Tanzimat ile beraber olusmaya baslayan reform cabalari baglaminda ele alinan eski eser anlayisi, ... more Tanzimat ile beraber olusmaya baslayan reform cabalari baglaminda ele alinan eski eser anlayisi, Bati ile etkilesim sonucu gelismeye baslamistir. Avrupali arastirmacilar eski eser bakimindan zengin Osmanli cografyasini talan etmeye baslamislardir. Bunun karsisinda hazirlanan nizamnamelerle eski eserlerin arastirilmasi ve yurt disina cikarilmasinin onunu almak icin belirli kaideler getirilmeye calisilmistir. Nizamnamelerin bazi hukumlerinin yetersiz olmasi, uygulamada bazi sorunlarin yasanmasina yol acmistir. Osman Hamdi Bey donemine kadar bu konuda istenilen asamaya ulasilamamistir. Avrupali devletler eski eser arama goruntusu altinda Osmanli uzerindeki menfaatlerini korumaya calismislardir. 1884 tarihli nizamname ile Osmanli imparatorlugunda eski eser anlayisi ve arastirmalari gunumuz anlayisina yakin bir cizgiye ulasabilmistir. 89 yil boyunca Turkiye’deki tek eski eser yasasi olarak varligini surdurmustur. Ulke genelinde ortaya cikarilan eski eserler, Istanbul’a getirilmis ve Muze...
Akdeniz’de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölge... more Akdeniz’de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölgede egemen olmak isteyen güçler için önemini her zaman korumuştur. Hem birbirleriyle bağlantılı bu ana güzergahların hem de anakaraya sadece 2 km uzaklıkta olması dolayısıyla kıyı güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından Meis adası stratejik bir öneme haizdi. Özellikle tarih boyunca Rodos ile bağlantılı olan Meis’in bu ilişkisini tarihsel olaylar ve kaynaklar analiz edilerek ortaya koyabilmek çalışmamızın öncelikli amaçlarındandır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede yaşanan gelişmeler ve Doğu Akdeniz’in genel genel konjonktürü göz önünde tutularak Türklerin ada ile bağlantılarının Anadolu Selçukluları dönemine kadar uzanabileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ele alınan diğer bir konu ise 10 kilometre kareye yakın küçük yüzölçümü ve kısıtlı kaynakları ile adada Osmanlı yönetim organizasyonun ne şekilde kurulduğu ne gibi kontrol mekanizmaları geliştirildiğidir. Akdeniz’de hakimiyet savaşlarının arttığı dönemlerde...
Öz Akdeniz'de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bö... more Öz Akdeniz'de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölgede egemen olmak isteyen güçler için önemini her zaman korumuştur. Hem birbirleriyle bağlantılı bu ana güzergahların hem de anakaraya sadece 2 km uzaklıkta olması dolayısıyla kıyı güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından Meis adası stratejik bir öneme haizdi. Özellikle tarih boyunca Rodos ile bağlantılı olan Meis'in bu ilişkisini tarihsel olaylar ve kaynaklar analiz edilerek ortaya koyabilmek çalışmamızın öncelikli amaçlarındandır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede yaşanan gelişmeler ve Doğu Akdeniz'in genel genel konjonktürü göz önünde tutularak Türklerin ada ile bağlantılarının Anadolu Selçukluları dönemine kadar uzanabileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ele alınan diğer bir konu ise 10 kilometre kareye yakın küçük yüzölçümü ve kısıtlı kaynakları ile adada Osmanlı yönetim organizasyonun ne şekilde kurulduğu ne gibi kontrol mekanizmaları geliştirildiğidir. Akdeniz'de hakimiyet savaşlarının arttığı dönemlerde egemenler ile düşman unsurlar arasında zaman zaman karakol-istasyon işlevleri ile adanın, tarihsel süreçteki yeri ve önemi bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ada tarihine dair Osmanlı arşiv kaynaklarının yetersizsessiz kaldığı yerlerde yoğunlukla bölgeyi ziyaret eden seyyahların anlatımlarına başvurulmuştur.
Osmanlı Devleti, askeri ve güvenlik gibi gerekçelerle özellikle Akdeniz'in kıyı ve adalarında... more Osmanlı Devleti, askeri ve güvenlik gibi gerekçelerle özellikle Akdeniz'in kıyı ve adalarındaki Rum nüfusun tecrübesinden yararlanarak bölgede bazı yeni tersaneler inşa etti veya var olanları geliştirdi. Bunu yaparken devletin iyi işleyen organizasyonu; uzmanlaşmış çeşitli iş kollarının ve farklı malzemelerin teminini ayrıca tüm bunların belirli merkezlerde toplanmasını mümkün kıldı. Dönemin önemli denizci devletlerinde olduğu gibi bir taraftan devletin sıkı denetimi altında ana bir tersane (İstanbul'daki Tersane-i Amire), diğer tarafta kıyı ve adalara yayılmış ve devlet denetiminin kısmen zayıf olduğu küçük ölçekli tersaneler ile Osmanlı Devleti, donanma ve denizcilik faaliyetlerini yürütmekteydi. İhtiyaç durumunda donanma-i hümayun için yapılacak gemilere gerekli marangoz ve burgucular Sakız, İstanköy, Rodos, Kaşot ve Meyis gibi adalardan sağlanmaktaydı. Ancak Yunan bağımsızlık savaşı sonrasında idari kontrolün zayıfl amasıyla birlikte bu gemicilik merkezleri, Osmanlı devl...
Abstract: Regarding research about the Navy department, it is necessary to explore the vein of c... more Abstract: Regarding research about the Navy department, it is necessary to explore the vein of center and country, in order to introduce the quality and the operations of this department. Especially, when we mention ship construction activity, these elements become more important. This is because, the fundamental thing to determine the quality and the operation of shipyards both in the center and the country is the dependency of each other regarding the supply of labor and materials and equipment. Inevitably, this dependency required a strict control mechanism and communication between the center and country shipyards. However, in the sanjaks, forming one of the main units of the Ottoman organized administration, structural and functional changes had occurred since the 17 th century and this situation also changed these dependency relations. In this study, the attempt is made to reconsider and evaluate this dependency relationship which began to change, especially between the central and the country arsenals, during the 18 th century, when both the seeds of the break with tradition and of innovation were planted. Mutesellims emerged as new actors in the sanjaks in this period and this paper attempts to clarify from archival documentary sources the problems, such as how the mutesellims were included within these dependency relations, what responsibilities they assumed, and how much they could fulfill the demands of the center in respect to shipbuilding requirements.
In Anatolia’s geography its coastal regions with forest cover extending from the coast to the mou... more In Anatolia’s geography its coastal regions with forest cover extending from the coast to the mountains, has provided its richness to civilizations. From the mountains to the coast the numerous rivers and streams and the proximity of forest cover to the rivers and coast were among the significant factors facilitating the supply and transportation of timber. However, as these factors facilitated timber supply and transportation, they also facilitated all kinds of smuggling activities. When the central control of the Ottoman State declined, control over the long coastline from the land became more difficult. Settlements on the coast were few, and smugglers could easily reach, fell and transport of any kind of timber with their local collaborators. It was not only the physical conditions on the coast that increased the smuggling of timber. It is also necessary to consider the nearby islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas as for the inhabitants of the islands where the natural resources were scarce or inadequate, all kinds of smuggling-looting activity were quite risk-free, profitable branches of business. After the Greek Independence, with the increase in the construction of vessels on these islands, Greek shipping centers demand for timber increased and with it timber smuggling from Anatolia. The Ottoman government wanted to take tighter measures, but did not succeed in preventing the smuggling of timber to the islands.
The Ottoman State benefited from the traditions of the Greek population on the coasts and island... more The Ottoman State benefited from the traditions of the Greek population on the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean Sea in regard of military and security aspects and built or developed some new shipyards in the region. In this process, the state's well-functioning organization provided various business branches and different materials as well as gathering all of these in specific centers. Just like major seafaring states of the time, the Ottoman State carried out the naval and maritime activities in one principal shipyard under the state's control (Tersane-i Amire in Istanbul), and on the other hand in various small-scale shipyards spread over the coasts and islands where state control was partially weak. The carpenters and drills necessary for the ships for the donanma-i hümayun were provided from the islands such as Chios, Kos, Rhodes, Kaşot and Megisti. However, as a result of the weakening of administrative control due to the Greek war of independence, these shipping centers began to pose a threat to the Ottoman state. This was due to the fact that both raw materials and manpower on the island and in coastal regions under Ottoman rule were transferred to the Greek shipbuilding centers in the Mediterranean, particularly on the island of Syros, and this shift contributed significantly to the development of Greek ship-building. Other problems that arose in this process were to provide security on the islands under Ottoman rule, to prevent smuggling activities between the islands and the mainland, to prevent raiding of state forests for illegal shipbuilding and of course to prevent tax losses. For these reasons, certain measures were taken by the central authority and necessary arrangements were made. In essence, this study focuses on the illegal trade by important Greek shipbuilding centers (the majority of these centers were on Greek-dominated islands), which the Ottoman State never approved. In addition, the reasons and consequences of illegal shipbuilding is evaluated in the context of the political, commercial and technological changes of the 19th century. Furthermore, the focus will be on the arrangements and measures taken by the Ottoman State to prevent illegal construction activities and on how these measures and regulations affected the economic and social structures of the islands.
Until the second half of the 19 th century, abortion in the Ottoman Empire was one of the issues ... more Until the second half of the 19 th century, abortion in the Ottoman Empire was one of the issues that the state considered a part of the sharia. As in other religions, abortion is completely forbidden in Islam but according to some schools of fiqh with the exception of the mother's life being in danger; in that case, abortion was allowed until the foetus's age of 40-120 days. After Tanzimat, which brought changes to the Ottoman State, the matter was dealt with differently. Ongoing wars and the resulting losses of land and people, furthermore outbreaks of disease and poor living conditions in general, caused a decline of the population. For this reason, the Ottoman state began to handle the problem on a secular basis, considering the state's needs in terms of taxes and military. The state was consequently not only interested in a quantitative growth of the population, but rather in a qualitative improvement of the peoples' state of health. In this context, the formal discourse shifted to the fertility of women and thereby, the roles of women in social and political contexts were being (redefined d. However, even when abortion was a matter of the state, religious norms were being used to emphasise the notion of " sin " in trying to prevent a rise in the number of abortions. Our approach to this topic is to reflect on the framework given by the Ottoman state's population policy on the basis of state documents.
Uludağ Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009
Tev'em salary is the name given to the monthly payments which were paid to the families that hav... more Tev'em salary is the name given to the monthly payments which were paid to the families that have twins or triplets. No matter which region, religion or nation
you belong to, all Ottoman subjects that have twins or triplets and have insufficient income had the right to be financially supported by Tev'em salary. Tev'em salary was paid monthly in akce (Ottoman coin) and kurus (a smaller unit of Ottoman coin than akce). The only condition in order to take tev'em salary was to be in need of money. With the families demand for tev'em salary, the conditions of the families were investigated, proved to be true and then tev'em salary was assigned to both children and the mother. Children's welfare was of great importance in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, with the death of their father who was a captain of naval force, a monthly payment was assigned to his orphans by the Government. This has of great importance in showing the "social state aspect", as we call in modern terminology, of the Ottoman Empire.
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009
The understanding of old works which were developed within the context of reforms that were int... more The understanding of old works which were developed within the context of reforms that were introduced with Tanzimat (the period in which the political reforms of Abdulmejid in 1839 took place) started to progress as a result of the interaction with the West. European researchers started to plunder the Ottoman Empire that was rich in old works. With the regulations that were prepared against this plunder, certain rules were introduced to prevent the research on old works and their having been taken abroad. However, some insufficient rules in the regulation caused problems in the carrying out of the applications. Until the period of Osman Hamdi Bey, no satisfactory results had been achieved. European countries worked for the maintanence of their benefits in disguise of old works research. With the regulation dated 1884, the understanding and research of old works in the Ottoman Empire reached to a level that was close to the modern understanding we have today. For 89 years this regulation existed as the only regulation about old works in Turkey. The old works that were revealed in the country were brought to Istanbul and were exhibited in Muze-i Humayun. This development was carried to the time of the Turkish Republic and it has formed the base of modern archeology and museology
It is seen that the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, spent the intensive effort for h... more It is seen that the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, spent the intensive effort for her vassal despite the political, military and economic troubles. One of the most important health problems in the period smallpox was a great danger, especially for children. The Empire has taken a series of measures against smallpox in order to raise a healthy generation and also to abolish the lack of population. The most important application of these measures was vaccinated against the disease. The smallpox vaccine was conveyed from Europe to extinguish smallpox. Later on founded the house vaccination in the different regions of the country, it was tried to regain the health of those afflicted with the disease. On the other hand, the vaccination especially in public schools and prisons in the living areas where more attention is understood that. Sometimes the school holidays to be taken as measures. By the end of the nineteenth century, especially in the early twentieth century, the four regulations were prepared to eliminate smallpox. Any defects in after each regulation, which will be issued a new regulation, by eliminating all the legal ways to eliminate smallpox is used. To avoid any omissions in the vaccine, particularly the region's administrator responsible for the afflicted families, even families who do not take the smallpox vaccine administered with a fine and punishment. In the Ottoman Empire at that time showed itself in the economic difficulties during the implementation of the smallpox vaccine, and sometimes doctors and also vaccinators could not take any payments due to these economic distress. All these information were reflected in the documents.
Ottoman Empire gave great importance to family life and especially to the rights and health of ch... more Ottoman Empire gave great importance to family life and especially to the rights and health of children. The Ottoman Empire introduced the necessary legal regulations to protect the rights of children and to make them grow up as healthy citizens. The purpose of these regulations was to prevent the decrease of the population in the Empire apart from its humane aspect. For this purpose the Empire provided financial support to families that have a lot of children. Despite this fact, some families who still suffer from financial difficulties attempted to end the pregnancy and this caused the population of the Empire to decrease. For the purpose of preventing the decrease of the population before the Ottoman Reform (Tanzimat Decree) the Emperor issued imperial decree and after the Reform the law of punishment and penalties were introduced to prohibit the procure of abortion. Despite all these laws and regulations, the people who still had abortion or who helped the procure of abortion were punished. The kinds of punishment were; imprisonment, fine, condemnation to the galleys and exile., the rights of children, financial support to families.
Tanzimat ile beraber olusmaya baslayan reform cabalari baglaminda ele alinan eski eser anlayisi, ... more Tanzimat ile beraber olusmaya baslayan reform cabalari baglaminda ele alinan eski eser anlayisi, Bati ile etkilesim sonucu gelismeye baslamistir. Avrupali arastirmacilar eski eser bakimindan zengin Osmanli cografyasini talan etmeye baslamislardir. Bunun karsisinda hazirlanan nizamnamelerle eski eserlerin arastirilmasi ve yurt disina cikarilmasinin onunu almak icin belirli kaideler getirilmeye calisilmistir. Nizamnamelerin bazi hukumlerinin yetersiz olmasi, uygulamada bazi sorunlarin yasanmasina yol acmistir. Osman Hamdi Bey donemine kadar bu konuda istenilen asamaya ulasilamamistir. Avrupali devletler eski eser arama goruntusu altinda Osmanli uzerindeki menfaatlerini korumaya calismislardir. 1884 tarihli nizamname ile Osmanli imparatorlugunda eski eser anlayisi ve arastirmalari gunumuz anlayisina yakin bir cizgiye ulasabilmistir. 89 yil boyunca Turkiye’deki tek eski eser yasasi olarak varligini surdurmustur. Ulke genelinde ortaya cikarilan eski eserler, Istanbul’a getirilmis ve Muze...
Akdeniz’de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölge... more Akdeniz’de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölgede egemen olmak isteyen güçler için önemini her zaman korumuştur. Hem birbirleriyle bağlantılı bu ana güzergahların hem de anakaraya sadece 2 km uzaklıkta olması dolayısıyla kıyı güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından Meis adası stratejik bir öneme haizdi. Özellikle tarih boyunca Rodos ile bağlantılı olan Meis’in bu ilişkisini tarihsel olaylar ve kaynaklar analiz edilerek ortaya koyabilmek çalışmamızın öncelikli amaçlarındandır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede yaşanan gelişmeler ve Doğu Akdeniz’in genel genel konjonktürü göz önünde tutularak Türklerin ada ile bağlantılarının Anadolu Selçukluları dönemine kadar uzanabileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ele alınan diğer bir konu ise 10 kilometre kareye yakın küçük yüzölçümü ve kısıtlı kaynakları ile adada Osmanlı yönetim organizasyonun ne şekilde kurulduğu ne gibi kontrol mekanizmaları geliştirildiğidir. Akdeniz’de hakimiyet savaşlarının arttığı dönemlerde...
Öz Akdeniz'de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bö... more Öz Akdeniz'de önemli deniz-kara güzergahları üzerinde olan Meis adası, eski çağlardan itibaren bölgede egemen olmak isteyen güçler için önemini her zaman korumuştur. Hem birbirleriyle bağlantılı bu ana güzergahların hem de anakaraya sadece 2 km uzaklıkta olması dolayısıyla kıyı güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından Meis adası stratejik bir öneme haizdi. Özellikle tarih boyunca Rodos ile bağlantılı olan Meis'in bu ilişkisini tarihsel olaylar ve kaynaklar analiz edilerek ortaya koyabilmek çalışmamızın öncelikli amaçlarındandır. Bunun yanı sıra bölgede yaşanan gelişmeler ve Doğu Akdeniz'in genel genel konjonktürü göz önünde tutularak Türklerin ada ile bağlantılarının Anadolu Selçukluları dönemine kadar uzanabileceği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ele alınan diğer bir konu ise 10 kilometre kareye yakın küçük yüzölçümü ve kısıtlı kaynakları ile adada Osmanlı yönetim organizasyonun ne şekilde kurulduğu ne gibi kontrol mekanizmaları geliştirildiğidir. Akdeniz'de hakimiyet savaşlarının arttığı dönemlerde egemenler ile düşman unsurlar arasında zaman zaman karakol-istasyon işlevleri ile adanın, tarihsel süreçteki yeri ve önemi bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ada tarihine dair Osmanlı arşiv kaynaklarının yetersizsessiz kaldığı yerlerde yoğunlukla bölgeyi ziyaret eden seyyahların anlatımlarına başvurulmuştur.
Osmanlı Devleti, askeri ve güvenlik gibi gerekçelerle özellikle Akdeniz'in kıyı ve adalarında... more Osmanlı Devleti, askeri ve güvenlik gibi gerekçelerle özellikle Akdeniz'in kıyı ve adalarındaki Rum nüfusun tecrübesinden yararlanarak bölgede bazı yeni tersaneler inşa etti veya var olanları geliştirdi. Bunu yaparken devletin iyi işleyen organizasyonu; uzmanlaşmış çeşitli iş kollarının ve farklı malzemelerin teminini ayrıca tüm bunların belirli merkezlerde toplanmasını mümkün kıldı. Dönemin önemli denizci devletlerinde olduğu gibi bir taraftan devletin sıkı denetimi altında ana bir tersane (İstanbul'daki Tersane-i Amire), diğer tarafta kıyı ve adalara yayılmış ve devlet denetiminin kısmen zayıf olduğu küçük ölçekli tersaneler ile Osmanlı Devleti, donanma ve denizcilik faaliyetlerini yürütmekteydi. İhtiyaç durumunda donanma-i hümayun için yapılacak gemilere gerekli marangoz ve burgucular Sakız, İstanköy, Rodos, Kaşot ve Meyis gibi adalardan sağlanmaktaydı. Ancak Yunan bağımsızlık savaşı sonrasında idari kontrolün zayıfl amasıyla birlikte bu gemicilik merkezleri, Osmanlı devl...
Abstract: Regarding research about the Navy department, it is necessary to explore the vein of c... more Abstract: Regarding research about the Navy department, it is necessary to explore the vein of center and country, in order to introduce the quality and the operations of this department. Especially, when we mention ship construction activity, these elements become more important. This is because, the fundamental thing to determine the quality and the operation of shipyards both in the center and the country is the dependency of each other regarding the supply of labor and materials and equipment. Inevitably, this dependency required a strict control mechanism and communication between the center and country shipyards. However, in the sanjaks, forming one of the main units of the Ottoman organized administration, structural and functional changes had occurred since the 17 th century and this situation also changed these dependency relations. In this study, the attempt is made to reconsider and evaluate this dependency relationship which began to change, especially between the central and the country arsenals, during the 18 th century, when both the seeds of the break with tradition and of innovation were planted. Mutesellims emerged as new actors in the sanjaks in this period and this paper attempts to clarify from archival documentary sources the problems, such as how the mutesellims were included within these dependency relations, what responsibilities they assumed, and how much they could fulfill the demands of the center in respect to shipbuilding requirements.
In Anatolia’s geography its coastal regions with forest cover extending from the coast to the mou... more In Anatolia’s geography its coastal regions with forest cover extending from the coast to the mountains, has provided its richness to civilizations. From the mountains to the coast the numerous rivers and streams and the proximity of forest cover to the rivers and coast were among the significant factors facilitating the supply and transportation of timber. However, as these factors facilitated timber supply and transportation, they also facilitated all kinds of smuggling activities. When the central control of the Ottoman State declined, control over the long coastline from the land became more difficult. Settlements on the coast were few, and smugglers could easily reach, fell and transport of any kind of timber with their local collaborators. It was not only the physical conditions on the coast that increased the smuggling of timber. It is also necessary to consider the nearby islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas as for the inhabitants of the islands where the natural resources were scarce or inadequate, all kinds of smuggling-looting activity were quite risk-free, profitable branches of business. After the Greek Independence, with the increase in the construction of vessels on these islands, Greek shipping centers demand for timber increased and with it timber smuggling from Anatolia. The Ottoman government wanted to take tighter measures, but did not succeed in preventing the smuggling of timber to the islands.
The Ottoman State benefited from the traditions of the Greek population on the coasts and island... more The Ottoman State benefited from the traditions of the Greek population on the coasts and islands of the Mediterranean Sea in regard of military and security aspects and built or developed some new shipyards in the region. In this process, the state's well-functioning organization provided various business branches and different materials as well as gathering all of these in specific centers. Just like major seafaring states of the time, the Ottoman State carried out the naval and maritime activities in one principal shipyard under the state's control (Tersane-i Amire in Istanbul), and on the other hand in various small-scale shipyards spread over the coasts and islands where state control was partially weak. The carpenters and drills necessary for the ships for the donanma-i hümayun were provided from the islands such as Chios, Kos, Rhodes, Kaşot and Megisti. However, as a result of the weakening of administrative control due to the Greek war of independence, these shipping centers began to pose a threat to the Ottoman state. This was due to the fact that both raw materials and manpower on the island and in coastal regions under Ottoman rule were transferred to the Greek shipbuilding centers in the Mediterranean, particularly on the island of Syros, and this shift contributed significantly to the development of Greek ship-building. Other problems that arose in this process were to provide security on the islands under Ottoman rule, to prevent smuggling activities between the islands and the mainland, to prevent raiding of state forests for illegal shipbuilding and of course to prevent tax losses. For these reasons, certain measures were taken by the central authority and necessary arrangements were made. In essence, this study focuses on the illegal trade by important Greek shipbuilding centers (the majority of these centers were on Greek-dominated islands), which the Ottoman State never approved. In addition, the reasons and consequences of illegal shipbuilding is evaluated in the context of the political, commercial and technological changes of the 19th century. Furthermore, the focus will be on the arrangements and measures taken by the Ottoman State to prevent illegal construction activities and on how these measures and regulations affected the economic and social structures of the islands.
Until the second half of the 19 th century, abortion in the Ottoman Empire was one of the issues ... more Until the second half of the 19 th century, abortion in the Ottoman Empire was one of the issues that the state considered a part of the sharia. As in other religions, abortion is completely forbidden in Islam but according to some schools of fiqh with the exception of the mother's life being in danger; in that case, abortion was allowed until the foetus's age of 40-120 days. After Tanzimat, which brought changes to the Ottoman State, the matter was dealt with differently. Ongoing wars and the resulting losses of land and people, furthermore outbreaks of disease and poor living conditions in general, caused a decline of the population. For this reason, the Ottoman state began to handle the problem on a secular basis, considering the state's needs in terms of taxes and military. The state was consequently not only interested in a quantitative growth of the population, but rather in a qualitative improvement of the peoples' state of health. In this context, the formal discourse shifted to the fertility of women and thereby, the roles of women in social and political contexts were being (redefined d. However, even when abortion was a matter of the state, religious norms were being used to emphasise the notion of " sin " in trying to prevent a rise in the number of abortions. Our approach to this topic is to reflect on the framework given by the Ottoman state's population policy on the basis of state documents.
Uludağ Universitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009
Tev'em salary is the name given to the monthly payments which were paid to the families that hav... more Tev'em salary is the name given to the monthly payments which were paid to the families that have twins or triplets. No matter which region, religion or nation
you belong to, all Ottoman subjects that have twins or triplets and have insufficient income had the right to be financially supported by Tev'em salary. Tev'em salary was paid monthly in akce (Ottoman coin) and kurus (a smaller unit of Ottoman coin than akce). The only condition in order to take tev'em salary was to be in need of money. With the families demand for tev'em salary, the conditions of the families were investigated, proved to be true and then tev'em salary was assigned to both children and the mother. Children's welfare was of great importance in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, with the death of their father who was a captain of naval force, a monthly payment was assigned to his orphans by the Government. This has of great importance in showing the "social state aspect", as we call in modern terminology, of the Ottoman Empire.
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009
The understanding of old works which were developed within the context of reforms that were int... more The understanding of old works which were developed within the context of reforms that were introduced with Tanzimat (the period in which the political reforms of Abdulmejid in 1839 took place) started to progress as a result of the interaction with the West. European researchers started to plunder the Ottoman Empire that was rich in old works. With the regulations that were prepared against this plunder, certain rules were introduced to prevent the research on old works and their having been taken abroad. However, some insufficient rules in the regulation caused problems in the carrying out of the applications. Until the period of Osman Hamdi Bey, no satisfactory results had been achieved. European countries worked for the maintanence of their benefits in disguise of old works research. With the regulation dated 1884, the understanding and research of old works in the Ottoman Empire reached to a level that was close to the modern understanding we have today. For 89 years this regulation existed as the only regulation about old works in Turkey. The old works that were revealed in the country were brought to Istanbul and were exhibited in Muze-i Humayun. This development was carried to the time of the Turkish Republic and it has formed the base of modern archeology and museology
It is seen that the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, spent the intensive effort for h... more It is seen that the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, spent the intensive effort for her vassal despite the political, military and economic troubles. One of the most important health problems in the period smallpox was a great danger, especially for children. The Empire has taken a series of measures against smallpox in order to raise a healthy generation and also to abolish the lack of population. The most important application of these measures was vaccinated against the disease. The smallpox vaccine was conveyed from Europe to extinguish smallpox. Later on founded the house vaccination in the different regions of the country, it was tried to regain the health of those afflicted with the disease. On the other hand, the vaccination especially in public schools and prisons in the living areas where more attention is understood that. Sometimes the school holidays to be taken as measures. By the end of the nineteenth century, especially in the early twentieth century, the four regulations were prepared to eliminate smallpox. Any defects in after each regulation, which will be issued a new regulation, by eliminating all the legal ways to eliminate smallpox is used. To avoid any omissions in the vaccine, particularly the region's administrator responsible for the afflicted families, even families who do not take the smallpox vaccine administered with a fine and punishment. In the Ottoman Empire at that time showed itself in the economic difficulties during the implementation of the smallpox vaccine, and sometimes doctors and also vaccinators could not take any payments due to these economic distress. All these information were reflected in the documents.
Ottoman Empire gave great importance to family life and especially to the rights and health of ch... more Ottoman Empire gave great importance to family life and especially to the rights and health of children. The Ottoman Empire introduced the necessary legal regulations to protect the rights of children and to make them grow up as healthy citizens. The purpose of these regulations was to prevent the decrease of the population in the Empire apart from its humane aspect. For this purpose the Empire provided financial support to families that have a lot of children. Despite this fact, some families who still suffer from financial difficulties attempted to end the pregnancy and this caused the population of the Empire to decrease. For the purpose of preventing the decrease of the population before the Ottoman Reform (Tanzimat Decree) the Emperor issued imperial decree and after the Reform the law of punishment and penalties were introduced to prohibit the procure of abortion. Despite all these laws and regulations, the people who still had abortion or who helped the procure of abortion were punished. The kinds of punishment were; imprisonment, fine, condemnation to the galleys and exile., the rights of children, financial support to families.
Islands of the Ottoman Empire, (Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2018), 2018
Reprint of the special issue of Princeton Papers, 18 (2017) entitled Insularity in the Ottoman Wo... more Reprint of the special issue of Princeton Papers, 18 (2017) entitled Insularity in the Ottoman World.
Islands have no single obvious attribute, geographic or otherwise. Insularity, then, should not be taken literally and imply isolation; rather it is about what it means to be an island. This volume employs this concept analytically to study islands as a constituent part of the Ottoman world. Drawing attention to the interplay between the material and the mental, it explores how historical actors experience, imagine, and project their engagements with, and within, the spatial setting of islands.
Islands are most commonly conceptualized as oscillating between connectivity and isolation. Contributions to this volume transcend this dichotomy by enquiring into alternative ways to understand insular space. Divided in three parts, the volume explores various historiographical conceptualizations of islands; the manifestations of violence and law in terraqueous spaces; and different ways in which the state has historically tried to regulate insular space.
