Izvorni kôd stranice Kolkata

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'''Kolkata''', prije '''Kalkuta''', je grad u [[Indija|indijskoj]] državi [[Zapadni Bengal]]. Zajedno sa okolinom, u području Kolkate živi oko 15 miliona stanovnika,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |title=Arhivirana kopija |access-date=17. 11. 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117081029/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |archive-date=17. 11. 2006 |url-status=live }}</ref> što čini Kolkatu trećim gradom po broju stanovnika u Indiji i osmim u svijetu.

Kolkata se suočava sa problemima [[urbanizacija|urbanizacije]], kao što su siromaštvo, zagađenost i saobraćajno zagušenje.

'''Kolkata''' <ref name="MB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kolkata|title=Kolkata|access-date=8. 12. 2022}}</ref> Bengali: [kolˈkata]; također poznat kao '''Calcutta''' {{IPAc-en|k|æ|l|ˈ|k|ʌ|t|ə}}<ref name="MB" /><ref name="longman">{{Cite book|last=Wells|first=John|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/longmanpronuncia0000unse|date=3. 4. 2008|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0|edition=3rd|author-link=John C. Wells}}</ref> što je bio [[Spisak preimenovanih mjesta u Indiji|službeni naziv do 2001.]]) je glavni grad [[Indija|indijske]] [[Države i teritorije Indije|države]] [[Zapadni Bengal]]. Nalazi se na istočnoj obali [[rijeka Hooghly|rijeke Hoohly]] 80&nbsp;km zapadno od granice sa [[Bangladeš]]om. To je primarno poslovno, komercijalno i finansijsko središte [[Istočna Indija|istočne Indije]] i glavna komunikacijska luka za [[Sjeveroistočna Indija|sjeveroistočnu Indiju]].<ref name="worldbank20162">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata|title=Better Integrated Transport Modes will Help Reinvent Kolkata|date=20. 4. 2016|publisher=[[World Bank]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204243/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/04/19/better-integrated-transport-modes-will-help-reinvent-kolkata|archive-date=27. 3. 2019|url-status=live|access-date=9. 2. 2020}}</ref> Prema indijskom popisu iz 2011. godine, Kolkata je [[Spisak gradova u Indiji prema broju stanovnika|sedmi grad po broju stanovnika]] u Indiji, sa 45.&nbsp;[[lakh]]  stanovnika (4.5&nbsp;miliona) stanovnika u gradu. To je dio [[Gradsko područje Kolkata|metropolitanskog područja Kolkata]] (ili poznatog kao [[Gradsko područje Kolkata|Velika Kolkata]]) koje ima populaciju od preko 1,41&nbsp;[[crore]] (14.1&nbsp;miliona) stanovnika što ga čini [[Spisak metropolitanskih područja u Indiji|trećim najnaseljenijim gradskim područjem]] u Indiji. U 2021. [[Gradsko područje Kolkata|gradsko područje Kalkute]] prešlo je 1,5&nbsp; crore (15&nbsp;miliona) registrovanih birača. [[Luka Kolkata]] je najstarija operativna luka Indije i njena jedina velika riječna luka. Kolkata se smatra kulturnom prijestonicom Indije. Kolkata je drugi najveći grad u kojem se govori [[Bengalski jezik|bengalski]] nakon [[Dhaka|Dake]]. Ima najveći broj [[Spisak ljudi iz Kolkate|nobelovaca]] među svim gradovima u Indiji.<ref name="Kolkata_Culture">—{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|title=India: Calcutta, the capital of culture-Telegraph|website=telegraph.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102024458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/1245/india-calcutta-the-capital-of-culture.html|archive-date=2. 1. 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan-1763111|title=Kolkata remains cultural capital of India: Amitabh Bachchan – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=10. 11. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625005244/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan-1763111|archive-date=25. 6. 2017|url-status=live|access-date=25. 11. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-laid-113111400889_1.html|title=Foundation of Kolkata Museum of Modern Art laid|agency=Press Trust of India|work=business-standard.com|access-date=25. 7. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054533/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-laid-113111400889_1.html|archive-date=5. 3. 2016|date=14. 11. 2013}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9362769|title=Calcutta: habitat of the Indian intellectual|last=Reeves|first=Philip|date=5. 4. 2007|website=National Public Radio|access-date=29. 1. 2012}}<br /><br />—{{Cite book|last=Noble, Allen and Frank Costa|title=Regional development and planning for the 21st century : new priorities, new philosophies|url=https://archive.org/details/regionaldevelopm0000unse_i1p8|last2=Ashok Dutt|last3=Robert Kent|publisher=Ashgate Pub Ltd|year=1990|isbn=978-1-84014-800-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regionaldevelopm0000unse_i1p8/page/282 282], 396}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Debashish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&q=yet+another+book+on+calcutta&pg=PP16|title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history|last2=Anita Desai|publisher=[[Signal Books]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-902669-59-5|page=xiv}}</ref>

U kasnom 17. vijeku, tri sela koja su prethodila Kalkuti bila su pod vlašću [[Nawab iz Bengala|Navaba iz Bengala]] pod [[Mogulski carevi|mogulskim]] [[Sizerenstvo]]m. Nakon što je Nawab 1690. godine dao [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|istočnoindijskoj kompaniji]] trgovačku [[Licenca|dozvolu]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=K.|title=Calcutta: a cultural history|url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttacultural0000dutt|last2=Desai|first2=A.|date=april 2008|publisher=Interlink Books|isbn=978-1-56656-721-3|location=Northampton, Massachusetts, US|pages=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttacultural0000dutt/page/n28 9]–10}}</ref>, kompanija je ovo područje razvila u sve više utvrđenu trgovačku stanicu poznatu kao [[Fort William, Indija|Fort William]]. Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] okupirao je Kalkutu 1756. godine, a Istočnoindijska kompanija ju je ponovo preuzela sljedeće godine. Godine 1793. Istočnoindijska kompanija bila je dovoljno jaka da ukine domorodnu vlast i [[Trajno naselje|preuzela punu suverenost]] nad regijom. Pod vlašću kompanije, a kasnije pod [[Britanska Indija|britanskom vladom]], Kalkuta je služila kao glavni grad teritorija koje su držali Britanci u Indiji do 1911. Te godine, nakon procjene njegovog geografskog položaja, u kombinaciji s rastućim nacionalizmom u [[Bengal]]u (Kalkuta je postala centar [[Indijski pokret za nezavisnost|indijskog pokreta za nezavisnost]]), Britanci su premjestili glavni grad u [[New Delhi]] koji je relativno centralniji.

Nakon nezavisnosti 1947. godine, Kalkuta, koja je nekada bila glavni centar indijske trgovine, kulture i politike, pretrpjela je mnogo decenija [[Političko nasilje|političkog nasilja]] i [[Ekonomska stagnacija|ekonomske stagnacije]] prije nego što se oporavila.<ref name="ianjack1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata|title=India's riptide of modern aspiration has not reached Kolkata – but that can't last {{!}} Ian Jack {{!}} Opinion {{!}} The Guardian|date=7. 11. 2016|website=web.archive.org|access-date=19. 6. 2023|archive-date=7. 11. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093315/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Grad je također bio preplavljen hinduističkim izbjeglicama iz [[Istočni Bengal|Istočnog Bengala]] (današnji Bangladeš) u decenijama nakon [[Podjela Indije|podjele Indije]] 1947., transformirajući njegov pejzaž i oblikujući njegovu politiku.<ref>{{Citation|last=Talbot|first=Ian|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|title=The Partition of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67256-6|year=2009|url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/twentieth-century-regional-history/partition-india?format=PB&isbn=9780521672566|pages=115–117}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Tan|first=Tai Yong|last2=Kudaisya|first2=Gyanesh|title=The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-45060-4|pages=172–175}}</ref> Kao demografski raznolik [[Globalizacija i istraživačka mreža svjetskih gradova|globalni grad]], [[Kultura Kolkate|kultura Kalkute]] ima idiosinkrazije koje uključuju izrazito [[Para (bengal)|bliska naselja]] (''paras'') i [[Adda (južnoazijski)|razgovore slobodnog stila]] (''adda''). Kolkata je dom filmske industrije istočne Indije, poznate kao [[Kino Zapadnog Bengala|Tollywood]], i kulturnih institucija, kao što su [[Akademija likovnih umjetnosti, Kolkata|Akademija likovnih umjetnosti]], [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]], [[Azijsko društvo]], [[Indijski muzej]] i [[Nacionalna biblioteka Indije]]. Među naučnim institucijama, Kalkuta je domaćin [[Poljoprivredno hortikulturno društvo Indije|Poljoprivrednog hortikulturnog društva Indije]], [[Geološki zavod Indije|Geološkog zavoda Indije]], [[Botanički pregled Indije|Botaničkog istraživanja Indije]], [[Matematičko društvo Kalkute|Matematičkog društva Kalkute]], [[Udruženje Indijskog naučnog kongresa|Udruženja indijskih naučnih kongresa]], [[Zoološki pregled Indije|Zoološkog istraživanja Indije]], [[Institut za inženjere (Indija)|Institucije inženjera]], [[Antropološki pregled Indije|Antropološkog istraživanja Indije]] i [[Indijsko udruženje za javno zdravlje|Indijskog udruženja za javno zdravlje]]. Četiri nobelovca i dva dobitnika Nobelove memorijalne nagrade povezani su s gradom.<ref name="Kolkata_Nobel">—{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/a-nobel-habit-how-kolkata-keeps-producing-winners/article29697930.ece|title=A Nobel habit: How Kolkata keeps producing winners|website=the hindu business line|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressenza.com/2019/10/the-nobel-prize-winners-from-kolkata/|title=The Nobel Prize Winners from Kolkata|website=pressenza|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/personalities/news/kolkata-has-been-home-to-six-nobel-prize-winners/articleshow/71592392.cms|title=checkout the list of Nobel Prize winners from Kolkata|website=the business insider|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/abhijit-banerjee-nobel-kolkata/305737/|title=Economist Abhijit Banerjee is the sixth Nobel winner with a Kolkata connection|website=the print|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/abhijit-banerjee-is-not-the-first-nobel-laureate-with-a-kolkata-connection-here-are-the-others/505851|title=Abhijit Banerjee is not the first Nobel laureate with a Kolkata connection – here are the others|website=timesnow|access-date=25. 7. 2016}}</ref> Iako je dom velikih kriket borilišta i franšiza, Kolkata se u Indiji ističe po tome što je centar [[Nogomet|nogometnih asocijacija]] u zemlji i ima jaku kulturu u drugim sportovima manje rasprostranjenim drugdje. Otuda je Kolkata poznata i kao 'grad radosti'.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/explore-india/kolkata-city-of-joy-47448/|work=The Times of India|title=Kolkata city of joy|access-date=4. 2. 2023}}</ref>

== Etimologija ==
Riječ ''Kolkata'' (Bengali {{lang-bn|কলকাতা}}  [kolˈkata]) potiče od ''[[Kalikata|Kolikata]]'' (Bengali [ˈkɔliˌkata] ), naziv [[Bengalski jezik|na bengalskom jeziku]] za jedno od tri sela koja su prethodila dolasku Britanaca, druga dva sela su bila [[Sutanuti]] i [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Govindapur]].<ref name="Marcuse 2000">{{Cite book|last=Marcuse|first=Peter|url=http://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc|title=Globalizing cities : a new spatial order?|last2=Kempen|first2=Ronald van|date=2000|publisher=Oxford ; Malden, Mass. : Blackwell|others=Library Genesis|isbn=978-0-631-21289-8}}</ref>

== Historija ==
[[Datoteka:Fort_William,_Calcutta,_1735.jpg|mini| [[Fort William, Indija|Fort William]], sjedište [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|britanske istočnoindijske kompanije]]]]

=== Britanska kolonijalna vladavina ===
[[Datoteka:Arms_of_the_city_of_Calcutta.jpg|mini|Grb grada Kalkute, oko 1914.]]
Otkriće i [[Arheologija|arheološka]] studija [[Chandraketugarh]]a, 35&nbsp;km sjeverno od Kalkute, pružaju dokaze da je regija u kojoj se grad nalazi bila naseljena više od dva milenija.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA395|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|year=2008|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|location=New Delhi|page=395|author-link=Upinder Singh|access-date=25. 1. 2012}}</ref><ref name="Das">{{Cite news|last=Das|first=S.|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp|title=Pre-Raj crown on Clive House: abode of historical riches to be museum|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata|date=15. 1. 2003|access-date=26. 4. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930061030/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030115/asp/frontpage/story_1575128.asp|archive-date=30. 9. 2007}}</ref> [[Zabilježena historija]] Kolkate započela je 1690. godine dolaskom engleske [[Istočnoindijska kompanija|istočnoindijske kompanije]], koja je konsolidirala svoje trgovačko poslovanje u Bengalu. [[Job Charnock]], administrator koji je radio za kompaniju, ranije se smatrao osnivačem grada;<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nair|first=P. Thankappan|title=Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: In Facts and Fiction: An Anthology|publisher=Engineering Times Publications|year=1977|location=Calcutta|pages=16–17|chapter=A Portrait of Job Charnock|oclc=4497022|quote=There are no two opinions that Calcutta is not the product of the vision of Job Charnock ... Charnock alone founded Calcutta.|author-link=P. Thankappan Nair}}</ref> Kao odgovor na javnu peticiju,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm|title=Court changes Calcutta's history|date=16. 5. 2003|access-date=25. 7. 2016|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211159/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3034419.stm|archive-date=6. 3. 2016}}</ref> [[Visoki sud u Kalkuti]] je 2003. presudio da grad nema osnivača.<ref name="notcharnock">{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Subhrangshu|title=Job Charnock not Kolkata founder: HC says city has no foundation day|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh, India|date=18. 5. 2003|access-date=7. 12. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129050204/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/nation.htm#3|archive-date=29. 11. 2006}}</ref> Područje koje je zauzimao današnji grad obuhvatalo je tri sela: [[Kalikata]], [[Gobindapur, Kolkata|Gobindapur]] i [[Sutanuti]]. Kalikata je bila ribarsko selo; Šutanuti je bilo selo tkalja na obali rijeke. Bili su dio imanja koje je pripadalo [[Mogulski carevi|mogulskom caru]]; ''[[jagir]]dari'' (zemljište koje je kralj dodijelio svojim plemićima) prava na oporezivanje sela imala je posjednička porodica [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]], ili ''[[zamindar]]i''. Ova prava su prenesena na East India Company 1698.<ref name="BanerjeePage1and3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC|title=Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2009|isbn=978-81-905835-5-8|editor-last=Banerjee|editor-first=Himadri|location=New Delhi|access-date=29. 1. 2012|editor-last2=Gupta|editor-first2=Nilanjana|editor-last3=Mukherjee|editor-first3=Sipra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509233321/http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq|archive-date=9. 5. 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Rp|1}}

Tokom 1960-ih i 1970-ih, ozbiljne nestašice struje, štrajkovi i nasilni [[Marksizam|marksističko]] - [[maoisti]]čki pokret grupa poznatih kao [[naksalit]]i oštetili su veliki dio gradske infrastrukture, što je rezultiralo ekonomskom stagnacijom.<ref name="ianjack">—{{Citation|last=Banerjee|first=Partha Sarathi|date=5. 2. 2011|title=Party, Power and Political Violence in West Bengal|website=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|pages=16–18}}<br /><br />—{{Citation|last=Gooptu|first=Nandini|date=1. 6. 2007|title=Economic Liberalisation, Work and Democracy: Industrial Decline and Urban Politics in Kolkata|website=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|pages=1922–1933}}<br /><br />—{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata|title=India's riptide of modern aspiration has not reached Kolkata&nbsp;– but that can't last|last=Jack|first=Ian|date=4. 2. 2011|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=6. 11. 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107093315/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/05/ian-jack-kolkata|archive-date=7. 11. 2016}}</ref> [[Oslobodilački rat Bangladeša]] 1971. doveo je do masovnog priliva hiljada izbjeglica, od kojih su mnoge bile bez novca, što je opteretilo infrastrukturu Kalkute.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=A|title=London review of books: an anthology|last2=Hindle|first2=J|publisher=Verso Books|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85984-121-1|location=London|pages=63–70}}</ref> Sredinom 1980-ih, [[Mumbai|Mumbaj]] (tada se zvao Bombaj) pretekao je Kalkutu kao najnaseljeniji grad u Indiji. Godine 1985. premijer [[Rajiv Gandhi]] nazvao je Kalkutu "umirućim gradom" u svjetlu njegovih društveno-političkih nedaća.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Follath|first=Erich|work=[[Spiegel Online]]|location=Hamburg|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html|title=From poorhouse to powerhouse|access-date=15. 1. 2011|date=30. 11. 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163423/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,387701,00.html|archive-date=7. 7. 2011}}</ref> U periodu 1977–2011, Zapadnim Bengalom je iz Kalkute upravljao [[Lijeva prednja strana (Zapadni Bengal)|Lijevi front]], kojim je dominirala [[Komunistička partija Indije (marksistička)|Komunistička partija Indije]] (CPM). Bila je to demokratski izabrana komunistička vlada na svijetu s najdužim stažom, tokom koje je Kalkuta bila ključna baza [[Socijalizam u Indiji|indijskog komunizma]].<ref name="Biswas">{{Cite news|last=Biswas|first=S.|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm|title=Calcutta's colorless campaign|access-date=26. 4. 2006|date=16. 4. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214053922/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm|archive-date=14. 2. 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC|title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history|publisher=[[Signal Books]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-902669-59-5|location=Oxford, UK|pages=185–87|access-date=30. 1. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728081609/http://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC|archive-date=28. 7. 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Chandrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC|title=Communist and socialist movement in India: a critical account|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1987|isbn=978-81-7099-031-4|location=New Delhi|pages=154–55|access-date=30. 1. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616061027/http://books.google.com/books?id=2Sl1vY5gAdsC&dq|archive-date=16. 6. 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Na [[Izbori za zakonodavnu skupštinu Zapadnog Bengala 2011|izborima za zakonodavnu skupštinu Zapadnog Bengala 2011.]], Lijevi front je poražen od [[Trinamool kongres]]a. Ekonomski oporavak grada dobio je zamah nakon 1990-ih, kada [[Ekonomska liberalizacija u Indiji|je Indija počela provoditi pro-tržišne reforme]]. Od 2000. godine, sektor usluga informacionih tehnologija (IT) revitalizirao je stagnirajuću ekonomiju Kalkute. Grad takođe doživljava značajan rast u svojoj proizvodnoj bazi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Programmes {{!}} Crossing Continents {{!}} Rising Kolkata's winners and losers|date=4. 2. 2012|website=web.archive.org|access-date=17. 6. 2023|archive-date=4. 2. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== Geografija ==
{{Široka slika|Howrah Pano 3.jpg|900px|Obzor rijeke Kalkute od [[Howrah]]a}}Rasprostranjena otprilike sjever-jug duž istočne obale [[Rijeka Hooghly|rijeke Hooghly]], Kolkata se nalazi unutar donje [[Delta Ganga|delte Ganga]] u istočnoj Indiji oko 75 &nbsp;km zapadno od međunarodne granice sa [[Bangladeš]]om; nadmorska visina grada je 1,5 – 9 m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844|title=PIA01844: space radar image of Calcutta, West Bengal, India|date=15. 4. 1999|publisher=NASA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114231031/http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01844|archive-date=14. 1. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=15. 1. 2012}}</ref> Veći dio grada je prvobitno bio močvarno područje koje je obnavljano tokom decenija kako bi se primilo rastuće stanovništvo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=S. N.|title=Water Resources, Conservation and Management|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|year=2008|isbn=978-81-269-0868-4|location=New Delhi|page=33}}</ref> Preostala nerazvijena područja, poznata kao [[močvarna područja Istočne Kolkate]], [[Ramsarska konvencija|Ramsarskom konvencijom]] (1975.) su proglašena "močvarnim područjem od međunarodnog značaja".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roy Chadhuri|first=S.|last2=Thakur|first2=A. R.|date=25. 7. 2006|title=Microbial genetic resource mapping of East Calcutta wetlands|journal=Current Science|volume=91|issue=2|pages=212–17}}</ref> Kao i kod većine [[Indo-Gangska ravnica|Indo-Gangske nizije]], tlo i voda su pretežno [[Aluvijum|aluvijalnog]] porijekla. Kolkata se nalazi iznad "Bengalskog basena", perikratonskog tercijarnog basena.<ref name="soil characterisation">{{Cite conference|location=Guntur, India}}</ref> Bengalski bazen se sastoji od tri strukturne jedinice: polica ili platforma na zapadu; centralna šarka ili prelom polica/kosine; i duboki bazenski dio na istoku i jugoistoku. Kolkata se nalazi na vrhu zapadnog dijela zone šarke koja je oko 25&nbsp;km široka na dubini od oko 45 000 m ispod površine.<ref name="soil characterisation" /> Zone polica i šarki imaju mnogo kvarova?, među kojima su neke aktivne. Ukupna debljina sedimenta ispod Kalkute je skoro 7500 m iznad [[Podrum (geologija)|kristalnog podruma]]; od njih prvih je [[kvartar]], praćen sa 4500 – 5500 m [[tercijar]]nih sedimenata, 550–700 m [[Trap (geologija)|zamka]] ispiranja [[Kreda (period)|kredne]] zamke i 600 – 800 m [[Perm (period)|Permsko]] - [[Karbon (geološko razdoblje)|karbonske]] stijene [[Gondvana|Gondvane]].<ref name="soil characterisation" /> Kvartarni sedimenti se sastoje od gline, mulja i nekoliko vrsta pijeska i šljunka. Ovi sedimenti su u sendviču između dva sloja gline: donjeg na dubini od 250–650 m ; gornji 10 –40 m u debljine.<ref name="Bunting">{{Cite report|location=Stirling, UK}}</ref> Prema [[Biro za indijske standarde|Birou za indijske standarde]], na skali u rasponu od {{Nowrap|I to V}}, kako bi se povećala osjetljivost na potrese, grad se nalazi unutar [[Zone opasnosti od zemljotresa Indije|seizmičke zone III]].<ref name="hazardprofile1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|website=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management|publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19. 5. 2006|access-date=23. 8. 2006}}</ref>[[Gradsko područje Kalkute]] prostire se na 1 886,67&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> <ref name="kmdaanreport2011kma">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf|title=Introducing KMA|year=2011|website=Annual Report 2011|publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605134704/http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf|archive-date=5. 6. 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=9. 2. 2012}}</ref> {{Rp|7}}i sastoji se od 4&nbsp;općinske korporacije (uključujući općinsku korporaciju Kolkata), 37&nbsp;[[Četvrti u Kolkati|lokalne općine]] i 24&nbsp;[[panchayat blok]]a, od 2011.<ref name="kmdaanreport2011kma" /> {{Rp|7}}Urbana aglomeracija je obuhvatala 72&nbsp;grada i 527&nbsp;varoši i sela, od 2006.<ref name="Metropolis" /> Prigradska područja u metropolitanskoj oblasti Kolkata obuhvataju dijelove sljedećih okruga: [[Okrug Sjever 24 Parganas|Sjever 24 Parganas]], [[Okrug South 24 Parganas|Jug 24 Parganas]], [[Okrug Howrah|Howrah]], [[Okrug Hooghly|Hooghly]] i [[Okrug Nadia|Nadia]].<ref name="urbanprice3">{{Cite book|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc|title=Kolkata—an outline|publisher=Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India|year=2008|editor-last=Sahdev|editor-first=Shashi|series=Industry and Economic Planning|format=DOC|access-date=6. 12. 2011|editor-last2=Verma|editor-first2=Nilima|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025356/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc|archive-date=26. 4. 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Rp|15}}Kolkata, koja je pod jurisdikcijom [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC), ima površinu od 206 km2.<ref name="Metropolis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf|title=007 Kolkata (India)|publisher=World Association of the Major Metropolises|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308102346/http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf|archive-date=8. 3. 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=31. 8. 2007}}</ref> Dimenzija istok-zapad grada je relativno uska, proteže se od rijeke Hooghly na zapadu do otprilike [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass|istočne gradske obilaznice]] na istoku - raspon od 9 – 10&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=NASA|title=Calcutta, West Bengal, India|url=http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM|date=20. 6. 1996|series=Mission to planet earth program|access-date=25. 2. 2012|archive-date=4. 1. 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104150559/http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM|url-status=dead}}</ref> Udaljenost sjever-jug je veća, a njegova osa se koristi za podjelu grada na sjevernu, centralnu, južnu i istočnu Kalkutu. Sjeverna Kolkata je najstariji dio grada. Karakterizirana arhitekturom iz 19. stoljeća i uskim uličicama, obuhvata područja kao što su [[Jorasanko]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], [[Maniktala]], [[Ultadanga]], [[Shyambazar]], [[Shobhabazar]], [[Bagbazar]], [[Cossipore]], [[Sinthee]] itd. Sjeverna prigradska područja kao što su [[Dum Dum]], [[Baranagar]], [[Belgharia]], [[Sodepur]], [[Khardaha]], [[New Barrackpore]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Barasat]] itd. su također unutar grada Kalkute (kao metropolitanska struktura).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc|title=tcpomud.gov.in KOL.doc|access-date=19. 6. 2023|archive-date=26. 4. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025356/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc|url-status=dead}}</ref> Centralna Kolkata je domaćin centralnog poslovnog okruga. Sadrži [[BBD Bagh]], ranije poznat kao Dalhousie Square, i [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanadu]] na istoku; [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Rajiv Gandhi Sarani]] je na njegovom zapadu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square|title=Kolkata Heritage|publisher=Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162511/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square|archive-date=14. 1. 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=27. 11. 2011}}</ref> Tu se nalaze [[Zgrada pisaca|Sekretarijat Zapadnog Bengala]], [[General Post Office, Kolkata|Generalna pošta]], [[Rezervna banka Indije]], [[Visoki sud u Kalkuti]], sjedište policije [[Lalbazar]] i nekoliko drugih vladinih i privatnih ureda. Još jedno poslovno središte je područje južno od [[Park Street, Kolkata|ulice Park]], koje se sastoji od saobraćajnica kao što su [[Chowringhee Road|Jawahar Lal Nehru Road]], [[Camac Street|Abanindra Nath Tagore Sarani]], Dr. Martin Luther King Sarani, Dr. Upendra Nath Brahmachari Sarani, [[Shakespeare Sarani]] i [[AJC Bose Road|Acharay Jagadish Chandra Basu Road]] .<ref>{{Cite news|title=BSNL may take two weeks to be back online|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-09/kolkata/28184192_1_broadband-connections-calcutta-telephones-broadband-lines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104170721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-09/kolkata/28184192_1_broadband-connections-calcutta-telephones-broadband-lines|archive-date=4. 1. 2012|agency=[[Times News Network]] (TNN)|date=9. 7. 2009|access-date=27. 11. 2011|quote=With the Camac Street-Park Street-Shakespeare Sarani commercial hub located smack in the middle of the affected zone...|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Južna Kolkata se razvila nakon što je Indija stekla nezavisnost 1947. godine; uključuje luksuzna naselja kao što su [[Bhawanipore]], [[Alipore]], [[Ballygunge]], [[Kasba (Kolkata)|Kasba]], [[Dhakuria]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], [[Garia]], [[Golf Green]], [[Tollygunge]], [[Novi Alipore|New Alipore]], [[Behala]], [[Barisha, Indija|Barisha]] itd. Južna prigradska područja kao što su [[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]] itd. su također unutar grada Kalkute (kao gradska struktura).<ref name="Marcuse 2000"/> [[Majdan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] je veliko otvoreno polje u srcu grada koje je nazvano "pluća Kolkate"<ref>{{Cite news|title=In city's teeming heart, a place to gaze and graze|first=Jim|last=Yardley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1|work=The New York Times|location=New York|date=27. 1. 2011|access-date=27. 11. 2011|quote=To Kolkata, it is the 'lungs of the city,' a recharge zone for the soul.}}</ref> i u njemu se mogu održavati sportski događaji i javni sastanci.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maidan marauders|last=Das|first=Soumitra|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp|work=The Telegraph|date=21. 2. 2010|location=Kolkata|access-date=27. 11. 2011|archive-date=18. 1. 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134300/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp}}</ref> [[Victoria Memorial (Indija)|Victoria Memorial]] i [[Trkalište u Kolkati]] nalaze se na južnom kraju Majdana. Među ostalim parkovima su [[Central Park (Kolkata)|Central Park]] u Bidhannagaru i [[Milenijski park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]] na Rajiv Gandhi Sarani, uz rijeku Hooghly. 
=== Klima ===
Kolkata je podložna [[Tropska savanska klima|tropskoj vlažnoj i suhoj klimi]] koja je označena ''kao Aw'' prema [[Köppenova klasifikacija klime|Kepenovoj klasifikaciji klime]]. Prema izvještaju [[UNDP|Programa Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj]], njegova zona vjetra i ciklona predstavlja "veoma visok rizik od oštećenja".<ref name="hazardprofile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|website=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management|publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19. 5. 2006|access-date=23. 8. 2006}}</ref>

=== Pitanja životne sredine ===
Zagađenje je glavna briga u Kalkuti. {{As of|2008}}  , godišnja koncentracija [[sumpor-dioksid]]a i [[Dušik-dioksid|azot-dioksida]] bila je u okviru nacionalnih standarda kvaliteta ambijentalnog vazduha Indije, ali nivoi [[Čestice|suspendovanih čestica]] koje se mogu udisati su bile visoke, iu rastućem trendu pet uzastopnih godina, uzrokujući smog i izmaglicu.<ref name="ambientairquality">{{Cite web|url=http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_37_ANNUAL_REPORT-08-09.pdf|title=Annual report 2008–2009|last=Central Pollution Control Board|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India|page=40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426072456/http://cpcb.nic.in/upload/AnnualReports/AnnualReport_37_ANNUAL_REPORT-08-09.pdf|archive-date=26. 4. 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=2. 2. 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081030/jsp/calcutta/story_10035984.jsp|title=Smog city chokes & grounds: foul air, moist and smoky|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=30. 10. 2008|access-date=25. 4. 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143452/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081030/jsp/calcutta/story_10035984.jsp|archive-date=4. 6. 2011}}</ref> Ozbiljno zagađenje vazduha u gradu izazvalo je porast respiratornih oboljenja povezanih sa zagađenjem, kao što je rak pluća.<ref name="BBC51707">{{Cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|title=Oxygen supplies for India police|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6665803.stm|publisher=BBC|date=17. 5. 2007|access-date=23. 6. 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612072737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6665803.stm|archive-date=12. 6. 2007}}</ref>

