Christian W. Spang
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-3829-9438
Background in Japan:
I came to Japan on a Monbu(kagaku)sho scholarship. From 1998 to 2000, I studied as a postgraduate research student at the University of Tokyo. Later, I continued my studies as a research fellow/associate at the Institute of Asian Cultural Studies (IACS), International Christian University (ICU), Tokyo. In 2001/02, I was affiliated with the German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) for ten months.
From 2001 to 2018, I taught as an adjunct at the following Japanese universities: Hosei University (2001-05), Sophia University (2004-2009, 2011-13), Dokkyo University (2005-09), Waseda University (2007-09), the University of Tokyo (2009/10), Keio University (2009-12), International Christian University (2013), and Tsukuba University (2012-2018)
From 2009 to 2012, I was an Associate Professor at the University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Humanities & Social Sciences (Modern Languages & Cultures) and also taught at the Foreign Language Center and various other graduate programs.
Since April 2012, I am teaching at Daito Bunka University (est. 1923), which is a medium-sized university with nine faculties and a strong focus on the humanities. The main campus is located in Tokyo's Itabashi ward while its second, more spacious campus is located at Higashimatsuyama, Saitama Prefecture. There, most of the freshmen and sophomore teaching takes place, and our generous sports facilities can be found. Daito Bunka University is well-known for its Caligraphy Department and the Toyo Kenkyujo (Institute of Oriental Studies), to which I have been affiliated for some years as an associated member (kentan-kenkyuin). In sports, Daito Bunka University is famous for Rugby and long-distance running, having won the traditional "Hakone Ekiden" relay race (taking place each year January 2nd and 3rd) four times.
After being Associate Professor at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, English Department for four years, I was promoted to Professor for German Studies in April 2016. In our section, nine faculty members are in charge of the European Double-Language program, where students can combine English as their major with French or German as a minor. Until March 2023, I taught for 11 years in the Graduate School of Foreign Studies helping two students to get their PhDs. From April 2019 to March 2021, I was acting as chair of the Institute for Research in Language Education at Daito Bunka University.
German East Asiatic Society (OAG)
I joined the OAG in 1998, was on the OAG board 2001-04 & 2019-23, chaired the OAG history committee 2003-23, and have been a member of the Publications Committee (Publikationsausschuss) since 2007.
A complete CV, list of articles, reviews and conference papers, etc. are available upon request. Some of my minor publications along with a few reviews about my work can be found in the "websites" section.
The "Bibliographie zur historischen Japanforschung" lists my own publications in German and some reviews about my work (in German). Many entries offer a link to the actual texts: http://www.historische-japanforschung.de/?p=bib&q=Spang.
________________________________________________________________________
Sabbatical: From April 2018 to March 2019, I have been visiting professor at the Japanese Department of Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. https://www.japanologie.phil.fau.de/
******************************************************************************
Prof. Dr. Christian W. Spang
Phone: +81 (0) 493-331-1503 (ext. 6495)
Address: DAITŌ BUNKA UNIVERSITY
Graduate School of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Foreign Languages (European Double-Language Course)
Research Bld. 2, Rm 425, 560 Iwadono, Higashi-Matsuyama, 355-8501 Saitama, Japan
Background in Japan:
I came to Japan on a Monbu(kagaku)sho scholarship. From 1998 to 2000, I studied as a postgraduate research student at the University of Tokyo. Later, I continued my studies as a research fellow/associate at the Institute of Asian Cultural Studies (IACS), International Christian University (ICU), Tokyo. In 2001/02, I was affiliated with the German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) for ten months.
From 2001 to 2018, I taught as an adjunct at the following Japanese universities: Hosei University (2001-05), Sophia University (2004-2009, 2011-13), Dokkyo University (2005-09), Waseda University (2007-09), the University of Tokyo (2009/10), Keio University (2009-12), International Christian University (2013), and Tsukuba University (2012-2018)
From 2009 to 2012, I was an Associate Professor at the University of Tsukuba, Graduate School of Humanities & Social Sciences (Modern Languages & Cultures) and also taught at the Foreign Language Center and various other graduate programs.
Since April 2012, I am teaching at Daito Bunka University (est. 1923), which is a medium-sized university with nine faculties and a strong focus on the humanities. The main campus is located in Tokyo's Itabashi ward while its second, more spacious campus is located at Higashimatsuyama, Saitama Prefecture. There, most of the freshmen and sophomore teaching takes place, and our generous sports facilities can be found. Daito Bunka University is well-known for its Caligraphy Department and the Toyo Kenkyujo (Institute of Oriental Studies), to which I have been affiliated for some years as an associated member (kentan-kenkyuin). In sports, Daito Bunka University is famous for Rugby and long-distance running, having won the traditional "Hakone Ekiden" relay race (taking place each year January 2nd and 3rd) four times.
After being Associate Professor at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, English Department for four years, I was promoted to Professor for German Studies in April 2016. In our section, nine faculty members are in charge of the European Double-Language program, where students can combine English as their major with French or German as a minor. Until March 2023, I taught for 11 years in the Graduate School of Foreign Studies helping two students to get their PhDs. From April 2019 to March 2021, I was acting as chair of the Institute for Research in Language Education at Daito Bunka University.
