Papers by Charles Anthony Stewart
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Jun 1, 2010
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Nov 1, 2017
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
История и Археология Турана, Vol. 5, 2020
This article summarizes the comprehensive archaeological excavations of a medieval settlement loc... more This article summarizes the comprehensive archaeological excavations of a medieval settlement located in the Ili River valley in southeastern Kazakhstan, which is partially occupied by the modern village of Usharal, Panfilov district near the regional city of Zharkent. The article points to and strengthens the evidence that the site can be identified as medieval Ilibalyk, known in Armenian, Persian and Chinese textual sources of the 12th -14th centuries. The city was located on the left bank of the Ili River, just a two-day trek from ancient Almalyk, the former Chagataid capital of the period, currently located in China near modern Ili, China in the Xinjiang Provence. Numismatic evidence demonstrates the height of occupation occurring from the 11th to the 14th centuries. Beginning in 2016, a team of local and international archaeologists excavated sites both within the city's shahristan (administrative area) as well as discovered a large Christian necropolis (the first ever medieval Christian cemetery found in Kazakhstan) along with gravestones with inscriptions that sheds light on unknown pages in the history of the Church of the East. Excavations are ongoing and are certain to yield further answers concerning the Christian community that inhabited the region and their interactions with broader Central Asia.
Harrassowitz Verlag eBooks, 2022
Bulletin of IICAS 30, 2021
카자흐스탄의 자르켄트 근처에 있는 우샤랄-일리발릭에서 국제 고고학팀이 최근 발굴한 결과, 광대한 동방 교회(아시리아 동방교회 교인) 묘지가 드러났습니다. 현재 80개 이상의 ... more 카자흐스탄의 자르켄트 근처에 있는 우샤랄-일리발릭에서 국제 고고학팀이 최근 발굴한 결과, 광대한 동방 교회(아시리아 동방교회 교인) 묘지가 드러났습니다. 현재 80개 이상의 무덤이 발굴되었으며 현재 이 지역의 총 매장량은 500개로 추정됩니다. 모든 매장은 중세 기독교 매장 관행과 일치하는 동일한 특성을 보여줍니다. 한 여성의 매장은 특별히 장신구들이 많았습니다. 두 개의 은 팔찌와 반지에서 발견된 하나의 예술적 특징은 고대 이집트에서 시작된 예술적 역사를 가진 네잎 꽃문양이었습니다. 본 보고서는 고대 근동 전역에서 이 문양 디자인이 발전했으며, 무역을 따라 이전 중앙 아시아 고고학 유적지의 발굴에서 입증된 바와 같이, Ilibalyk의 발견은 고대 후기부터 중세 기독교계 전반의 기독교인들이 궁극적으로 채택한 것을 증명합니다. Ilibalyk에서 밝혀진 이른바 실크로드의 경로상의 기독교인들이 이 디자인을 네잎 꽃문양과 십자가 이미지를 모두 표시하는 "착시적(뒤집을 수 있는 이미지)" 또는 "모호한(혹은 암호적)" 이미지로 채택한 것으로 보입니다.
Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus (New Series 1), 2018
Byzantine art occupies a temporal and spatial nexus -- between antiquity and the modern periods, ... more Byzantine art occupies a temporal and spatial nexus -- between antiquity and the modern periods, and between Asia, Africa and Europe. This unique place is expressed in a seventh-century sculpture found in the Katalymata ton Plakoton martyrium in Cyprus. The fact that the sculpture was found in its original context, makes it one one of the most important Byzantine artworks unveiled in recent years; this allows us to reconstruct its purpose and its audience. It also conveys how much contemporary literature influenced the evolution of the imperial and ecclesiastic imagery. By analyzing legendary and apocalyptic accounts of Alexander the Great, the complex iconography of this sculpture becomes apparent. //
Η Βυζαντινή τέχνη καταλαμβάνει ένα χωρικό και χρονικό πλέγμα: μεταξύ της αρχαιότητας και των αρχών του μοντερνισμού, ανάμεσα στην Ασία, την Αφρική και την Ευρώπη. Αυτή η μοναδική θέση που
κατέχει εκφράζεται σε ένα γλυπτό του έβδομου αιώνα, που βρέθηκε στο Μαρτύριο της θέσης Καταλύματα των Πλακωτών στην Κύπρο. Το γεγονός ότι βρέθηκε μέσα στο αυθεντικό του περιβάλλον το καθιστά ένα από τα σημαντικότερα γλυπτά που αποκαλύφθηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια, που μας επιτρέπει να ανασκευάσουμε τον ρόλο του, και να ανατρέξουμε στο κοινό στο οποίο απευθύνεται. Επίσης καταδεικνύει πόσο, η σύγχρονη με αυτό λογοτεχνία επηρέασε την εξέλιξη του αυτοκρατορικού κατόπτρου: θρύλοι για τον Μεγαλέξανδρο, πανηγυρικοί και αποκάλυπτικοί λόγοι, όλα συμβάλλουν στην κατανόηση της σύνθετης εικονογραφίας του γλυπτού αυτού.
