brown. Low-power sampling techniques using kinetis l, 2013.

[19]

E. Carlson et al. A 20 mv input boost converter with efficient digital control for thermoelectric energy harvesting. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 741--750, 2010.

[20]

C.-Y. Chen and P. H. Chou. Duracap: A supercapacitor-based, power-bootstrapping, maximum power point tracking energy-harvesting system. In ISLPED, pages 313--318, 2010.

Digital Library

[21]

G. Chen et al. Circuit design advances for wireless sensing applications. Proc. IEEE, pages 1808--1827, 2010.

[22]

Cymbet. EnerChip. http://www.cymbet.com/.

[23]

Estimote. Estimote beacons. http://estimote.com/.

[24]

D. Evans. The internet of things: How the next evolution of the internet is changing everything. http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT IBSG 0411FINAL.pdf, 2011.

[25]

M. Fojtik et al. A millimeter-scale energy-autonomous sensor system with stacked battery and solar cells. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 801--813, 2013.

[26]

G. R. Fox et al. Current and future ferroelectric nonvolatile memory technology. J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, pages 1967--1971, 2001.

[27]

M. Gorlatova et al. Energy harvesting active networked tags (EnHANTs) for ubiquitous object networking. IEEE WC, pages 18--25, 2010.

Digital Library

[28]

M. Gorlatova et al. Movers and shakers: Kinetic energy harvesting for the internet of things. In (to appear in) ACM SIGMETRICS, 2014.

Digital Library

[29]

S. Hanson et al. A low-voltage processor for sensing applications with picowatt standby mode. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 1145--1155, 2009.

[30]

A. M. Hawkes et al. A microwave metamaterial with integrated power harvesting functionality. Applied Physics Letters, 103(16), 2013.

[31]

H. Jabbar et al. RF energy harvesting system and circuits for charging of mobile devices. IEEE T CONSUM ELECTR, pages 247--253, 2010.

Digital Library

[32]

H. Jayakumar et al. QUICKRECALL: A low overhead HW/SW approach for enabling computations across power cycles in transiently powered computers. In VLSID, pages 330--335, 2014.

Digital Library

[33]

H. Jayakumar et al. HYPNOS: An Ultra-Low Power Sleep Mode with SRAM Data Retention for Embedded Microcontrollers. CODES+ISSS --14, 2014 (to appear).

[34]

C. Y. Jiang et al. High-bendability flexible dye-sensitized solar cell with a nanoparticle-modified ZnO-nanowire electrode. APPL PHYS LETT, 2008.

[35]

S. Khanna et al. An FRAM-based nonvolatile logic MCU SoC exhibiting 100% digital state retention at vdd= 0 V achieving zero leakage with < 400-ns wakeup time for ulp applications. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 95--106, 2014.

[36]

Y. Kim et al. Maximum power transfer tracking for a photovoltaic-supercapacitor energy system. In ISLPED, pages 307--312, 2010.

Digital Library

[37]

H. Li and Y. Chen. Nonvolatile Memory Design: Magnetic, Resistive, and Phase Change. 2011.

[38]

Linear Technology. LT8490-high V, high I, buck-boost battery charge controller with MPPT.

[39]

J.-Q. Liu et al. A MEMS-based piezoelectric power generator array for vibration energy harvesting. MICROELECTR J, pages 802--806, 2008.

Digital Library

[40]

V. Liu et al. Ambient backscatter: Wireless communication out of thin air. COMPUT COMMUN REV, pages 39--50, 2013.

Digital Library

[41]

Lively. Lively. http://mylively.com/.

[42]

C. Lu et al. Maximum power point considerations in micro-scale solar energy harvesting systems. In ISCAS, pages 273--276, 2010.

[43]

S. J. A. Majerus et al. Wireless, ultra-low-power implantable sensor for chronic bladder pressure monitoring. JETC, pages 11:1--11:13, 2012.

Digital Library

[44]

C. Meng et al. Ultrasmall integrated 3D micro-supercapacitors solve energy storage for miniature devices. Advanced Energy Materials, 2014.