German East Asiatic Society (OAG)
I joined the OAG in 1998, was on the OAG board 2001-04 & 2019-23, chaired the OAG history committee 2003-23, and have been a member of the Publications Committee (Publikationsausschuss) since 2007.
A complete CV, list of articles, reviews and conference papers, etc. are available upon request. Some of my minor publications along with a few reviews about my work can be found in the "websites" section.
The "Bibliographie zur historischen Japanforschung" lists my own publications in German and some reviews about my work (in German). Many entries offer a link to the actual texts: http://www.historische-japanforschung.de/?p=bib&q=Spang.
________________________________________________________________________
Sabbatical: From April 2018 to March 2019, I have been visiting professor at the Japanese Department of Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. https://www.japanologie.phil.fau.de/
******************************************************************************
Prof. Dr. Christian W. Spang
Phone: +81 (0) 493-331-1503 (ext. 6495)
Address: DAITŌ BUNKA UNIVERSITY
Graduate School of Foreign Languages
Faculty of Foreign Languages (European Double-Language Course)
Research Bld. 2, Rm 425, 560 Iwadono, Higashi-Matsuyama, 355-8501 Saitama, Japan
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Books by Christian W. Spang
In diesem Band präsentieren drei erfahrene Historiker auf der Grundlage bisher kaum erschlossener Quellenbestände eine kritische Analyse der Vereinsgeschichte von der OAG-Gründung bis in die 1970er Jahre. Im Zentrum der Ausführungen stehen die Leistungen und Fehleinschätzungen der Führungspersönlichkeiten der OAG, die Veränderungen bei den Themenschwerpunkten, die Zusammensetzung und das Engagement der Mitgliedschaft sowie das Verhältnis der OAG zu Politik und Diplomatie Deutschlands und Japans.
Heinz Altschul, born in November 1903 in Dresden, was a German businessman in the western Japanese port city of Kobe. In his remembrances he reported primarily about the time of World War II. As a German businessman he was well integrated in the multifarious life of the German community in Kobe, its clubs, organizations and social life, until the National Socialists’ race delusions began to spread also there. Altschul, raised as a Protestant, was classified by the perverse logic of the Nuremberg Laws as a Full Jew, which during the fateful years of the Nazi dictatorship were grounds for discrimination, persecution, loss of citizenship and murder. Altschul experienced most of the Nazi years in Japan; after first living there from 1926 to 1929, working for a German company, he returned to Kobe in 1934, this time together with his wife and small son, again to work for the same company. In effect this second journey to Japan could well be viewed as an “emigration,” although Altschul himself did not use this word in his recordings. In Kobe he was safe from the Nazis’ extermination policy, in as much as Japan, although since 1936 an ally of Nazi Germany, had its own policies which offered Jews a minimum of protection and residence opportunities. Yet, even in Kobe, Altschul was not spared the enmity of the Germans in Japan.
Altschul’s unique situation, living in Japan as a German with Jewish background and forced to come to terms with these discriminations and exclusionary forces, make his remembrances a historical document of a very specific kind. Overall, there is little known about the living conditions of not only the German Jews, but also of the dissidents and the non-collaborators among the Germans in 1930s and 1940s Japan.
(Translated from the Introduction by Thomas Pekar.)
Contents:
Einleitung (Introduction): Thomas Pekar 4
Foreword: D. Robert Altschul 15
“As I Record These Memories…”: Heinz Altschul 17
Epilogue: D. Robert Altschul 102
Acknowledgements: D. Robert Altschul 105
Annotations: Christian W. Spang, D. Robert Altschul 106
Afterword: Nikola Herweg 122
Abbildungen (Illustrations) 127
Editorische Notiz (Editorial Notice) 142
Personenindex (Person Index) 144
Zu den Herausgebern (About the contributers) 149
Aufgrund seiner mannigfaltigen Aktivitäten, die u.a. eine vielbeachtete monatliche Radiosendung zur politischen Lage („Weltpolitischen Monatsbericht“) umfasste, war Haushofer seit Mitte der 1920er Jahre – weit über Deutschlands Grenzen hinaus – eine bekannte Persönlichkeit. Insbesondere in Japan wurde die von ihm begründete deutsche Geopolitik (ebenso wie die Arbeiten Carl Schmidts und anderer „Lebensraum-Theoretiker“) von vielen Geographen und Politikwissenschaftlern rezipiert. In den USA dagegen entstand eine Verschwörungstheorie, die darauf hinauslief, Hitlers Kriegsstrategie basiere auf Haushofers Konzepten. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelte sich nach dem Kriegsausbruch in Europa 1939 eine intensive alliierte Anti-Haushofer Propaganda, die bis heute nachwirkt. Dies zeigt z.B. der schlecht recherchierte History Channel Beitrag „Last Secret of the Axis“ (2001).