Architectural History
The monuments of the Byzantine Empire stand as a testimony to architectural ingenuity. The histor... more The monuments of the Byzantine Empire stand as a testimony to architectural ingenuity. The history and development of such ingenuity, however, may often be difficult to trace, since this requires investigating ruins, peeling away centuries of renovations, and searching for new documentary evidence. Nevertheless, identifying the origins of specific innovations can be crucial to an understanding of how they later came to be used. In fact, ‘creative “firsts” are often used to explain important steps in the history of art’, as Edson Armi noted, adding that ‘in the history of medieval architecture, the pointed arch [and] the flying buttress have receive this kind of landmark status’.Since the nineteenth century, scholars have observed both flying buttresses and pointed arches on Byzantine monuments. Such features were difficult to date without textual evidence, and so they were often assumed to reflect the influence of the subsequent Gothic period. Archaeological research in Cyprus carri...
Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes, 2013
By the end of the 7th century AD, three Cypriot towns were fortified, with ramparts and tall towe... more By the end of the 7th century AD, three Cypriot towns were fortified, with ramparts and tall towers defending the episcopal complexes located inside. These efforts were largest engineering projects on the island, and clearly modified the urban layout of these once-classical cities. Sprawling open cities became enclosed by walls. For example, the city of Amathus was fortified due to the “civil war” between communities hostile to and those in favorable of the Council of Chalcedon; eventually a war that broke out in Egypt and spread to Cyprus around 602. Saint John the Almsgiver served as a mediator on the island in 618 to ease these tensions, and he succeeded in establishing reconciliation. Later the Arab incursions of 649-650 led to the fortification of the cities of Constantia (Salamis) and Carpasia. By investing in military architecture, Cypriot builders created the oldest medieval examples of the barbican.
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 2010
The reroofing of a group of Early Christian basilicas on the Karpas peninsula is the subject of T... more The reroofing of a group of Early Christian basilicas on the Karpas peninsula is the subject of The First Vaulted Churches in Cyprus. Charles Anthony Stewart argues that the barrel vaults, which replaced the wooden roofs of these churches, can be dated to the late seventh or early eighth century. Mustering all the evidence now available and placing these monuments in their historical context, he confirms the consensus about dating that was reached, but not fully argued, by investigating archaeologists in the 1970s, Andreas Dikigoropoulos, Athanasios Papageorghiou, and A. H. S. Megaw. When these churches were rebuilt in the seventh and eighth centuries, Cyprus was a neutral state divided between the Arab Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire. In this environment, builders experimented with methods to erect and support heavy vaulting while maintaining the traditional basilical form. Their designs foreshadowed the later development of Romanesque architecture in the West.
Bulletin of IICAS, 2020
Недавние раскопки международной группы археологов в Ушарале-Илибалыке недалеко от Жаркента, Казах... more Недавние раскопки международной группы археологов в Ушарале-Илибалыке недалеко от Жаркента, Казахстан, выявили обширное кладбище Восточной (сирийской христианской) Церкви. В настоящее время раскопано более 80 могил, а общее количество захоронений в этом районе составляет 500 мест. Все захоронения обладают однородными характеристиками, соответствующими
средневековой христианской погребальной практике, включая небольшой инвентарь. Единственным исключением было женское захоронение с большим количеством украшений на теле. Одним из художественных мотивов, найденных на двух серебряных браслетах и кольце, была четырехле-
пестковая миндалевидная розетка, художественная история которой берет свое начало в Древнем Египте. В этой статье прослеживается развитие этого мотива на всем древнем Ближнем Востоке и его возможное принятие христианами, начиная с поздней античности на протяжении всего средневекового периода христианского мира и ныне – как показали раскопки на Илибалыке и других
археологических памятниках Центральной Азии, найденные вдоль торговых маршрутов так называемого Шелкового пути, что было выявлено на Илибалыке. Похоже, что христиане воспринимали этот рисунок как «двузначный» или «двусмысленный» образ, отображающий как цветочный мо-
тив, так и изображение креста.
Bulletin of IICAS, 2020
This article provides a description of the four-leaf almond-rosette motif discovered in Central A... more This article provides a description of the four-leaf almond-rosette motif discovered in Central Asia and proposes its iconographical meaning during the Middle Ages.