[45]

P. P. Mercier et al. Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear. NAT BIOTECHNOL, pages 1240--1243, 2012.

[46]

J. Nickels et al. Find my stuff: Supporting physical objects search with relative positioning. In UbiComp, pages 325--334, 2013.

Digital Library

[47]

P. H. L. Notten et al. 3-D integrated all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. ADV MATER, pages 4564--4567, 2007.

[48]

Panasonic. MN101LR05D/04D/03D/02D datasheet. http://www.semicon.panasonic.co.jp/ds4/MN101L05 E.pdf.

[49]

V. Raghunathan and P. Chou. Design and power management of energy harvesting embedded systems. In ISLPED, pages 369--374, 2006.

Digital Library

[50]

V. Raghunathan et al. Emerging techniques for long lived wireless sensor networks. IEEE COMMUN MAG, pages 108--114, 2006.

Digital Library

[51]

Y. Ramadass and A. Chandrakasan. A battery-less thermoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit with 35 mV startup voltage. IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC, pages 333--341, 2011.

[52]

B. Ransford. Transiently Powered Computers. PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Jan. 2013.

[53]

N. Sakimura et al. A 90 nm 20 MHz fully nonvolatile microcontroller for standby-power-critical applications. In ISSCC, pages 184--185, 2014.

[54]

A. Sinha and A. Chandrakasan. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks. IEEE DES TEST COMPUT, pages 62--74, 2001.

Digital Library

[55]

STMicroelectronics. SPV1050-ULP energy harvester and battery charger with embedded MPPT and LDOs.

[56]

tado. tado cooling. http://www.tado.com/.

[57]

C. Wang et al. Storage-less and converter-less maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic cells for a nonvolatile microprocessor. In ASP-DAC, pages 379--384, 2014.

[58]

B. Zhai et al. A 2.60pJ/Inst subthreshold sensor processor for optimal energy efficiency. In Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pages 154--155, 2006.

[59]

P. Zhang et al. QuarkOs: Pushing the operating limits of micro-powered sensors. In HotOS, 2013.

Digital Library

[60]

P. Zhang and D. Ganesan. Enabling bit-by-bit backscatter communication in severe energy harvesting environments. In NSDI, pages 345--357, 2014.

Digital Library

[61]

M. Zwerg et al. An 82 μA/MHz microcontroller with embedded FeRAM for energy-harvesting applications. In ISSCC, pages 334--336, 2011.

Cited By

Mizuno YSebe HKanemoto DHirose T(2024)Ultra-low power low-dropout linear regulator with a load current tracking bias current generator for loT devicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics10.35848/1347-4065/ad202e63:2(02SP96)Online publication date: 6-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad202e
Gómez-Gijón SToral VMorales DRivadeneyra A(2024)Printed and chipless humidity sensor using NFC inspired technology.2024 8th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM)10.1109/EDTM58488.2024.10511828(1-2)Online publication date: 3-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM58488.2024.10511828
Liu RChang LLin FLee YYeh MHo K(2024) Multifunctional Structure-Modified Quaternary Compounds Co 9 Se 8 –CuSe 2 –WSe 2 Mixed with MWCNT as a Counter Electrode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces10.1021/acsami.3c1652716:3(3476-3488)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c16527
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Powering the internet of things
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
  2. Real-time systems

Recommendations

Joint dynamic voltage scaling and adaptive body biasing for heterogeneous distributed real-time embedded systems

While dynamic power consumption has traditionally been the primary source of power consumption, leakage power is becoming an increasingly important concern as technology feature size continues to shrink. Previous system-level approaches focus on ...
Energy management algorithm for solar‐powered energy harvesting wireless sensor node for Internet of Things

The solar powered energy harvesting sensor node is a key technology for Internet of Things (IoT), but currently it offers only a small amount of energy storage and is capable of harvesting only a trivial amount of energy. Therefore, new technology for ...
Bringing Robustness and Power Efficiency to Autonomous Energy Harvesting Microsystems
ASYNC '10: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on Asynchronous Circuits and Systems