Haushofers Asienreise war die Basis seiner wichtigsten außenpolitischen Theorien, der „Kontinentalblock“-Idee (Kooperation zwischen Deutschland, der UdSSR und Japan) und der These einer geopolitischen „Einheit der Monsunländer“. Seine Kontakte sowie seine vielen Veröffentlichungen sowohl zu Japan als auch zu Deutschland machten ihn zum idealen Vermittler zwischen dem „Dritten Reich“ und Japan. Auch wenn er stets im Hintergrund blieb, wirkte er im akademischen sowie semi-diplomatischen Bereich an der bilateralen Annäherung der Zwischenkriegszeit mit. Ohne seine weitreichenden persönlichen Beziehungen und seine in Deutschland ebenso wie in Japan verbreiteten Publikationen hätte die deutsche Geopolitik kaum einen so großen Einfluss in Japan erreichen können. Die Darstellung enthüllt die Verbindungs¬linien zwischen der deutschen und der japanischen Geopolitik (chiseigaku), die u.a. den Expansionsbestrebungen der 1930/40er Jahre („Großostasiatische Wohlstandssphähre“, daitōa kyōeiken) als Rechtfertigungsmuster diente.
Die Arbeit wurde mit „summa cum laude“ bewertet und am 21. Oktober 2009 mit dem „Gerhard-Ritter-Preis“ der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität ausgezeichnet. URL: http://www.uni-freiburg.de/universitaet/portrait/ehrungen-und-preise/nachwuchsfoerderpreise2009.pdf
New research is explored on the military as well as ideological interconnections between Japan and Germany in the closing years of the nineteenth century, the First World and the development of bacteriological warfare during the Second World War. In addition, the book's focus on the Second World War significantly re-interprets two familiar axis of Japanese-German relations: the impact of Nazi ideology on Japanese "fascism", and the Axis Alliance.
Drawing on German as well as Japanese archival sources, the book presents a revealing examination of a crucial period in the modern history of Western Europe and East Asia. As such it will be of huge interest to those studying the modern history of Japan/Germany, comparative and world history, international relations and political science alike.
German East Asiatic Society (OAG) by Christian W. Spang
序文では、OAGという協会の設立の解説を、本文ではOAGの初期の日本人メンバーについて説明します。1885年に、最初の日本人が入会しました。その人は東京大学の地質学者の和田維四郎教授でした。彼の購入した神田の建物にOAGは入ったのです。和田の後、影響力がある近衛篤麿、青木周蔵、桂太郎、後藤新平、東郷茂徳らが続いて入会しました。特に、青木周蔵、桂太郎や長井長義教授とOAGの関係を細かく分析します。更に、OAGの『Mitteilungen der OAG (MOAG)』という雑誌に論文を発表した日本人を紹介します。本文の終わりに、OAGの名誉メンバーやベルリンの日本大使館で働いていた外交官はOAGとどんな関係にあったかを解説します。日本人のOAGメンバーは第一次世界大戦の前は活動的でしたが、戦後、その活動は停滞しました。この現状への対策としてOAGは1928年から1933年の間に後藤新平や有名な教授達を名誉メンバーとして選びました。"
The OAG did celebrate its 60th anniversary in March 1933 with great pomp, while it did not celebrate its 50th anniversary. In this paper, I elaborate on the reasons for this. There is some information about the celebration of the 70th anniversary in 1943 as well. ""
The OAG was originally founded in Tokyo in the late 19th century. Between 1930 and 1945 new OAG-groups were established in Germany (Leipzig and Berlin) and East Asia (Shanghai, Batavia, Manchuria). In this paper, I elaborate on this development. "
The OAG was founded in 1873 in Tokyo. The society immediately started publishing its own journal (Mitteilungen der OAG). Furthermore, the OAG established its own museum of Japanese art and folklore. Soon after, the OAG run into financial difficulties which brought about the end of the museum. The society was just not big enough to support such a huge project. In this paper, I explain what happened in 1878 before and after the OAG decided to send its collection to a museum in Leipzig (and not to another one in Berlin)."
In diesem Band präsentieren drei erfahrene Historiker auf der Grundlage bisher kaum erschlossener Quellenbestände eine kritische Analyse der Vereinsgeschichte von der OAG-Gründung bis in die 1970er Jahre. Im Zentrum der Ausführungen stehen die Leistungen und Fehleinschätzungen der Führungspersönlichkeiten der OAG, die Veränderungen bei den Themenschwerpunkten, die Zusammensetzung und das Engagement der Mitgliedschaft sowie das Verhältnis der OAG zu Politik und Diplomatie Deutschlands und Japans.
Heinz Altschul, born in November 1903 in Dresden, was a German businessman in the western Japanese port city of Kobe. In his remembrances he reported primarily about the time of World War II. As a German businessman he was well integrated in the multifarious life of the German community in Kobe, its clubs, organizations and social life, until the National Socialists’ race delusions began to spread also there. Altschul, raised as a Protestant, was classified by the perverse logic of the Nuremberg Laws as a Full Jew, which during the fateful years of the Nazi dictatorship were grounds for discrimination, persecution, loss of citizenship and murder. Altschul experienced most of the Nazi years in Japan; after first living there from 1926 to 1929, working for a German company, he returned to Kobe in 1934, this time together with his wife and small son, again to work for the same company. In effect this second journey to Japan could well be viewed as an “emigration,” although Altschul himself did not use this word in his recordings. In Kobe he was safe from the Nazis’ extermination policy, in as much as Japan, although since 1936 an ally of Nazi Germany, had its own policies which offered Jews a minimum of protection and residence opportunities. Yet, even in Kobe, Altschul was not spared the enmity of the Germans in Japan.
Altschul’s unique situation, living in Japan as a German with Jewish background and forced to come to terms with these discriminations and exclusionary forces, make his remembrances a historical document of a very specific kind. Overall, there is little known about the living conditions of not only the German Jews, but also of the dissidents and the non-collaborators among the Germans in 1930s and 1940s Japan.
(Translated from the Introduction by Thomas Pekar.)
Contents:
Einleitung (Introduction): Thomas Pekar 4
Foreword: D. Robert Altschul 15
“As I Record These Memories…”: Heinz Altschul 17
Epilogue: D. Robert Altschul 102
Acknowledgements: D. Robert Altschul 105
Annotations: Christian W. Spang, D. Robert Altschul 106
Afterword: Nikola Herweg 122
Abbildungen (Illustrations) 127
Editorische Notiz (Editorial Notice) 142
Personenindex (Person Index) 144
Zu den Herausgebern (About the contributers) 149
Aufgrund seiner mannigfaltigen Aktivitäten, die u.a. eine vielbeachtete monatliche Radiosendung zur politischen Lage („Weltpolitischen Monatsbericht“) umfasste, war Haushofer seit Mitte der 1920er Jahre – weit über Deutschlands Grenzen hinaus – eine bekannte Persönlichkeit. Insbesondere in Japan wurde die von ihm begründete deutsche Geopolitik (ebenso wie die Arbeiten Carl Schmidts und anderer „Lebensraum-Theoretiker“) von vielen Geographen und Politikwissenschaftlern rezipiert. In den USA dagegen entstand eine Verschwörungstheorie, die darauf hinauslief, Hitlers Kriegsstrategie basiere auf Haushofers Konzepten. Auf dieser Grundlage entwickelte sich nach dem Kriegsausbruch in Europa 1939 eine intensive alliierte Anti-Haushofer Propaganda, die bis heute nachwirkt. Dies zeigt z.B. der schlecht recherchierte History Channel Beitrag „Last Secret of the Axis“ (2001).
Haushofers Asienreise war die Basis seiner wichtigsten außenpolitischen Theorien, der „Kontinentalblock“-Idee (Kooperation zwischen Deutschland, der UdSSR und Japan) und der These einer geopolitischen „Einheit der Monsunländer“. Seine Kontakte sowie seine vielen Veröffentlichungen sowohl zu Japan als auch zu Deutschland machten ihn zum idealen Vermittler zwischen dem „Dritten Reich“ und Japan. Auch wenn er stets im Hintergrund blieb, wirkte er im akademischen sowie semi-diplomatischen Bereich an der bilateralen Annäherung der Zwischenkriegszeit mit. Ohne seine weitreichenden persönlichen Beziehungen und seine in Deutschland ebenso wie in Japan verbreiteten Publikationen hätte die deutsche Geopolitik kaum einen so großen Einfluss in Japan erreichen können. Die Darstellung enthüllt die Verbindungs¬linien zwischen der deutschen und der japanischen Geopolitik (chiseigaku), die u.a. den Expansionsbestrebungen der 1930/40er Jahre („Großostasiatische Wohlstandssphähre“, daitōa kyōeiken) als Rechtfertigungsmuster diente.
Die Arbeit wurde mit „summa cum laude“ bewertet und am 21. Oktober 2009 mit dem „Gerhard-Ritter-Preis“ der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität ausgezeichnet. URL: http://www.uni-freiburg.de/universitaet/portrait/ehrungen-und-preise/nachwuchsfoerderpreise2009.pdf
New research is explored on the military as well as ideological interconnections between Japan and Germany in the closing years of the nineteenth century, the First World and the development of bacteriological warfare during the Second World War. In addition, the book's focus on the Second World War significantly re-interprets two familiar axis of Japanese-German relations: the impact of Nazi ideology on Japanese "fascism", and the Axis Alliance.
Drawing on German as well as Japanese archival sources, the book presents a revealing examination of a crucial period in the modern history of Western Europe and East Asia. As such it will be of huge interest to those studying the modern history of Japan/Germany, comparative and world history, international relations and political science alike.
序文では、OAGという協会の設立の解説を、本文ではOAGの初期の日本人メンバーについて説明します。1885年に、最初の日本人が入会しました。その人は東京大学の地質学者の和田維四郎教授でした。彼の購入した神田の建物にOAGは入ったのです。和田の後、影響力がある近衛篤麿、青木周蔵、桂太郎、後藤新平、東郷茂徳らが続いて入会しました。特に、青木周蔵、桂太郎や長井長義教授とOAGの関係を細かく分析します。更に、OAGの『Mitteilungen der OAG (MOAG)』という雑誌に論文を発表した日本人を紹介します。本文の終わりに、OAGの名誉メンバーやベルリンの日本大使館で働いていた外交官はOAGとどんな関係にあったかを解説します。日本人のOAGメンバーは第一次世界大戦の前は活動的でしたが、戦後、その活動は停滞しました。この現状への対策としてOAGは1928年から1933年の間に後藤新平や有名な教授達を名誉メンバーとして選びました。"
The OAG did celebrate its 60th anniversary in March 1933 with great pomp, while it did not celebrate its 50th anniversary. In this paper, I elaborate on the reasons for this. There is some information about the celebration of the 70th anniversary in 1943 as well. ""
The OAG was originally founded in Tokyo in the late 19th century. Between 1930 and 1945 new OAG-groups were established in Germany (Leipzig and Berlin) and East Asia (Shanghai, Batavia, Manchuria). In this paper, I elaborate on this development. "
The OAG was founded in 1873 in Tokyo. The society immediately started publishing its own journal (Mitteilungen der OAG). Furthermore, the OAG established its own museum of Japanese art and folklore. Soon after, the OAG run into financial difficulties which brought about the end of the museum. The society was just not big enough to support such a huge project. In this paper, I explain what happened in 1878 before and after the OAG decided to send its collection to a museum in Leipzig (and not to another one in Berlin)."