История и Археология Турана, Vol. 5, 2020
This article summarizes the comprehensive archaeological excavations of a medieval settlement loc... more This article summarizes the comprehensive archaeological excavations of a medieval settlement located in the Ili River valley in southeastern Kazakhstan, which is partially occupied by the modern village of Usharal, Panfilov district near the regional city of Zharkent. The article points to and strengthens the evidence that the site can be identified as medieval Ilibalyk, known in Armenian, Persian and Chinese textual sources of the 12th -14th centuries. The city was located on the left bank of the Ili River, just a two-day trek from ancient Almalyk, the former Chagataid capital of the period, currently located in China near modern Ili, China in the Xinjiang Provence. Numismatic evidence demonstrates the height of occupation occurring from the 11th to the 14th centuries. Beginning in 2016, a team of local and international archaeologists excavated sites both within the city's shahristan (administrative area) as well as discovered a large Christian necropolis (the first ever medieval Christian cemetery found in Kazakhstan) along with gravestones with inscriptions that sheds light on unknown pages in the history of the Church of the East. Excavations are ongoing and are certain to yield further answers concerning the Christian community that inhabited the region and their interactions with broader Central Asia.
In the city of Constantia (Salamis), Cyprus, stands a grand Byzantine reservoir known as the Lout... more In the city of Constantia (Salamis), Cyprus, stands a grand Byzantine reservoir known as the Loutron. Its final form dates it to the early seventh century. Supported by 36 piers which formed 52 bays, the Constantia reservoir would be the largest vaulted structure on the island. It was intended to be a showpiece; built conspicuously above ground to serve as a pendant, facing across the agora towards the famous Temple of Zeus (which had been converted to a church). As such it would have resembled the well-known nymphaea of Anatolia. In investigating the structure, wider questions have arisen regarding the development of Byzantine cisterns compared to earlier Roman designs. In Italy and North Africa, the Romans achieved a high-level of sophistication in their monumental waterworks; they covered their cisterns with long continuous barrel-vaults. In contrast, beginning in the fifth century, the eastern Roman provinces broke from this tradition by incorporating domical or groin-vaults. Recent surveys and excavations of Byzantine and Umayyad cisterns and reservoirs in Palestine, as well as new architectural studies in Alexandria (Egypt), indicate that the driving motivation for this redesign was use of modular units based upon the quadratus; that is, “square schematism” seems to be the underlying principle. Such techniques may have influenced the design of Byzantine and Umayyad religious structures in the seventh and eight centuries.
From the publication here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Architecture on Cyprus endured many natural and man-made disasters. As a response the Cypriot bui... more Architecture on Cyprus endured many natural and man-made disasters. As a response the Cypriot builders developed new methods of maintaining older constructions. Perhaps the most innovative project concerned the waterworks for the capital of Salamis-Constantia. The renovation of its grand baths, reservoir, and aqueducts systematically employed flying buttresses and pointed arches. These additions were clearly dated by inscriptions to the early seventh century and verified by coin evidence. Both architectural forms continued into the Middle Byzantine period. For example, the flying buttress at the Panagia Phorbiotissa (Asinou) seems to have a late eleventh-century date. Because tradition maintained the sacredness of location (άγιος τόπος), builders rarely demolished older churches. And so, pointed arches were often added to undergird earlier transverse arches, as at SS Barnabus and Hilarion (Peristerona). Later on, pointed arches were conceived in the original designs of the domed-octagon churches. This architectural history demonstrates how renovation led to innovation.
Original publication can be found here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Conference Presentations by Charles Anthony Stewart
"Available by May 2014:
Cyprus and the Balance of Empires: Art and Archaeology from Justinian ... more "Available by May 2014:
Cyprus and the Balance of Empires: Art and Archaeology from Justinian I to the Coeur de Lion. Edited by Charles A. Stewart with Annemarie Weyl Carr and Tom W. Davis. CAARI Monograph Series, no. 5/ Archaeological Report Series (ARS), no. 20 (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2014)""
Uploads
Papers by Charles Anthony Stewart
Η Βυζαντινή τέχνη καταλαμβάνει ένα χωρικό και χρονικό πλέγμα: μεταξύ της αρχαιότητας και των αρχών του μοντερνισμού, ανάμεσα στην Ασία, την Αφρική και την Ευρώπη. Αυτή η μοναδική θέση που
κατέχει εκφράζεται σε ένα γλυπτό του έβδομου αιώνα, που βρέθηκε στο Μαρτύριο της θέσης Καταλύματα των Πλακωτών στην Κύπρο. Το γεγονός ότι βρέθηκε μέσα στο αυθεντικό του περιβάλλον το καθιστά ένα από τα σημαντικότερα γλυπτά που αποκαλύφθηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια, που μας επιτρέπει να ανασκευάσουμε τον ρόλο του, και να ανατρέξουμε στο κοινό στο οποίο απευθύνεται. Επίσης καταδεικνύει πόσο, η σύγχρονη με αυτό λογοτεχνία επηρέασε την εξέλιξη του αυτοκρατορικού κατόπτρου: θρύλοι για τον Μεγαλέξανδρο, πανηγυρικοί και αποκάλυπτικοί λόγοι, όλα συμβάλλουν στην κατανόηση της σύνθετης εικονογραφίας του γλυπτού αυτού.