Autonomous devices that are self-powered by extracting their energy from their environment are a new opportunity for monitoring purposes. A multi-energy sources and multi-sensors microsystem targeting autonomous wireless sensor node applications is ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

ISLPED '14: Proceedings of the 2014 international symposium on Low power electronics and design

August 2014

398 pages

ISBN:9781450329750

DOI:10.1145/2627369

General Chairs:
Yuan Xie
UCSB, USA
,
Tanay Karnik
Intel, USA
,
Program Chairs:
Muhammad M. Khellah
Intel, USA
,
Renu Mehra
Synopsys, USA

Copyright © 2014 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 11 August 2014

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

Division of Computing and Communication Foundations

Conference

ISLPED'14

Sponsor:

SIGDA

ISLPED'14: International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design

August 11 - 13, 2014

California, La Jolla, USA

Acceptance Rates

ISLPED '14 Paper Acceptance Rate 63 of 184 submissions, 34%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 398 of 1,159 submissions, 34%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

171
Total Citations
View Citations
2,394
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)106
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)15

Reflects downloads up to 13 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Mizuno YSebe HKanemoto DHirose T(2024)Ultra-low power low-dropout linear regulator with a load current tracking bias current generator for loT devicesJapanese Journal of Applied Physics10.35848/1347-4065/ad202e63:2(02SP96)Online publication date: 6-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ad202e
Gómez-Gijón SToral VMorales DRivadeneyra A(2024)Printed and chipless humidity sensor using NFC inspired technology.2024 8th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM)10.1109/EDTM58488.2024.10511828(1-2)Online publication date: 3-Mar-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM58488.2024.10511828
Liu RChang LLin FLee YYeh MHo K(2024) Multifunctional Structure-Modified Quaternary Compounds Co 9 Se 8 –CuSe 2 –WSe 2 Mixed with MWCNT as a Counter Electrode Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces10.1021/acsami.3c1652716:3(3476-3488)Online publication date: 11-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c16527
Soleimani Borujerdi ASanahmadi AAbdollahi Azgomi M(2024)Unified modeling and evaluation of availability and power consumption in the internet of thingsPeer-to-Peer Networking and Applications10.1007/s12083-024-01865-x18:2Online publication date: 30-Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-024-01865-x
Ray P(2024)A Review on IoT Energy Storage with Nanocarbon Materials: Requirements, State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future ScopeNanoCarbon: A Wonder Material for Energy Applications10.1007/978-981-99-9931-6_3(41-69)Online publication date: 28-Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9931-6_3
Matsumoto KIkeda RSebe HKuroki NNuma MKanemoto DHirose T(2023)Fully-integrated switched-capacitor voltage boost converter with digital maximum power point tracking for low-voltage energy harvestingJapanese Journal of Applied Physics10.35848/1347-4065/acb77e62:SC(SC1071)Online publication date: 17-Feb-2023
https://doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acb77e
Hammam TAlhalaili BAbd El-sadek MAbuelwafa A(2023)Effect of Protective Layer on the Performance of Monocrystalline Silicon Cell for Indoor Light HarvestingSensors10.3390/s2318799523:18(7995)Online publication date: 20-Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/s23187995
Na XGuo XYu ZZhang JHe YLiu YHui PAmiri Sani ANurmi PLiu Y(2023)Leggiero: Analog WiFi Backscatter with Payload TransparencyProceedings of the 21st Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3581791.3596835(436-449)Online publication date: 18-Jun-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3581791.3596835
Sui LLin ZXiao PPoor HVucetic B(2023)Performance Analysis of Multiple-Antenna Ambient Backscatter Systems at Finite BlocklengthsIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2023.326713010:18(16061-16075)Online publication date: 15-Sep-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2023.3267130
Lin CLiu CYen CKuo THsiu P(2023)Intermittent-Aware Neural Network Pruning2023 60th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)10.1109/DAC56929.2023.10247825(1-6)Online publication date: 9-Jul-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/DAC56929.2023.10247825
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents