skip to main content
10.1145/1161089.1161127acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmobicomConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article

Low-cost communication for rural internet kiosks using mechanical backhaul

Published: 29 September 2006 Publication History

Abstract

Rural kiosks in developing countries provide a variety of services such as birth, marriage, and death certificates, electricity bill collection, land records, email services, and consulting on medical and agricultural problems. Fundamental to a kiosk's operation is its connection to the Internet. Network connectivity today is primarily provided by dialup telephone, although Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) or long-distance wireless links are also being deployed. These solutions tend to be both expensive and failure prone. Instead, we propose the use of buses and cars as "mechanical backhaul" devices to carry data to and from a village and an internet gateway. Building on the pioneering lead of Daknet [15], and extending the Delay Tolerant Networking Research Group architecture [24], we describe a comprehensive solution, encompassing naming, addressing, forwarding, routing, identity management, application support, and security. We believe that this architecture not only meets the top-level goals of low cost and robustness, but also exposes fundamental architectural principles necessary for any such design. We also describe our experiences in implementing a prototype of this architecture.

References

[1]
H. Balakrishnan, K. Lakshminarayanan, S. Ratnasamy, S. Shenker, I. Stoica, M. Walfish, "A Layered Naming Architecture for the Internet," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2004.]]
[2]
D. Boneh and M. Franklin, "Identity Based Encryption from the Weil Pairing," Proc. Crypto 2001.]]
[3]
J. Burgess, B. Gallagher, D. Jensen, B. Levine, "MaxProp: Routing for Vehicle-Based Disruption-Tolerant Networking," Proc. IEEE Infocom 2006.]]
[4]
V. Cerf, S. Burleigh, A. Hooke, L. Torgerson, R. Durst, K. Scott, K. Fall, H. Weiss, "Delay Tolerant Network Architecture," Internet Draft http://www.dtnrg.org/specs/draft-irtf-dtnrg-arch-02.txt, July 2004.]]
[5]
S. Cheshire and M. Baker, "A Wireless Network in MosquitoNet," In IEEE Micro, Feb 1996.]]
[6]
M. Demmer, E. Brewer, K. Fall, S. Jain, M. Ho, and R. Patra, "Implementing Delay Tolerant Networking," Intel Research, Berkeley, Technical Report, IRB-TR-04-020, Dec 2004.]]
[7]
K. Fall, "A Delay-Tolerant Network for Challenged Internets," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2003.]]
[8]
C. Gentry and A. Silverberg, "Hierarchical ID-Based Cryptography," Proc. International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptography and Information Security, 2002.]]
[9]
S. Guo, M. Ghaderi, and S. Keshav, "Opportunistic Scheduling in Ferry Based Networks," Proc. WNEPT, 2006.]]
[10]
S. Jain, K. Fall, and R. Patra, "Routing in a Delay Tolerant Network," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2004.]]
[11]
A. Jhunjhunwalla, "Wireless Mesh Access in Rural India," Presentation at COMSWARE 2006, New Delhi, January 2006.]]
[12]
E. Jones, L. Li, P. Ward, "Practical Routing in Delay-Tolerant Networks," Proc. Workshop on DTN, 2005.]]
[13]
R. Moskowitz, P. Nikander. P. Jokela, and T. Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol," http://www.potaroo.net/ietf/ids/draft-ietf-hip-base-00.txt, 2004.]]
[14]
J. Ott and D. Kutscher, "A Disconnection-Tolerant Transport for Drive-thru Internet Environments," Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2005.]]
[15]
A. Pentland, R. Fletcher, and A. Hasson, "Daknet: Rethinking Connectivity in Developing Nations," IEEE Computer, 37(1):78--83, 2004.]]
[16]
C. Perkins, "IP Mobility Suport for Ipv4," http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3344.txt, Aug 2002.]]
[17]
S. Rhea, B. Godfrey, B. Karp, J. Kubiatowicz, S. Ratnasamy, S. Shenker, I. Stoica, and H. Yu, "OpenDHT: A Public DHT Service and Its Uses," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2005.]]
[18]
A. Seth and S. Keshav, "Practical Security for Disconnected Nodes," Proc. NPSEC 2005.]]
[19]
A. Seth, S. Keshav, and S. Bhattachharaya, "Opportunistic Data Transfer Over Heterogeneous Wireless Access Networks," http://blizzard.cs.uwaterloo.ca/keshav/home/Papers/data/05/ocmp.pdf, Work in progress.]]
[20]
A. Snoeren and H. Balakrishnan, "An End-to-End Approach to Host Mobility," Proc. ACM MOBICOM 2000.]]
[21]
H. Soliman, C. Catelluccia, K. Malki, L. Bellier, "Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 mobility management (HMIPv6)," http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-mipshop-hmipv6-04.txt, 2004.]]
[22]
I. Stoica, D. Adkins, S. Zhuang, S. Shenker, and S. Surana, "Internet Indirection Infrastructure," Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 2002.]]
[23]
W. Zhao, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura, "A Message Ferrying Approach for Data Delivery in Sparse Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," Proc. ACM MOBIHOC 2004.]]
[24]
DTN Research Group (DTNRG), http://www.dtnrg.org/,2006.]]
[25]
One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), http://laptop.media.mit.edu/, 2006.]]
[26]
eGovServices, http://www.egovservices/, 2006.]]
[27]
Anandpuram Deployment, http://blizzard.cs.uwaterloo.ca/tetherless, May 2006.]]

Cited By

View all

Index Terms

  1. Low-cost communication for rural internet kiosks using mechanical backhaul

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image ACM Conferences
      MobiCom '06: Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
      September 2006
      428 pages
      ISBN:1595932860
      DOI:10.1145/1161089
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

      Sponsors

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 29 September 2006

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. delay tolerant networks
      2. low cost
      3. mechanical back-haul
      4. rural communication
      5. system design

      Qualifiers

      • Article

      Conference

      MobiCom06
      Sponsor:

      Acceptance Rates

      Overall Acceptance Rate 440 of 2,972 submissions, 15%

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)11
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
      Reflects downloads up to 23 Dec 2024

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all

      View Options

      Login options

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media