средневековой христианской погребальной практике, включая небольшой инвентарь. Единственным исключением было женское захоронение с большим количеством украшений на теле. Одним из художественных мотивов, найденных на двух серебряных браслетах и кольце, была четырехле-
пестковая миндалевидная розетка, художественная история которой берет свое начало в Древнем Египте. В этой статье прослеживается развитие этого мотива на всем древнем Ближнем Востоке и его возможное принятие христианами, начиная с поздней античности на протяжении всего средневекового периода христианского мира и ныне – как показали раскопки на Илибалыке и других
археологических памятниках Центральной Азии, найденные вдоль торговых маршрутов так называемого Шелкового пути, что было выявлено на Илибалыке. Похоже, что христиане воспринимали этот рисунок как «двузначный» или «двусмысленный» образ, отображающий как цветочный мо-
тив, так и изображение креста.
From the publication here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Original publication can be found here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Conference Presentations by Charles Anthony Stewart
Cyprus and the Balance of Empires: Art and Archaeology from Justinian I to the Coeur de Lion. Edited by Charles A. Stewart with Annemarie Weyl Carr and Tom W. Davis. CAARI Monograph Series, no. 5/ Archaeological Report Series (ARS), no. 20 (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2014)""
Η Βυζαντινή τέχνη καταλαμβάνει ένα χωρικό και χρονικό πλέγμα: μεταξύ της αρχαιότητας και των αρχών του μοντερνισμού, ανάμεσα στην Ασία, την Αφρική και την Ευρώπη. Αυτή η μοναδική θέση που
κατέχει εκφράζεται σε ένα γλυπτό του έβδομου αιώνα, που βρέθηκε στο Μαρτύριο της θέσης Καταλύματα των Πλακωτών στην Κύπρο. Το γεγονός ότι βρέθηκε μέσα στο αυθεντικό του περιβάλλον το καθιστά ένα από τα σημαντικότερα γλυπτά που αποκαλύφθηκαν τα τελευταία χρόνια, που μας επιτρέπει να ανασκευάσουμε τον ρόλο του, και να ανατρέξουμε στο κοινό στο οποίο απευθύνεται. Επίσης καταδεικνύει πόσο, η σύγχρονη με αυτό λογοτεχνία επηρέασε την εξέλιξη του αυτοκρατορικού κατόπτρου: θρύλοι για τον Μεγαλέξανδρο, πανηγυρικοί και αποκάλυπτικοί λόγοι, όλα συμβάλλουν στην κατανόηση της σύνθετης εικονογραφίας του γλυπτού αυτού.
средневековой христианской погребальной практике, включая небольшой инвентарь. Единственным исключением было женское захоронение с большим количеством украшений на теле. Одним из художественных мотивов, найденных на двух серебряных браслетах и кольце, была четырехле-
пестковая миндалевидная розетка, художественная история которой берет свое начало в Древнем Египте. В этой статье прослеживается развитие этого мотива на всем древнем Ближнем Востоке и его возможное принятие христианами, начиная с поздней античности на протяжении всего средневекового периода христианского мира и ныне – как показали раскопки на Илибалыке и других
археологических памятниках Центральной Азии, найденные вдоль торговых маршрутов так называемого Шелкового пути, что было выявлено на Илибалыке. Похоже, что христиане воспринимали этот рисунок как «двузначный» или «двусмысленный» образ, отображающий как цветочный мо-
тив, так и изображение креста.
From the publication here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Original publication can be found here:
http://www.sas.upenn.edu/ancient/publications.html
Cyprus and the Balance of Empires: Art and Archaeology from Justinian I to the Coeur de Lion. Edited by Charles A. Stewart with Annemarie Weyl Carr and Tom W. Davis. CAARI Monograph Series, no. 5/ Archaeological Report Series (ARS), no. 20 (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2014)""