== Ekonomija ==
[[Datoteka:Reserve_Bank_of_India_(RBI)_building,_September_2011.jpg|lijevo|mini| Zgrada [[Banka rezervi Indije]], Kolkata]]
Kolkata je komercijalno i finansijsko središte [[Istočna Indija|istočne]] i [[Sjeveroistočna Indija|sjeveroistočne Indije]]<ref name="urbanprice3"/> i dom [[berza u Kalkuti|berze u Kalkuti]].<ref name="worldbank20162"/><ref name="CSE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cse-india.com/cse_factbook.htm|title=Genesis and growth of the Calcutta Stock Exchange|publisher=Calcutta Stock Exchange Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419055547/http://cse-india.com/cse_factbook.htm|archive-date=19. 4. 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=26. 4. 2006}}</ref> To je glavna trgovačka i vojna luka, i jedan je od pet gradova u istočnoj Indiji (pored [[Aerodrom Biju Patnaik|Bhubaneswar]], [[Međunarodni aerodrom Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi|Guwahati]], [[Aerodrom Imphal|Imphal]] i [[Međunarodni aerodrom Kushinagar|Kushinagar]] ) koji ima [[Međunarodni aerodrom Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose|međunarodni aerodrom]]. Nekada vodeći grad Indije, Kolkata je doživjela stabilan ekonomski pad u decenijama nakon indijske nezavisnosti zbog naglog porasta stanovništva i porasta militantnog [[Sindikat|sindikalizma]], što je uključivalo česte štrajkove koje su podržavale ljevičarske stranke.<ref name="bbceco">{{Cite news|last=Dutta|first=Tanya|author-link=Tanya Datta|title=Rising Kolkata's winners and losers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|access-date=11. 12. 2011|publisher=BBC|date=22. 3. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204123645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/4830762.stm|archive-date=4. 2. 2012}}</ref> Od 1960-ih do kasnih 1990-ih, nekoliko fabrika je zatvoreno, a preduzeća preseljena.<ref name="bbceco" /> Nedostatak kapitala i resursa doprinio je depresivnom stanju gradske ekonomije i doveo do neželjenog naziva: "umirući grad".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sudipta|last=Dutta|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579/|title=Calcutta chronicles|date=1. 2. 2009|work=Financial Express|location=New Delhi|access-date=6. 12. 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615141012/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/calcutta-chronicles/417579|archive-date=15. 6. 2013}}</ref> Gradsko bogatstvo se poboljšalo nakon liberalizacije [[Ekonomija Indije|indijske ekonomije]] 1990-ih i promjena u ekonomskoj politici koju je donijela vlada Zapadnog Bengala.<ref name="bbceco" /> Nedavne procjene ekonomije gradskog područja Kalkute kreću se od 150 dolara&nbsp;to&nbsp;$250&nbsp;milijardi ( [[Paritet kupovne moći|PPP]] [[Bruto domaći proizvod|BDP]] ) i svrstali su je [[Lista gradova prema BDP-u|na treće mjesto najproduktivnije metro područje]] Indije.<ref name="gdp">—{{Cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global city GDP 2014|date=22. 1. 2015|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|archive-date=25. 5. 2017|url-status=live|access-date=4. 3. 2017}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025|publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562|archive-date=4. 5. 2011|access-date=16. 12. 2009}}<br /><br />—{{Cite web|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807055.html|title=India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP Photos Yahoo! India Finance|date=28. 9. 2012|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009131024/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807049.html|archive-date=9. 10. 2014|access-date=27. 3. 2017}}</ref>
[[Datoteka:The_42.jpg|mini| Sa 260 metara, zgrada [[42]] u [[Chowringhee]]ju je najviša zgrada u Kolkati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|title=The 42|website=Emporis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216110218/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1202103/the-42-kolkata-india|archive-date=16. 12. 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
Fleksibilna proizvodnja je bila norma u Kalkuti, koja ima [[neformalni sektor]] koji zapošljava više od 40% radne snage.<ref name="spatialchange">{{Cite book|last=Chakravorty|first=Sanjoy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc|title=Globalizing cities: a new spatial order?|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2000|isbn=978-0-631-21290-4|editor-last=Marcuse|editor-first=Peter|location=Oxford, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizingcitie00marc/page/n75 56]–77|chapter=From colonial city to global city? The far-from-complete spatial transformation of Calcutta|editor-last2=Kempen|editor-first2=Ronald van|url-access=limited}}</ref> Jedna neorganizirana grupa, [[Hawkers u Kalkuti|prodavači na cesti]], ostvarila je posao vrijedan 87,72 milijardi ₹&nbsp; (2 milijardi {{USD}}&nbsp;) u 2005.<ref name="Telegraphhawker">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp|title=Hawkers stay as Rs. 265 crore talks|access-date=16. 2. 2008|last=Ganguly|first=Deepankar|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=30. 11. 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200645/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061130/asp/frontpage/story_7071031.asp|archive-date=27. 9. 2007}}</ref> {{As of|2001}}., oko 0,81% gradske radne snage bilo je zaposleno u [[Primarni sektor privrede|primarnom sektoru]] (poljoprivreda, šumarstvo, rudarstvo itd.); 15,49% radilo je u [[Sekundarni sektor privrede|sekundarnom sektoru]] (industrija i proizvodnja); a 83,69% radilo je u [[Tercijarni sektor privrede|tercijarnom sektoru]] (uslužne djelatnosti).<ref name="urbanprice3"/> {{Rp|19}}{{As of|2003}}, većina domaćinstava u sirotinjskim četvrtima bila je angažovana u zanimanjima koja pripadaju neformalnom sektoru; 36,5% je bilo uključeno u usluge gradske srednje klase (kao spremačice, vozači, itd.), a 22,2% su bili [[Najamni rad|povremeni radnici]].<ref name="kundu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf|title=Understanding slums: case studies for the global report on human settlements 2003. The case of Kolkata, India|last=Kundu|first=N|publisher=Development Planning Unit. [[University College, London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005019/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Kolkata_bw.pdf|archive-date=24. 5. 2006|url-status=live|access-date=26. 4. 2006}}</ref> {{Rp|11}}Oko 34% raspoložive radne snage u sirotinjskim četvrtima Kalkute bilo je nezaposleno.<ref name="kundu" /> {{Rp|11}}Prema jednoj procjeni, skoro četvrtina stanovništva živi s manje od 27 rupija (ekvivalentno 45 američkih centi) dnevno.<ref name="2014 Indian general election, Calcutta">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article4086790.ece|title=End is nigh for Gandhis after India's marathon poll|work=The Times|date=12. 1. 2014|access-date=12. 5. 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512160254/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/asia/article4086790.ece|archive-date=12. 5. 2014}}</ref>