The OAG established its major journal (Mitteilungen der OAG, MOAG) right after the foundation of the society. In 1926 the OAG established a separate bulletin (Nachrichten der OAG, NOAG), which started off with just 4 pages but rapidly grew to become a second journal. After World War II, the NOAG have been published in Hamburg by the Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens e.V. Hamburg. The paper traces the routs of the NOAG and explains its growth."
CONTENTS
• Prologue: The Origins of Geopolitical Thinking 7
Christian W. Spang
• An Introduction to Early 20th Century Geopolitics 8 - 17
Christian W. Spang and Igor Milovanovic
• The Pivot Moves Eastward: Mackinder and the Okinawa Problem 18 - 23
Naoto Aizawa and Christian W. Spang
• Civilizations in International Relations: Huntington’s Theory of Conflict 24 - 31
Nurlan Tussupov, Christian W. Spang, and Kuanish Beisenov
The three chapters featured in this Special Section "Discussing Geopolitics” are based on a graduate course taught in Spring 2010 at the University of Tsukuba. “The Origins of Geopolitical Thinking” was part of the Postgraduate General Course (大学院共通科目). It brought together a large group of postgraduates from different graduate schools. More than half of the participants were visiting students. The chapters published here are extensively revised and enlarged versions of students’ papers. As most of the thorough revisions and the editing have been done by me, it was decided to consider these papers as co-authored. The order of the authors’ names indicates how big each author’s role was in creating the finally published version.
Christian W. Spang, “Revisiting Karl Haushofer at 150 – A critical look at the most recent biography”, in: Outside the Box: A Multi-Lingual Forum (OTB Forum), Vol. IX, No. 1 (2019), pp. 23-34.
Este artículo (de revisión) trata sobre el reciente libro de Holger H. Herwig, The Demon of Geopolitics: How Karl Haushofer Educated Hitler and Hess. A pesar de que las investigaciones sobre Haushofer y sus ideas se remontan a hace unos 100 años, el libro de Herwig es un paso atrás porque pasa por alto todo lo que se ha publicado sobre Karl Haushofer y la geopolítica alemana desde mediados de los años 90. El libro de Herwig a menudo mezcla aspectos verdaderos y falsos y es este tipo de escritura lo que hace que sea particularmente difícil descifrar los errores para aquellos que aún no conocen completamente la historia de Haushofer.
“How reliable is Wikipedia 18 years after its establishment? A comparative look at various language entries on Karl Haushofer”, in: Outside the Box: A Multi-Lingual Forum (OTB Forum), Vol. IX, No. 1 (2019), pp. 35-47.
Este artículo analiza el nivel de precisión de las entradas de Wikipedia en diferentes idiomas sobre Karl Haushofer, un geopolítico alemán muy controvertido de la primera mitad del siglo XX. Las entradas se comparan en términos de extensión, notas numéricas y publicaciones propias de Haushofer. También se discute la estructura de los textos y la calidad de la sección de referencia. Se analiza el contenido de las entradas más largas y se muestran y corrigen los errores más comunes y más graves de estas entradas. La entrada en inglés sobre Karl Haushofer se diferencia de la mayoría de las demás en que se refiere principalmente a publicaciones estadounidenses de la década de 1940, lo que a la inversa significa que se ignora la mayor parte de las investigaciones más recientes sobre Karl Haushofer.
本稿は，クリスティアン・Ｗ・シュパングChristian Wilhelm Spang氏によって書かれた「カール・ハウスホーファー」「ドイツの地政学」「ゲオポリティク誌」「汎地域」の，4つの原稿を「カール・ハウスホーファーとドイツの地政学」という表題としてまとめたものである．これら4つの原稿は，もともと丸善出版から刊行予定の『現代地政学事典』の4つの項目のために英語で執筆されたものである．
同事典の編集者である訳者（高木）が，シュパング氏によって書かれた英語のオリジナル原稿を，事典の項目のフォーマット（2頁ないしは4頁）に和訳する作業を行ったものの，オリジナル原稿のボリュームが大きく，事典の制限字数内にまとめようとすると，大幅な要約となってしまい，オリジナル原稿に書かれた貴重な内容が無駄になってしまうという懸念が生じた．そこで，訳者は，4原稿を「カール・ハウスホーファーとドイツの地政学」という表題で一つの論文としてまとめ，その翻訳を本誌に掲載してみようと思い立った．シュパング氏と丸善出版にこの企画を打診したところ，いずれも快諾されたため，こうして翻訳論文として掲載することができた．これら4項目はもともと別個の項目として執筆されたものであるため，ひとつにまとめると，内容的な重なりが目立つし，論文構成も必ずしも統一のとれたものにはなっていない．こうした不具合があるとはいえ，オリジナル原稿が持つ貴重な内容を失うことなくこうして掲載できるメリットの方を訳者は優先したしだいである．
• Christian W. Spang, “Prologue to the Special Section ‘Gebrauchsanweisung Japan – A Japan Manual’” [English], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 19-20.