Table of contents:
Antonis Hadjikyriacou, "Envisioning Insularity in the Ottoman World"
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING INSULARITY
Spyros Asdrachas, "Observations on Insularity in the Greek World"
Eleftheria Zei, "The Historiography of Aegean insularity"
PART II: VIOLENCE AND LAW IN TERRAQUEOUS SPACE
Michael Talbot, "Separating the Waters from the Sea: The Place of Islands in Ottoman Maritime Territoriality during the Eighteenth Century"
Murat Cem Mengüç, "Maritime Warfare in the Aegean and Ionian Islandscapes: Safai’s History of the 1499 Lepanto Expedition"
PART III: REGULATING ISLANDS
Fatma Şimşek, "Blockading an Island: Collective Punishment, Islanders, and the State in the “Largest” Island at the End of the Nineteenth Century"
Kahraman Şakul, "The Ottoman Peloponnese before the Greek Revolution: “A Republic of Ayan, Hakim and Kocabaşı” in “the Sea of Humans and Valley of Castles”"
Islands have no single obvious attribute, geographic or otherwise. Insularity, then, should not b... more Islands have no single obvious attribute, geographic or otherwise. Insularity, then, should not be taken literally and imply isolation; rather it is about what it means to be an island. This volume employs this concept analytically to study islands as a constituent part of the Ottoman world. Drawing attention to the interplay between the material and the mental, it explores how historical actors experience, imagine, and project their engagements with, and within, the spatial setting of islands.
Islands are most commonly conceptualized as oscillating between connectivity and isolation. Contributions to this volume transcend this dichotomy by enquiring into alternative ways to understand insular space. Divided in three parts, the volume explores various historiographical conceptualizations of islands; the manifestations of violence and law in terraqueous spaces; and different ways in which the state has historically tried to regulate insular space.
Table of contents:
Antonis Hadjikyriacou, "Envisioning Insularity in the Ottoman World"
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING INSULARITY
Spyros Asdrachas †, "Observations on Insularity in the Greek World"
Eleftheria Zei, "The Historiography of Aegean insularity"
PART II: VIOLENCE AND LAW IN TERRAQUEOUS SPACE
Michael Talbot, "Separating the Waters from the Sea: The Place of Islands in Ottoman Maritime Territoriality during the Eighteenth Century"
Murat Cem Mengüç, "Maritime Warfare in the Aegean and Ionian Islandscapes: Safai’s History of the 1499 Lepanto Expedition"
PART III: REGULATING ISLANDS
Fatma Şimşek, "Blockading an Island: Collective Punishment, Islanders, and the State in the “Largest” Island at the End of the Nineteenth Century"
Kahraman Şakul, "The Ottoman Peloponnese before the Greek Revolution: “A Republic of Ayan, Hakim and Kocabaşı” in “the Sea of Humans and Valley of Castles”"
Kıyı genellikle kara ile denizi birbirinden ayıran sınır olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle de... more Kıyı genellikle kara ile denizi birbirinden ayıran sınır olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle deniz ve kara söz konusu olduğunda kıyının, birbirlerinden farklı bu dünyaları "tanımlayan", "ayıran" zaman zaman ise birbirlerini "sınırlayan" anlamları hep ön plana çıkarılmıştır. Aslında ayırıcı ve sınırlayıcı özelliklerinin ötesinde kıyıların aynı zamanda kara ile denizin birleştiği yerler olduğunu çoğu zaman göz ardı ederiz. Bu bakımdan kıyılar sadece coğrafyanın değil denizci ile kara toplumlarının karşılaştığı ya da en azından birbirine karıştığı bölgelerdi. Özellikle kıyının hemen ötesinde kendine göre bir yaşam ve üretim kültürü olan adalardan bahsedilecek ise kıyı bölgelerinin birleştirici rolü Doğu Akdeniz'de daha da anlamlıdır. Çünkü Akdeniz'in bu kesiminde kıyı adalarının sık olması genel bir durumdur ve anakaraya 100 km'den fazla uzaklıkta olan ada hemen hemen yoktur. Kendi mikro kozmoslarında kısıtlı doğal kaynakları ile varlıklarını devam ettirme çabasındaki özellikle küçük adalar ve sakinleri için kıyılar hayati önem arz etmektedir. Braudel'in deyimiyle ada olmanın doğası gereği hiçbir ada, ertesi günkü yaşamını garantiye alamadığından birbirleri ve anakara ile ilişkileri son derece önemliydi. Bu bakımdan adalıların uzmanlaşmış oldukları süngercilik, balıkçılık, gemi inşa faaliyetlerini de içerecek şekilde denizcilik, ticaret, kılavuzluk gibi faaliyetlerin yanı sıra korsanlık veya kaçakçılık gibi illegal faaliyetlerin yöneldiği yerler genellikle kıyılar ve kıyı yerleşimleri olacaktır. Bu çerçevede oldukça küçük yüzölçümü ve kısıtlı kaynaklarına rağmen stratejik önemi ve uzman oldukları faaliyetleri ile kıyıya oldukça yakın Meyis adası ile karşı kıyısındaki Kaş (Andifli) ile ilişkiler ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca siyasi-iktisadi-sosyal yönden bu ilişkilerin yürütülmesinde, Osmanlı yönetim mekanizmasının rolü ve sorunların aşılmasında merkezin ne gibi çözüm yollarına başvurduğu incelenecektir. Bununla birlikte hem adalı olmaları hem de Yunan milliyetçiliği ve 19. Yüzyıldaki diğer gelişmeler nedeniyle Meyis sakinlerinin Osmanlı yönetimine karşı tutumlarına değinilecektir. Bununla birlikte anakaraya çok yakın olması nedeniyle ada veya adalılık gibi bir kategoriye dahil edilip edilmeyeceği sorunsalıyla birlikte Osmanlı yönetimi ve ada sakinleri arasındaki siyasi-iktisadi ilişkileri etkileyen diğer aktörlerle birlikte ele alınacaktır.