== Vlada i javne službe ==

=== Civilna uprava ===
[[Datoteka:Calcutta_High_Court.jpg|alt=A red-and-yellow building with multiple arches and towers standing against a backdrop of blue sky and framed by trees|mini| Visoki sud u Kalkuti]]
Kolkata upravlja nekoliko vladinih agencija. [[Općinska korporacija Kolkata]], ili KMC, nadgleda i upravlja civilnom infrastrukturom 16 općina grada, koje zajedno obuhvataju 144&nbsp;odjeljenja.<ref name="kmcbasicstat">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/BasicStatistics.jsp|title=Basic statistics of Kolkata|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120104175605/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/BasicStatistics.jsp|archive-date=4. 1. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=5. 2. 2012}}</ref> Svaki odjel bira vijećnika u KMC. Svaka opština ima odbor vijećnika, od kojih je svaki izabran da predstavlja štićenik. Korporacija se bavi urbanističkim planiranjem i održava puteve, škole, bolnice, bolnice i opštinske pijace uz pomoć opštinskih odbora.<ref name="kmcfunction" /> Kao vrhunsko tijelo Kalkute, korporacija obavlja svoje funkcije preko gradonačelnika u vijeću, koji se sastoji od [[Gradonačelnik Kalkute|gradonačelnika]], zamjenika gradonačelnika i deset drugih izabranih članova KMC-a.<ref name="kmcstructure">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/structure.pdf|title=Legislative structure|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104193107/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/structure.pdf|archive-date=4. 1. 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=3. 12. 2011}}</ref> Funkcije KMC-a uključuju vodosnabdijevanje, odvodnju i kanalizaciju, kanalizaciju, upravljanje čvrstim otpadom, uličnu rasvjetu i regulaciju zgrada.<ref name="kmcfunction">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp|title=KMC functions|publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120104184545/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/KMCFunctions.jsp|archive-date=4. 1. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=3. 12. 2011}}</ref>

== Zdravstvo ==
[[Datoteka:Mchbuilding.JPG|alt=A big building in cream colour with many columns and a portico|lijevo|mini| [[Medicinski fakultet i bolnica, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]], druga institucija u Aziji koja predaje modernu medicinu (nakon 'Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry')]]
Prema indijskoj nacionalnoj anketi o zdravlju porodice iz 2005., samo je mali dio domaćinstava u Kalkuti bio pokriven bilo kojim zdravstvenim programom ili [[Zdravstveno osiguranje|zdravstvenim osiguranjem]].<ref name="healthsurvey">{{Cite web|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf|title=Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities|last=Gupta|first=Kamla|last2=Arnold|first2=Fred|year=2009|website=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, US|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040205/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf|archive-date=12. 12. 2012|url-status=live|access-date=1. 2. 2012|last3=Lhungdim|first3=H.}}</ref>{{Rp|41}}[[Ukupna stopa fertiliteta]] u Kolkati bila je 1,4, najniža među osam anketiranih gradova.<ref name="healthsurvey" /> {{Rp|45}}U Kolkati je 77% udatih žena koristilo [[Kontrola rađanja|kontracepciju]], što je najviše među ispitanim gradovima, ali je korištenje modernih metoda kontracepcije bilo najmanje (46%).<ref name="healthsurvey" /> {{Rp|47}}[[Stopa smrtnosti novorođenčadi]] u Kalkuti bila je 41 na 1000 živorođenih, a stopa smrtnosti djece mlađe od pet godina bila je {{Nowrap|49 per 1,000}} živorođenih.<ref name="healthsurvey" /> {{Rp|48}}