• Atsutaka Omori in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Mangakissa’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 21-23.
• Ryosuke Satō in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Manga’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 24-27.
• Takahisa Kobayashi, Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Anime’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 28-30.
• Takeru Onizuka in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Juku’ - Nach der Schule ist vor der Juku. Das Lernen nimmt kein Ende” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 31-34.
• Atsushi Sasai in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Baseball-Kultur’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 35-39.
• Zhe Liu in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Japanisches Essen (Washoku)’” [German/Chinese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 40-42.
• Mariko Hori in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Das Sumida Feuerwerk’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 43-46.
• Osamu Tamura in cooperation with Christian W. Spang, “Gebrauchsanweisung ‘Das japanische Neujahr’” [German/Japanese], in: OTB Forum, Vol. 5 (2012), No. 1, pp. 47-50.
Ralf Eisinger, Klaus Pringsheim aus Tokyo. Zur Geschichte eines musikalischen Kulturtransfers, München: Iudicium, 2020, ISBN 978-3-86205-532-6, 203 Seiten, 40 Abb., kt. EUR 28,—.
Gerd Holzheimer, Über die Schwelle. Die Familie Haushofer in Kunst, Wissenschaft und Politik, München, 2023.
eine Zusammenfassung ihrer Ergebnisse – gewissermaßen wie Kurzgeschichten – etwas abrupt enden."
Rather unusually, the editor of the book reacted by publishing a reply at the December issue of OAG Notizen (http://www.oag.jp/images/publications/oag_notizen/Notizen1412-BuchbesprechungAnt.pdf), which unfortunately misses the point of my review, which only aimed at correcting obvious mistakes.
Karl Haushofer und die OAG: Deutsch-japanische Netzwerke in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Stanzel
"Korrektur: JF 8/14. Auf Seite 21 wurde in der Kurzkritik „Geopolitik“ der Name des Autors Christian W. Spang falsch geschrieben. Wir bitten den Fehler zu entschuldigen! (JF)"
Im Verlaufe des Vortrages werden eine Anzahl von Fragen gestellt und – soweit es die „NS 9/407“ Listen erlauben – auch beantwortet. Ein wichtiges und interessantes Thema ist die Altersstruktur der Nazis in Japan. Wie viele (sehr) junge, wie viele mittelalte und wie viele ältere Mitglieder gab es? Wer trat wann ein? Wer trat als Erster in Japan vor Ort in die Partei ein und wer hatte die niedrigste Mitgliedsnummer? Wie viele Frauen sind in den Listen zu finden? Wie viele von ihnen waren ledig, wie viele verheiratet? Waren die Gattinnen der Nazifunktionäre in Japan Parteimitglied oder nicht? Gab es Fälle, bei denen die Ehefrau vor ihrem Mann eingetreten war? Waren alle OAG-Repräsentanten in der NSDAP? Und wie steht es mit den Diplomaten und Militär-Repräsentanten des „Dritten Reiches“? Was ist mit den Austauschstudenten der 1930er Jahre und mit den deutschen Lehrkräften an den japanischen Oberschulen? Wer fehlt in den Listen … und warum? Stimmen die Einträge in den Listen mit dem überein, was z.B. im Biographischen Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes 1871-1945 steht? Gib es Fehler in den Listen und wenn ja, welche Art von Fehler? Worin liegt der Wert von ggf. nicht vollständigen und fehlerhaften Listen?
Diese und weitere Fragen werden in dem Vortrag anhand von vielen Tabellen diskutiert. Nicht alle oben erwähnte Fragen lassen sich auf der Basis der NS 9/407 Listen abschließend klären, aber man gewinnt durch eine statistische Auswertung der Mitgliedschaft doch ein viel klareres Verständnis.
Die in den Listen belegten Fakten bezüglich des jeweiligen Eintrittsdatums werden im Zuge einiger Fallbeispiele mit Aussagen in autobiographischen Darstellungen, Briefen, Interviews etc. oder auch mit Kommentaren in der Sekundärliteratur ins Verhältnis gesetzt. In vielen Fällen ergeben sich hier deutliche Diskrepanzen, die uns am Ende in der Diskussionsrunde möglicherweise zu der Frage bringen, was die reine Mitgliedschaft in der NSDAP über die entsprechende Person aussagt. Inwieweit man hier allgemeingültige Aussagen treffen kann, ist eine nicht leicht zu beantwortende Frage.
The homepage of the OAG (www.oag.jp) provides a video of the talk at the URL mentioned below.
The presentation (starting around 17'10'') is part of the third section of the event:
"Teil III: Tänze des Seidenstraßen-Ensembles „Guliston“ und Vorstellung der Geschichte der OAG"
If you click on the link providede below and scroll down, you find the video of the whole talk as "Video-Mitschnitt".
A recording of this lecture can be accessed here: https://vimeo.com/718947099
The whole exhibition can be accessed here: https://www.germanyinjapan160.com/
My interview can be found here: https://www.germanyinjapan160.com/?sheet=sheet_10
Despite some similarities in the history of the two countries, there is no continuity between the early German advisers of the 1870s to the Axis of World War II.
