যুগ (হিন্দু দর্শন)

যুগ (সংস্কৃত: युग), হিন্দুধর্মে, সাধারণত সময়ের বয়স নির্দেশ করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়।^[১]^[২] ঋগ্বেদে, যুগ জন্মকে বোঝায়, দীর্ঘ সময়কাল, খুব সংক্ষিপ্ত সময়কাল বা সংযোজক।^[৩] মহাভারতে, যুগ ও কল্প (ব্রহ্মার এক দিন) শব্দগুলি পরস্পর বিনিময়যোগ্যভাবে ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে সৃষ্টি ও ধ্বংসের চক্রকে বর্ণনা করার জন্য।^[৪]

সূর্যসিদ্ধান্ত ও ভগবদ্গীতা অনুসারে, "যুগ" ও "বয়স" নামগুলি সাধারণত চতুর্যুগ (কৃতযুগ বা সত্য যুগ, ত্রেতা যুগ, দ্বাপর যুগ ও কলি যুগ) বা "চারটি যুগচক্র" কে নির্দেশ করে।^[১]^[৫]^{[টীকা ১]}

আরও দেখুন

টীকা

↑ The general word "yuga" is sometimes used instead of the more specific word "catur-yuga". A kalpa is described as lasting 1,000 catur-yuga in Bhagavata Purana 12.4.2 ("catur-yuga")^[৬] and Bhagavad Gita 8.17 ("yuga").^[৭]

তথ্যসূত্র

↑ ^ক ^খ "Yuga"। ডিকশনারী.কম। র‍্যান্ডম হাউজ।
↑ Sundarraj, M. (১৯৯৭) [1st ed. 1994]। "Ch. 4 Asvins⁠—Time-Keepers"। Mahalingam, N.। RG Vedic Studies। Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press। পৃষ্ঠা 219। It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'.
↑ Kane, P. V. (সেপ্টেম্বর ১৯৩৬)। Sukthankar, V. S.; Fyzee, A. A. A.; Bhagwat, N. K., সম্পাদকগণ। "Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)"। Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society। The Asiatic Society of Bombay। 12: 1–2। The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...
↑ González-Reimann, Luis (২০১৮)। "Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography"। Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha। Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism। 2। Leiden: Brill Publishers। পৃষ্ঠা 415। আইএসএসএন 2212-5019। আইএসবিএন 978-90-04-17641-6। ডিওআই:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020। The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).
↑ Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (১৯৩৫) [1st ed. 1860]। Gangooly, Phanindralal, সম্পাদক। Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix। University of Calcutta। পৃষ্ঠা 9। The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.
↑ "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2"। Bhaktivedanta Vedabase। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-০৫-১০।
catur-yuga-sahasraṁ tu brahmaṇo dinam ucyate ।
sa kalpo yatra manavaś caturdaśa viśām-pate ॥ 2 ॥
(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [catur-yuga] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.
↑ "Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17"। Bhaktivedanta Vedabase (সংস্কৃত and ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। অভয়চরণারবিন্দ ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ কর্তৃক অনূদিত। ভক্তিবেদান্ত বুক ট্রাস্ট। ১৯৬৮। এলসিসিএন 68008322। Wikidata Q854700। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-০৫-১০।
sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ ।
rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te ’ho-rātra-vido janāḥ ॥ 17 ॥
(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [yuga] taken together form the duration of Brahmā’s one day. And such also is the duration of his night.

বহিঃসংযোগ

Vedic knowledge online, Vedic Time System

[8] The general word "yuga" is sometimes used instead of the more specific word "catur-yuga". A kalpa is described as lasting 1,000 catur-yuga in Bhagavata Purana 12.4.2 ("catur-yuga")^[৬] and Bhagavad Gita 8.17 ("yuga").^[৭]

[Dictionary.com_yuga-1] ক ^খ "Yuga"। ডিকশনারী.কম। র‍্যান্ডম হাউজ।

[2] Sundarraj, M. (১৯৯৭) [1st ed. 1994]। "Ch. 4 Asvins⁠—Time-Keepers"। Mahalingam, N.। RG Vedic Studies। Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press। পৃষ্ঠা 219। It is quite clear that the smallest unit was the 'nimisah' ['winking of eyes'], and that time in the general sense of past, present and future was indicated by the word 'yuga'.

[3] Kane, P. V. (সেপ্টেম্বর ১৯৩৬)। Sukthankar, V. S.; Fyzee, A. A. A.; Bhagwat, N. K., সম্পাদকগণ। "Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age)"। Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society। The Asiatic Society of Bombay। 12: 1–2। The word yuga occurs at least thirty-eight times in the Rigveda, but the meaning is rather doubtful. In a few places yuga means yoke ... In many places it appears to refer to a very brief period ... Generally yuga appears to mean in the Rigveda 'generation' (lessening the life of human generations) ... In other places 'yuga' must be given the sense of a 'long period of time' ...

[4] González-Reimann, Luis (২০১৮)। "Cosmic Cycles, Cosmology, and Cosmography"। Basu, Helene; Jacobsen, Knut A.; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha। Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism। 2। Leiden: Brill Publishers। পৃষ্ঠা 415। আইএসএসএন 2212-5019। আইএসবিএন 978-90-04-17641-6। ডিওআই:10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_1020020। The cycle [of creation and destruction] is either called a yuga (MBh. 1.1.28; 12.327.89; 13.135.11), a kalpa, meaning a formation or a creation (MBh. 6.31.7 [= BhG. 9.7]; 12.326.70; 12.327.23), or a day of the brahman, or of Brahmā, the creator god (MBh. 12.224.28–31). Sometimes, it is simply referred to as the process of creation and destruction (saṃhāravikṣepa; MBh. 12.271.30, 40, 43, 47–49).

[5] Burgess, Rev. Ebenezer (১৯৩৫) [1st ed. 1860]। Gangooly, Phanindralal, সম্পাদক। Translation of the Surya-Siddhanta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; With notes and an appendix। University of Calcutta। পৃষ্ঠা 9। The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15-16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.

[6] "Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2"। Bhaktivedanta Vedabase। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-০৫-১০।
catur-yuga-sahasraṁ tu brahmaṇo dinam ucyate ।
sa kalpo yatra manavaś caturdaśa viśām-pate ॥ 2 ॥
(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [catur-yuga] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.

[7] "Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17"। Bhaktivedanta Vedabase (সংস্কৃত and ইংরেজি ভাষায়)। অভয়চরণারবিন্দ ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ কর্তৃক অনূদিত। ভক্তিবেদান্ত বুক ট্রাস্ট। ১৯৬৮। এলসিসিএন 68008322। Wikidata Q854700। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ২০২০-০৫-১০।
sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ ।
rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te ’ho-rātra-vido janāḥ ॥ 17 ॥
(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [yuga] taken together form the duration of Brahmā’s one day. And such also is the duration of his night.

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