== Obrazovanje ==
[[Datoteka:IIMKolkata.jpg|lijevo|mini| [[Indijski institut za menadžment Kalkuta]]]]
Školama u Kalkuti upravlja državna vlada ili privatne organizacije, od kojih su mnoge vjerske. [[Bengalski jezik|Bengalski]] i engleski su primarni jezici nastave; [[Urdu]] i [[Hindski jezik|hindi]] se također koriste, posebno u centralnoj Kalkuti.<ref name="educationsystem">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf|title=Annual Report 2007––2008|publisher=Department of School Education, Government of West Bengal|page=69|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042043/http://www.wbsed.gov.in/wbsed/readwrite/AnnualReportSchoolEducation_07-08.pdf|archive-date=26. 4. 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=10. 12. 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm|title=List of schools in Kolkata|publisher=West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125210807/http://wbbse.org/skolkata.htm|archive-date=25. 11. 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=10. 12. 2011}}</ref> Škole u Kolkati slijede [[Obrazovanje u Indiji|plan "10+2+3"]]. Nakon završetka srednjeg obrazovanja, učenici se obično upisuju u škole koje imaju više srednje obrazovanje i koje su povezane sa [[Vijeće za visoko srednje obrazovanje Zapadnog Bengala|Vijećem za visoko srednje obrazovanje Zapadnog Bengala]], [[Indijski certifikat o srednjem obrazovanju|ICSE-om]] ili [[Centralni odbor za srednje obrazovanje|CBSE-om]].<ref name="educationsystem" /> Obično biraju fokus na slobodnu umjetnost, biznis ili nauku. Dostupni su i stručni programi.<ref name="educationsystem" /> Neke škole u Kolkati, na primjer [[Škola South Point|South Point School]], [[La Martiniere Calcutta]], [[Calcutta Boys' School]], [[St. James' School (Kolkata)]], [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]] i [[Loreto House]], rangirane su među najboljim školama u zemlji.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|title=India's Best Schools, 2014|website=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722053415/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/career-indias-best-schools-of-2014/20140922.htm|archive-date=22. 7. 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Raščistiti}}

== Reference ==
{{Refspisak}}

== Literatura ==
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*{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amitav|title=Calcutta Chromosome: A Novel of Fevers, Delirium and Discovery|url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5|date=22. 4. 2009|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=978-0-14-306655-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttachromoso0000ghos_q4z5/page/n207 200]}}
*{{cite book|last=Deb|first=Binaya Krishna|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187|title=The Early History and Growth of Calcutta|publisher=Romesh Chandra Ghose|year=1905|location=Harvard University|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91187/page/n292 278]|quote=calcutta.}}
*{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Sukanta|title=Calcutta, the Living City: The past|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-562718-3|location=the University of Michigan|page=292}}
*{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Ananya|title=City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty|date=1. 10. 2002|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-3933-5|page=352}}
*{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Jayabrato|title=Kolkata: the dream city|last2=Khullar|first2=Rupinder|date=1. 1. 2004|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|isbn=978-81-7476-471-3|location=the University of Michigan|page=93}}
*{{cite book|last=Moorhouse|first=Geoffrey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ALLbrilUQUC&q=calcutta|title=Calcutta|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=1971|isbn=978-0-14-009557-9|page=393}}
*{{cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Partha|title=The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power|url=https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-691-15201-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackholeofempir0000chat/page/n440 425]}}
*{{cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Swati|title=Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-34359-6|page=314}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dey|first1=Ishita|title=Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination|last2=Samaddar|first2=Ranabir|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-134-93137-8|page=304}}
*{{cite book|last1=Husain|first1=Zakir|title=Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household|last2=Dutta|first2=Mousumi|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=9788132215936|page=133}}
*{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Pablo Shiladitya|title=Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-59673-8|page=178}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ray|first1=Raka|title=Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr|last2=Qayum|first2=Seemin|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8047-6071-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesofservit0000rayr/page/n272 255]|author-link=Raka Ray}}
*{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Anindita|title=Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.307.760954.gho.36202|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-946479-1|page=340}}
*{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Shukla|title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-06546-8|page=219}}
*{{cite book|last=Busteed|first=Henry Elmsley|title=Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1888|isbn=9788120612952|page=359}}
*{{cite book|last1=Fruzzetti|first1=Lina|title=Calcutta Conversations|last2=Östör|first2=Ákos|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2003|isbn=9788180280092|page=242}}
*{{cite book|last=Richards|first=E. P.|title=The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-61700-6|page=492}}
*{{cite book|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Arnab|title=Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I|last2=Yarlagadda|first2=Sudhakar|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2007|isbn=9788847003897|page=248}}
*{{cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Tanika|title=Calcutta: The Stormy Decades|publisher=Social Science Press|year=2015|isbn=978-9383166077|page=486}}
*{{cite book|last=Choudhury|first=Ranabir Ray|title=A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth|publisher=[[Niyogi Books]]|year=2016|isbn=978-9385285288|page=564}}
*{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Sumanta|title=Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.954.147.ban.36167|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-19-946810-2|page=192}}
{{Refend}}

== Vanjski linkovi ==

{{Commons|Category:Kolkata}}
{{Normativna kontrola}}
{{Commonscat-inline}}

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