I have delivered this talk three times so far:
11/18/2018: Leipzig University
2/4/2020: Erlangen University
2/5/2020: Bayreuth University
The talk was organized by Dr Tatiana Linkhoeva, Assistant Professor, History Department, New York University, 53 Washington Square South
New York, 10012, NY
Following a short introduction to the position of the Japanese within Hitler’s race system and the Nazi’s admiration of Japanese “racial purity”, this talk is going to take a closer look at some of the problems Japanese-German couples (and their children) faced during the Nazi era. The main focus of this talk will be on such couples living in Japan. The Japan branch of the Nazi Party (Landesgruppe Japan) excluded Jews as well as many Germans married to Japanese from the German community (Deutsche Gemeinde). Yet, they made a distinction between those who had married before 1933/35 and those who either married or wanted to marry afterwards. The latter group was exposed to extreme Nazi agitation. Even during the “Axis” years, when Japan and the Third Reich were allies, the Nazis made every effort to prevent such marriages. Young German men living in Japan, for example, were threatened to be drafted into the navy (Kriegsmarine) and sent on extremely dangerous blockade breaking missions to render planned weddings impossible. These actions expose a strong feeling of racial superiority even vis-á-vis Nazi Germany’s main wartime ally.
The talk was organized by Joanne M. Cho of the History Department, William Paterson University, New Jersey.
Following a short introduction to the position of the Japanese within Hitler’s race system and the Nazi’s admiration of Japanese “racial purity”, this talk is going to take a closer look at some of the problems Japanese-German couples (and their children) faced during the Nazi era. The main focus of this talk will be on such couples living in Japan. The Japan branch of the Nazi Party (Landesgruppe Japan) excluded Jews as well as many Germans married to Japanese from the German community (Deutsche Gemeinde). Yet, they made a distinction between those who had married before 1933/35 and those who either married or wanted to marry afterwards. The latter group was exposed to extreme Nazi agitation. Even during the “Axis” years, when Japan and the Third Reich were allies, the Nazis made every effort to prevent such marriages. Young German men living in Japan, for example, were threatened to be drafted into the navy (Kriegsmarine) and sent on extremely dangerous blockade breaking missions to render planned weddings impossible. These actions expose a strong feeling of racial superiority even vis-á-vis Nazi Germany’s main wartime ally.
Er ist als „Vater der deutschen Geopolitik“ sowie aufgrund seiner Freundschaft mit Rudolf Heß und seines (häufig überschätzten) Einflusses auf Adolf Hitlers „Lebensraum“- und Japan-Vorstellungen bekannt.
Im Rahmen dieses Vortrags werden Haushofers Leben, sein „Netzwerk“ sowie seine außenpolitischen Vorstellungen behandelt...
2) Traveling broadens the mind: Ceylon/India 1908/09
3) Geopolitical concepts & India
4) Haushofer‘s Indian connections
5) India-related lectures & publications
6) Conclusion
Panel 180: Asian-German Studies (3): German Tutors, Asian Tutees? Aims of German (Language) Instruction in China and Japan
Following a short introduction to the Japanese’ position within the Nazi race system and the discussion about Nazi admiration of Japanese “racial purity”, this paper is going to take a look at some of the problems Japanese-German couples faced during the Nazi years. Finally, some concrete examples of the difficulties these couples encountered in Japan will be presented. The local Nazi Party machine excluded Jews as well as Germans married to Japanese from the German community called “Deutsche Gemeinde”. Anyone expressing the intention to marry a Japanese national was pressured to give up on this plan. The Nazis went as far as threatening to induce young Germans into Wehrmacht or Kriegsmarine to render planned weddings impossible. The majority of examples presented here are taken from the files of the Nazi embassy in Tokyo, found in the political archive of the German foreign office in Berlin.
Despite the notorious German-Japanese “Axis”, ardent Nazis were actively agitating against Japanese wives (and husbands) of German nationals. Based on their belief of German-Aryan superiority, they actively discouraged and threatened Germans who intended to marry Japanese. Those who married after 1933 lost their citizenship. Non-German spouses were frequently excluded from Nazi-sponsored events in Japan. My talk will be based on documents by the Nazi embassy in Tokyo and the local Nazi Party’s “Landesgruppe”, i.e. the umbrella organization of all Nazi organizations i Japan between 1935 and 1945. Following a short introduction of the build-up of Nazi organizations in Japan, I want to present some cases of how dissenters were excluded from the “Gemeinde” and how German nationals were discouraged to marry Japanese.
In this paper I want to briefly introduce the post-WWI activities of Germans in Dutch East India itself, focusing on their working experiences as well as on the outpost of the Tokyo-based German East Asiatic Society in Batavia (1934-40). The main part of the paper will deal with the internment of all Germans in the Dutch colony after the occupation of the Netherlands by the Third Reich in late spring 1940. While women and children were subsequently allowed to leave the colony either for Shanghai or Japan, German men remained in camps until they were transferred to Ceylon in early 1942. As this was a few months after the Pearl Harbor attacks, one of the three transport ships, the Van Imhoff, was actually sunk during this transfer by a Japanese plane, killing about 480 Germans onboard. Most likely, this was the highest number of German casualties in the Pacific theatre of war at one stroke, ironically killed by the Third Reich’s axis partner Japan. After WWII, it became clear that the Dutch crew of the Van Imhoff saved itself without providing any support to the Germans in their custody, causing some uproar in the mid-1960s when the case was discussed in West-German media. The aim of this paper is to remind the audience of the cooperation of Germans with Dutch colonialism and the fact that Japan was more than once the third party involved, by providing the working space for some German VOC-employees from the 17th to the 19th century, by accepting hundreds of German refugees from the Dutch colony in 1941 and by tragically killing 480 Germany on a Dutch transport ship in February 1942.