The activities of the Mediterranean islands or islanders in the illegal timber trade in the Ninet... more The activities of the Mediterranean islands or islanders in the illegal timber trade in the Nineteenth Century. / Kereste Kaçakcılığında Akdeniz Adalarının (Adalıların) Faaliyetleri (19. Yüzyıl) Uygarlık tarihinde ormanlar, hem en temel yaşam ihtiyaçlarının (barınma, ısınma, mobilya) karşılandığı hem de savunma-savaş (kale, gemi, silah.. vb) endüstrisinin ana malzemesini sağlaması bakımından insanlığın gelişmesinde son derece önemli bir rol oynadı. Osmanlı Devleti'nin kurulduğu coğrafyanın bu konuda sağladığı geniş imkânlar, uzun yıllar sorunsuz şekilde devletin söz konusu ihtiyaçlarını gidermesini sağladı. Deniz gücünün geliştirilmesi ve sürdürülmesinde gemi yapımı için kaliteli kerestenin tedariki konusunda Osmanlı, Ortaçağ'da tarımsal genişleme nedeniyle ormanlarının büyük kısmını kaybetmiş Avrupa devletlerine kıyasla şanslıydı. Ancak süreç içerisinde özellikle Doğu Akdeniz çıkarlarını korumak amacıyla (16. Yüzyıl ve sonrasında) geniş çaplı gemi yapım faaliyetleri, devletin orman rezervlerini tüketmeye başlamıştı. Her ne kadar orman örtüsü bakımından bir avantaj olarak değinilen aynı coğrafya, 19. Yüzyılın siyasi-iktisadi konjonktürü çerçevesinde ise bir takım dezavantajları doğurdu. Bu sorunlardan bazıları başta kereste olmak üzere her türlü kaçakçılık faaliyetiydi. Özellikle yerleşimlerin çok sık olmadığı uzun kıyı şeritlerinin varlığı, kereste kaçakçılığının kontrolünü zorlaştırırken kaçakçıların kerestelere kolaylıkla ulaşmalarını mümkün kılmaktaydı. Diğer taraftan kıyılara veya birbirlerine yakın adalar, ticari tecrübeleri ve bağlantıları sayesinde bu kaçakçılık faaliyetlerinin hem daha organize hem de daha karlı bir şekilde yürütülmesini sağlamaktaydı. Yunan bağımsızlık savaşından sonra başta Chios olmak üzere önemli Yunan gemi imalat merkezleri olan adalar ise bu faaliyetlerin yöneldiği başlıca bölgelerdi. Doğal kaynakların kıt olduğu adalarda yaşayanlar için her türlü kaçakçılık-yağmacılık faaliyeti oldukça risksiz ve karlı işlerdi. Bu nedenle bildirimizde Akdeniz adaları aracılığıyla veya direkt bu adalara yönelik yapılan kereste kaçakçılığı, dönemin değişen siyasi-ticari çerçevesinde değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Buna karşın Osmanlı Devleti'nin kaçakçılık faaliyetlerini engellemek adına yaptığı düzenlemeler ve aldığı tedbirler üzerinde durularak bu düzenlemelerin adalar/ adalılar üzerinde ne gibi etkileri olduğu irdelenecektir.
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among the significant factors facilitating the supply and transportation of timber. However, as these factors facilitated timber supply and
transportation, they also facilitated all kinds of smuggling activities. When the central control of the Ottoman State declined, control over the
long coastline from the land became more difficult. Settlements on the coast were few, and smugglers could easily reach, fell and transport
of any kind of timber with their local collaborators. It was not only the physical conditions on the coast that increased the smuggling of timber. It is also necessary to consider the nearby islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas as for the inhabitants of the islands where the
natural resources were scarce or inadequate, all kinds of smuggling-looting activity were quite risk-free, profitable branches of business.
After the Greek Independence, with the increase in the construction of vessels on these islands, Greek shipping centers demand for
timber increased and with it timber smuggling from Anatolia. The Ottoman government wanted to take tighter measures, but did not succeed in preventing the smuggling of timber to the islands.
Just like major seafaring states of the time, the Ottoman State carried out the naval and maritime activities in one principal shipyard under the state's control (Tersane-i Amire in Istanbul), and on the other hand in various small-scale shipyards spread over the coasts and islands where state control was partially weak. The carpenters and drills necessary for the ships for the donanma-i hümayun were provided from the islands such as Chios, Kos, Rhodes, Kaşot and Megisti. However, as a result of the weakening of administrative control due to the Greek war of independence, these shipping centers began to pose a threat to the Ottoman state. This was due to the fact that both raw materials and manpower on the island and in coastal regions under Ottoman rule were transferred to the Greek shipbuilding centers in the Mediterranean, particularly on the island of Syros, and this shift contributed significantly to the development of Greek ship-building. Other problems that arose in this process were to provide security on the islands under Ottoman rule, to prevent smuggling activities between the islands and the mainland, to prevent raiding of state forests for illegal shipbuilding and of course to prevent tax losses. For these reasons, certain measures were taken by the central authority and necessary arrangements were made.
In essence, this study focuses on the illegal trade by important Greek shipbuilding centers (the majority of these centers were on Greek-dominated islands), which the Ottoman State never approved. In addition, the reasons and consequences of illegal shipbuilding is evaluated in the context of the political, commercial and technological changes of the 19th century. Furthermore, the focus will be on the arrangements and measures taken by the Ottoman State to prevent illegal construction activities and on how these measures and regulations affected the economic and social structures of the islands.
you belong to, all Ottoman subjects that have twins or triplets and have insufficient income had the right to be financially supported by Tev'em salary. Tev'em salary was paid monthly in akce (Ottoman coin) and kurus (a smaller unit of Ottoman coin than akce). The only condition in order to take tev'em salary was to be in need of money. With the families demand for tev'em salary, the conditions of the families were investigated, proved to be true and then tev'em salary was assigned to both children and the mother. Children's welfare was of great importance in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, with the death of their father who was a captain of naval force, a monthly payment was assigned to his orphans by the Government. This has of great importance in showing the "social state aspect", as we call in modern terminology, of the Ottoman Empire.
among the significant factors facilitating the supply and transportation of timber. However, as these factors facilitated timber supply and
transportation, they also facilitated all kinds of smuggling activities. When the central control of the Ottoman State declined, control over the
long coastline from the land became more difficult. Settlements on the coast were few, and smugglers could easily reach, fell and transport
of any kind of timber with their local collaborators. It was not only the physical conditions on the coast that increased the smuggling of timber. It is also necessary to consider the nearby islands of the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas as for the inhabitants of the islands where the
natural resources were scarce or inadequate, all kinds of smuggling-looting activity were quite risk-free, profitable branches of business.
