Elity polityczne Białorusi wobec procesu transformacji systemowej w latach 1990-1994, „Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne” 2014, nr 41, s. 169-179, ISSN 1232-7468
Gorbachev’s liberalization of the communist regime led to political opposition in all the Soviet... more Gorbachev’s liberalization of the communist regime led to political opposition in all the Soviet republics. In spite of that, in Belarus, as well as in Russia and Ukraine, the transformation of the political system was controlled by the former communist elite—nomenklatura. The new conditions—the democratization and pluralism of political
life—forced the communists to compete with the national-democratic
Belarusian Popular Front, which—in 1990—introduced its members
to the Belarusian parliament, the Supreme Soviet.
Thus, political discourse in 1990-4 was dominated by two antagonized parties.
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a system of international criminal justice.
systems was weakened and their election was introduced indirectly. The paper discusses the main elements of presidential electoral law in
both countries with their main similarities and differences. In Armenia, the president is elected by the parliament, while in Georgia by a special
electoral body. The following paper argues that the constitutional reforms in both countries are intended to prevent crises of power caused by an
excessive concentration of power in the hands of presidents, although the reforms do not provide a guarantee of genuine democratisation and stability of governments. The possible outcomes of the reforms can be different: in Armenia – the increase of the dependence of the president on
the main political parties, in Georgia – strengthening his independence.
However, all minorities, including the peoples and ethnic groups, should enjoy the right to social, economic and cultural development. Even though Azerbaijan can claim the right to exercise jurisdiction over disputed territory, it should fulfill all duties of a state under the international covenants of civil, economic, social and cultural rights and the
European Human Rights Convention.
Słowa kluczowe: demokratyzacja, konstytucjonalizm, autorytaryzm, Azja Środkowa.
life—forced the communists to compete with the national-democratic
Belarusian Popular Front, which—in 1990—introduced its members
to the Belarusian parliament, the Supreme Soviet.
Thus, political discourse in 1990-4 was dominated by two antagonized parties.
a system of international criminal justice.
systems was weakened and their election was introduced indirectly. The paper discusses the main elements of presidential electoral law in
both countries with their main similarities and differences. In Armenia, the president is elected by the parliament, while in Georgia by a special
electoral body. The following paper argues that the constitutional reforms in both countries are intended to prevent crises of power caused by an
excessive concentration of power in the hands of presidents, although the reforms do not provide a guarantee of genuine democratisation and stability of governments. The possible outcomes of the reforms can be different: in Armenia – the increase of the dependence of the president on
the main political parties, in Georgia – strengthening his independence.
However, all minorities, including the peoples and ethnic groups, should enjoy the right to social, economic and cultural development. Even though Azerbaijan can claim the right to exercise jurisdiction over disputed territory, it should fulfill all duties of a state under the international covenants of civil, economic, social and cultural rights and the
European Human Rights Convention.
Słowa kluczowe: demokratyzacja, konstytucjonalizm, autorytaryzm, Azja Środkowa.
life—forced the communists to compete with the national-democratic
Belarusian Popular Front, which—in 1990—introduced its members
to the Belarusian parliament, the Supreme Soviet.
Thus, political discourse in 1990-4 was dominated by two antagonized parties.