In the following year, Heinz Altschul, who had married in the meantime, went to Kobe again, this time with his wife and son. The following years were successful and peaceful for him as the Nazis did not have much influence in Kobe until 1938. From then on, the baptized Christian was turned into a Jew by Nazi laws, which were more and more applied within the German communities in Japan as well.
He lost his job and former friends ignored him. He left the German club as well as the international Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club, which is Japan’s oldest sports members club. When food rationing began, his wife had to go to the German club to get her ration while Heinz Altschul, who lost his German citizenship in 1942, had to go somewhere else. Later their house burned down. After the war, Altschul worked for the US occupation forces before the family finally immigrated to New York. In 1989, he recorded his recollections of events in Kobe, which have been published this year.
A short summary of Wakamatsu Kôji’s 2007 low-budged movie “United Red Army” and Bernd Eichinger’s blockbuster representation of German 1970s terrorism in “Der Baader-Meinhof Komplex” will be followed by a comparison of some aspects of both movies such as the fact that Wakamatsu devoted a lot of time to the developments within the terrorist group itself, while Eichinger covers this aspect far less extensively but reports instead also about the public reaction to the terrorist attacks and the following police actions. The fact that the events of February 1972 remained a rather isolated outbreak of terrorist violence in Japan while the Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorized (West) Germany with three “generations” of terrorists for decades, speaks to the different degree of public attention that both movies attracted.
In 1908, Haushofer was sent to Japan as military observer. He travelled via India, Singapore and Hong Kong to Japan and visited Korea and China as well. In 1919, he left the army as Major General and began teaching geopolitics in Munich. He was well-known in the Third Reich as a friend of Adolf Hitler’s deputy, Rudolf Hess. Many of his books as well as the Zeitschrift für Geopolitik (ZfG), an influential journal he (co-)edited 1924-44, were widely read not only in Germany. Due to his earlier contacts, Haushofer was able to quickly (re)establish close relations with many Japanese in the 1920s and 30s, but he was also highly regarded by some Americans, Chinese, Indians and Russians at certain times.
Haushofer’s influence in academic, diplomatic and military circles was mostly based on his publications. In them, he focused on Japan, China and India. Yet, as he saw the British Empire, Russia and the USA as important players in the region, he covered events in the Indian as well as the Pacific Ocean in his monthly ZfG-column “Bericht aus dem indo-pazifischen Raum”.
Haushofer’s publications on Asia and the Pacific as well as his influence beyond Germany have largely been overlooked in recent research. Therefore, the proposed paper would deal with the following aspects:
1) Haushofer's Curriculum Vitae
2) Military observer in Japan (1909/10)
3) Haushofer’s network: Germany & Japan
4) Haushofer‘s concepts
5) The Zeitschrift für Geopolitik & Hausofer’s major works
6) Conclusion"
Albrecht Haushofer got a Ph.D. in geography at the age of 21 from Munich University and then went to Berlin as assistant of Albrecht Penck, one of the most acclaimed geographers of his time. Haushofer Jr. traveled extensively to North- and South America, Russia and many other European countries. Furthermore, Albrecht worked as secretary (Geschäftsführer) of the Berlin Geographical Association from 1929 to 1940. After that, he was promoted to professor for political geography and geopolitics at the newly established faculty for foreign studies (Auslandswissenschaftlichen Fakultät) of Berlin University. He was therefore an insider of the academic world with many personal connections. By coincidence, his apartment was very close to the Foreign Office and to Joachim von Ribbentrop’s semi-official bureau, the so-called “Dienstststelle”. During the 1930s, Albrecht established many contacts with representatives of both institutions and even worked for them as freelance at times. Therefore, the conservative Haushofer was able to establish close contacts with the old school diplomats as well as representatives of Nazi foreign policy.
All this has to be seen as the background of Albrecht Haushofer’s 1937 semi-official mission to Japan, where he stayed for more than two months to have high-level talks with representatives of various ministries as well as with army and navy officers. Here, his father’s prominence helped Haushofer Jr. gain access to many Japanese leaders, a fact that can be verified in Albrecht Haushofer’s diary. Despite the fact that we have this diary and some of his official reports, it is still not absolutely clear what the concrete aim of his mission had been. But it can be assumed that Haushofer Jr. was a good-will ambassador to deepen relations between Berlin and Tokyo. His academic background, his pedigree and his relations both with the Foreign Office and the Dienststelle made him the ideal person to fulfill this job.
The second Sino-Japanese war broke out during the time of Albrecht Haushofer’s sojourn in East Asia, which added further importance to his mission and might have been the reason why Haushofer Jr. reported directly to Hess and Hitler a few days after his return via the USA. He also sent his final reports to various other top representatives of the Nazi regime