After the Greek Independence, with the increase in the construction of vessels on these islands, Greek shipping centers demand for
timber increased and with it timber smuggling from Anatolia. The Ottoman government wanted to take tighter measures, but did not succeed in preventing the smuggling of timber to the islands.
Just like major seafaring states of the time, the Ottoman State carried out the naval and maritime activities in one principal shipyard under the state's control (Tersane-i Amire in Istanbul), and on the other hand in various small-scale shipyards spread over the coasts and islands where state control was partially weak. The carpenters and drills necessary for the ships for the donanma-i hümayun were provided from the islands such as Chios, Kos, Rhodes, Kaşot and Megisti. However, as a result of the weakening of administrative control due to the Greek war of independence, these shipping centers began to pose a threat to the Ottoman state. This was due to the fact that both raw materials and manpower on the island and in coastal regions under Ottoman rule were transferred to the Greek shipbuilding centers in the Mediterranean, particularly on the island of Syros, and this shift contributed significantly to the development of Greek ship-building. Other problems that arose in this process were to provide security on the islands under Ottoman rule, to prevent smuggling activities between the islands and the mainland, to prevent raiding of state forests for illegal shipbuilding and of course to prevent tax losses. For these reasons, certain measures were taken by the central authority and necessary arrangements were made.
In essence, this study focuses on the illegal trade by important Greek shipbuilding centers (the majority of these centers were on Greek-dominated islands), which the Ottoman State never approved. In addition, the reasons and consequences of illegal shipbuilding is evaluated in the context of the political, commercial and technological changes of the 19th century. Furthermore, the focus will be on the arrangements and measures taken by the Ottoman State to prevent illegal construction activities and on how these measures and regulations affected the economic and social structures of the islands.
you belong to, all Ottoman subjects that have twins or triplets and have insufficient income had the right to be financially supported by Tev'em salary. Tev'em salary was paid monthly in akce (Ottoman coin) and kurus (a smaller unit of Ottoman coin than akce). The only condition in order to take tev'em salary was to be in need of money. With the families demand for tev'em salary, the conditions of the families were investigated, proved to be true and then tev'em salary was assigned to both children and the mother. Children's welfare was of great importance in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, with the death of their father who was a captain of naval force, a monthly payment was assigned to his orphans by the Government. This has of great importance in showing the "social state aspect", as we call in modern terminology, of the Ottoman Empire.
Islands have no single obvious attribute, geographic or otherwise. Insularity, then, should not be taken literally and imply isolation; rather it is about what it means to be an island. This volume employs this concept analytically to study islands as a constituent part of the Ottoman world. Drawing attention to the interplay between the material and the mental, it explores how historical actors experience, imagine, and project their engagements with, and within, the spatial setting of islands.
Islands are most commonly conceptualized as oscillating between connectivity and isolation. Contributions to this volume transcend this dichotomy by enquiring into alternative ways to understand insular space. Divided in three parts, the volume explores various historiographical conceptualizations of islands; the manifestations of violence and law in terraqueous spaces; and different ways in which the state has historically tried to regulate insular space.
Table of contents:
Antonis Hadjikyriacou, "Envisioning Insularity in the Ottoman World"
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING INSULARITY
Spyros Asdrachas, "Observations on Insularity in the Greek World"
Eleftheria Zei, "The Historiography of Aegean insularity"
PART II: VIOLENCE AND LAW IN TERRAQUEOUS SPACE
Michael Talbot, "Separating the Waters from the Sea: The Place of Islands in Ottoman Maritime Territoriality during the Eighteenth Century"
Murat Cem Mengüç, "Maritime Warfare in the Aegean and Ionian Islandscapes: Safai’s History of the 1499 Lepanto Expedition"
PART III: REGULATING ISLANDS
Fatma Şimşek, "Blockading an Island: Collective Punishment, Islanders, and the State in the “Largest” Island at the End of the Nineteenth Century"
Kahraman Şakul, "The Ottoman Peloponnese before the Greek Revolution: “A Republic of Ayan, Hakim and Kocabaşı” in “the Sea of Humans and Valley of Castles”"
Islands are most commonly conceptualized as oscillating between connectivity and isolation. Contributions to this volume transcend this dichotomy by enquiring into alternative ways to understand insular space. Divided in three parts, the volume explores various historiographical conceptualizations of islands; the manifestations of violence and law in terraqueous spaces; and different ways in which the state has historically tried to regulate insular space.
Table of contents:
Antonis Hadjikyriacou, "Envisioning Insularity in the Ottoman World"
PART I: CONCEPTUALIZING INSULARITY
Spyros Asdrachas †, "Observations on Insularity in the Greek World"
Eleftheria Zei, "The Historiography of Aegean insularity"
PART II: VIOLENCE AND LAW IN TERRAQUEOUS SPACE
Michael Talbot, "Separating the Waters from the Sea: The Place of Islands in Ottoman Maritime Territoriality during the Eighteenth Century"
Murat Cem Mengüç, "Maritime Warfare in the Aegean and Ionian Islandscapes: Safai’s History of the 1499 Lepanto Expedition"
PART III: REGULATING ISLANDS
Fatma Şimşek, "Blockading an Island: Collective Punishment, Islanders, and the State in the “Largest” Island at the End of the Nineteenth Century"
Kahraman Şakul, "The Ottoman Peloponnese before the Greek Revolution: “A Republic of Ayan, Hakim and Kocabaşı” in “the Sea of Humans and Valley of Castles”"